固体炭对一氧化氮低温催化解离还原反应的影响——Ⅰ.复合催化剂还原活性的考察

考察了担载在活性炭上的以铜、铁为主的复合催化剂对一氧化氮催化解离还原活性的影响,并通过TPR和XRD研究了不同金属组份配比和不同助剂(K、Na)对催化剂性能的影响。结果表明,通过选择不同催化剂配比和添加不同助剂,降低主催化剂在载体炭上的还原温度和提高主催化剂在载体炭上的分散度,将有利于提高催化剂对一氧化氮催化解离还原的活性。文中还采用电镜方法研究了不同组成复合催化剂的金属颗粒大小和Cu、Fe复合催化剂经反应后其表面的形貌结构,发现在这种炭载型复合催化剂上进行一氧化氮催化解离还原反应的过程中,有催化剂表面金属颗粒迁移、生成炭丝和金属颗粒在载体炭上打洞等迹象。     

固体炭对一氧化氮低温催化解离还原反应的影响 Ⅰ.复合催化剂还原活性的考

考察了担载在活性炭上的以铜、铁为主的复合 经剂对一氧化氮催化解离还原活性的影响，并通过TPR和XRD研究了不同金属组份配比和不同助剂（K、Na）对催化剂性能的影响。结果表明，通过选择不同催化剂配比和添加不同助剂，降低主催化剂在载体炭上的还原温度和提高主催化剂在载体炭上的分散度，将有利于提高催化剂对一氧化氮催化解离还原的活性。文中还采用电镜方法研究了不同组成复合催化剂的金属颗粒大小和Cu、Fe复合催化剂经反应后其表面的形貌结构，发现在这种炭载型复合催化剂上进行一氧化氮催化解离还原反应的过程中，有催化剂表面金属颗粒迁移、生成炭丝和金属颗粒在载体炭上打洞等迹象。     

MOF(Fe)的制备及其氧气还原催化性能

以硝酸铁为金属离子前驱体、均苯三甲酸为有机配体,采用水热法合成了金属有机骨架MOF(Fe)催化剂,应用X射线衍射、N2吸附-脱附、透射电镜、红外光谱和热重等方法对催化剂的结构进行了表征,并采用循环伏安法测试了催化剂在碱性电解质中的氧气还原(ORR)催化性能,同时也采用旋转圆盘电极进一步研究了催化剂的ORR的动力学行为.结果表明,所制MOF(Fe)具有很好的晶型结构、大比表面积、丰富的微孔以及较高的热稳定性.且表现出很好的ORR催化活性.ORR的反应历程随电位的改变而改变:电位在–0.3到0.50 V范围内,ORR为2电子途径;随着电位从–0.50 V升至–0.95 V,ORR从2电子向4电子途径转变.另外,该催化剂在碱性电解质中也表现出较好的氧气析出(OER)催化性能,这为制备用于ORR和OER的高效非贵金属催化剂提供了新的途径.     

MOF(Fe)的制备及其氧气还原催化性能

以硝酸铁为金属离子前驱体、均苯三甲酸为有机配体,采用水热法合成了金属有机骨架MOF（Fe）催化剂,应用X射线衍射、N₂吸附-脱附、透射电镜、红外光谱和热重等方法对催化剂的结构进行了表征,并采用循环伏安法测试了催化剂在碱性电解质中的氧气还原（ORR）催化性能,同时也采用旋转圆盘电极进一步研究了催化剂的ORR的动力学行为.?结果表明,所制MOF（Fe）具有很好的晶型结构、大比表面积、丰富的微孔以及较高的热稳定性. 且表现出很好的ORR催化活性. ORR的反应历程随电位的改变而改变：电位在-0.3到0.50 V范围内,ORR为2电子途径;随着电位从-0.50 V升至-0.95 V,ORR从2电子向4电子途径转变. 另外,该催化剂在碱性电解质中也表现出较好的氧气析出（OER）催化性能,这为制备用于ORR和OER的高效非贵金属催化剂提供了新的途径.     

一维纳米材料在能源电催化中的研究进展

随着社会的快速发展,人类对能源的需求不断增加,化石能源的过度消耗造成了严重的环境污染和能源危机,引起全球各国的广泛关注.为解决这一问题,需要大力发展高效清洁的新能源转化装置.直接甲醇燃料电池和全水分解两种能源转化装置,因其高效率、低排放、低操作温度等优点,被认为是目前最具潜力的可再生能源.两种电化学体系能源转化过程中涉及的四个半反应分别是氧气还原反应(ORR)、甲醇氧化反应(MOR)、阴极氢气析出(HER)和阳极氧气析出(OER),而ORR和OER两个半反应由于动力学过程缓慢而成为甲醇燃料电池和全水分解两种装置转化效率的关键反应步骤,其中ORR反应过程中易发生两电子转移过程,生成中间产物,严重降低电流效率; OER反应涉及四电子转移和氧-氧键形成,相对于较易发生的二电子转移过程HER反应,反应动力学缓慢是影响转化效率的主要原因.因此,开发先进的电催化剂,尤其是高效ORR和OER催化剂,成为提高能源转化装置能量转化效率的关键.在过去十几年里,人们对基于贵金属铂、基于过渡金属及非金属纳米材料的电催化剂进行了充分研究并取得了重要进展,其中一维金属纳米材料(例如纳米线、纳米棒、纳米管等)因其具有独特的表面结构及物理和化学性能,表现出优越的电化学催化活性和较高的稳定性,在能源电催化领域具有潜在的应用价值.本文总结了一维金属纳米材料作为电催化剂应用于上述四种催化反应的研究进展,着重介绍了四种催化反应过程的反应机理、催化剂性能提升策略及其在催化反应过程中活性位的变化规律.首先对涉及到的四个半反应在不同电解质溶液中的反应过程和机理进行了详细介绍,并分别讨论几种反应在热力学和动力学过程上的主要障碍.然后通过近年来的相关研究进展,讨论了影响电催化剂催化活性的几种因素.其中,催化剂的组成、不同量或不同种类的异质原子掺杂往往会使金属催化剂的电子结构发生不同程度的改变,从而影响催化剂的性能.通常,催化剂的电化学活性面积越大,暴露出的活性位点越多,越容易使催化剂活性位点与反应物接触,从而提高催化活性及加速传质过程.因此,很大一部分工作致力于提高纳米结构催化剂的有效活性面积,用于电催化反应.另外,表面结构和晶面的调控可以控制纳米材料的电催化专一性和选择性,提高催化效率.而纳米材料的电子传输能力也会对其催化活性产生较大影响.最后总结了提高一维金属纳米电催化剂催化活性的有效策略,为进一步设计高性能电催化剂提供了参考.     

载体对Pt，Pd催化氧还原反应影响的DFT研究

针对Pt,Pd对氧气还原（ORR）催化活性随着载体从C到TiO2改变而发生变化的实验现象,采用密度泛函方法（DFT）从理论角度研究了C和TiO2载体对Pt和Pd催化氧还原活性的影响。首先,在外加电场情况下,计算了电子给体（催化剂）与受体（氧气）之间轨道对称性,能级差以及轨道重叠程度。发现与C（110）载体相比,TiO2（110）载体可以有效地增大Pd／TiO2 HOMO轨道的空间尺寸,克服了Pd／C的HOMO与O2的LUMO空间尺寸悬殊,重叠性小,因而电子转移的困难。其次,计算了ORR中间物种（Oads）在不同催化剂表面的吸附能,发现Oads在Pt／TiO2上的吸附能大于Pd／TiO2。计算的差分电子密度与分态密度显示,由于Pt与TiO2（110）表面Ti的强相互作用,增强了Oads的吸附,阻碍了ORR后续反应的进行;而Pd与TiO2表面。的强相互作用,则削弱了中间物种Oads在Pd上的吸附,使ORR后续反应顺利进行,成功地解释了为什么氧还原反应在Pd／TiO2上好于Pt／TiO2上的量子化学根源。研究显示：TiO2担载的Pt、Pd催化剂上催化ORR的活性比C担载的小,既有催化剂颗粒尺度和分散性的原因,也有电子学和量子化学方面的原因,通过增加TiO2载体的氧空位或掺杂以提高TiO2的导电性、提高金属在TiO2载体上的分散度,能够进一步提高Pd／TiO2催化氧还原反应的活性。     

Mn-N-C催化剂的制备及其在碱性介质中对氧还原反应的电催化性能

选用壳聚糖(CS)为原料制备了壳聚糖水杨醛席夫碱锰配合物(Mn-CS-sal)。将Mn-CS-sal配合物负载于石墨碳上得到碳载配合物(Mn-CS-sal/C),后经高温热处理得到Mn-N-C目标催化剂(Mn-N-C-t,t=200、400、600、800、1 000℃)。采用FT-IR、XRD、XPS和电化学等方法对催化剂的组成和结构进行了表征,对其在氧还原反应中的电催化性能进行了研究。结果表明,所得到的Mn-N-C催化剂对氧还原反应(ORR)具有很好的催化作用,但以600℃热处理制备的催化剂其活性最好。催化剂中Mn-N-C结构是催化ORR的活性位。采用循环伏安法获得了Mn-N-C-t催化ORR的动力学参数,即总的转移电子数n和电子传递系数αnα;具有最佳活性的Mn-N-C-600催化剂的总转移电子数为3.63,说明在此条件下,Mn-N-C-600催化ORR主要以4e转移途径为主,由此提出了可能的氧还原反应的机理。     

二氧化碳氧化剂在烷烃催化转化反应中的应用研究进展

本文综述了近年来国内外有关利用二氧化碳作为氧化剂在烷烃催化转化反应中的研究状况。担载型的金属氧化物催化剂具有较好的催化活性。催化剂表面碱性位的存在可稳定活性中心并且有利于CO2的活化，CO2的作用是与烷烃脱氢产物H2和生成的表面积炭反应，从而提高反应活性及催化剂的稳定性。     

溶剂热法制备磷掺杂碳纳米管作为氧气还原和氧气析出反应双功能电催化剂的研究

对氧气还原(ORR)和氧气析出(OER)反应都具有催化活性的双功能催化剂在金属-空气电池中起着关键作用.本文通过溶剂热反应,一步原位合成了磷掺杂碳纳米管(P-CNT).旋转环盘电极测试表明磷掺杂能够明显提高碳纳米管的催化活性,P-CNT在碱性电解质中对ORR和OER都具有优异的催化活性.P-CNT对ORR的催化还原为近4电子反应,可与商业催化剂Pt/C(20 wt%)相比;而其对OER的催化活性则高于Pt/C(20 wt%).此外,P-CNT的长期稳定性优于Pt/C(20 wt%).P-CNT对ORR和OER的高催化活性和稳定性主要归因于磷对碳的掺杂以及磷与碳间强的化学键合.     

氮/硫双杂化非贵金属碱性阴离子膜燃料电池阴极非铂催化剂

以吡咯和对甲苯磺酸(TsOH)作为碳载过渡金属催化剂的掺杂剂,经溶剂分散及600℃热处理制备了一种高效催化氧还原反应(ORR)的碳载双杂化过渡金属催化剂(Fe-N/C-TsOH-600).利用X射线衍射(XRD)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对催化剂的结构进行表征.运用旋转圆盘电极(RDE)技术研究了该催化剂在碱性介质中催化氧还原的电化学催化活性和稳定性,探讨了不同浓度甲醇溶液对Fe-N/C-TsOH-600催化剂催化氧还原活性的影响.结果表明,以Fe-N/C-TsOH-600制备的气体扩散电极在0.1 mol/L KOH电解质溶液中对氧具有很高的选择催化还原活性和稳定性.当电极经过4800圈循环伏安(CV)扫描测试后,催化剂催化氧还原的性能基本保持稳定,并以4电子途径将氧气催化还原.此外,研究还发现,Fe-N/C-TsOH-600在混有甲醇的碱性电解质溶液中对氧的催化还原选择性比商业Pt/C催化剂高.XPS结果表明,吡咯氮是催化剂高效催化氧还原的主要活性中心,提供氧还原的活性位,而TsOH作为供硫掺杂剂对提高催化剂的活性具有重要作用,其加入后形成的C—S—C有利于催化剂催化氧还原活性的提高,从而使该催化剂对氧还原表现出很好的电催化性能和选择性.     

Influence of nitrogen doping on oxygen reduction electrocatalysis at carbon nanofiber electrodes

Nondoped and nitrogen-doped (N-doped) carbon nanofiber (CNF) electrodes were prepared via a floating catalyst chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method using precursors consisting of ferrocene and either xylene or pyridine to control the nitrogen content. Structural and compositional differences between the nondoped and N-doped varieties were assessed using TEM, BET, Raman, TGA, and XPS. Electrochemical methods were used to study the influence of nitrogen doping on the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The N-doped CNF electrodes demonstrate significant catalytic activity toward oxygen reduction in aqueous KNO(3) solutions at neutral to basic pH. Electrochemical data are presented which indicate that the ORR proceeds by the peroxide pathway via two successive two-electron reductions. However, for N-doped CNF electrodes, the reduction process can be treated as a catalytic regenerative process where the intermediate hydroperoxide (HO(2)(-)) is chemically decomposed to regenerate oxygen, 2HO(2)(-) <==> O(2) + 2OH(-). The proposed electrocatalysis mechanisms for ORR at both nondoped and N-doped varieties are supported by electrochemical simulations and by measured difference in hydroperoxide decomposition rate constants. Remarkably, approximately 100 fold enhancement for hydroperoxide decomposition is observed for N-doped CNFs, with rates comparable to the best known peroxide decomposition catalysts. Collectively the data indicate that exposed edge plane defects and nitrogen doping are important factors for influencing adsorption of reactive intermediates (i.e., superoxide, hydroperoxide) and for enhancing electrocatalysis for the ORR at nanostructured carbon electrodes.     

氮掺杂的碳材料中石墨化氮和吡啶氮对氧还原反应的催化特性

目前,开发高效的阴极氧还原反应(ORR)电催化剂是实现燃料电池和金属-空气电池商业化发展急需完成的目标。在过去的几十年中,人们在探索廉价高效的 ORR电催化剂(如 N掺杂的非金属及非铂电催化剂)领域做了广泛的研究。在 N掺杂的碳基 ORR催化剂中,已知的 N基活性位点主要分为四类,即吡啶类氮(P-N)、吡咯类氮(Py-N)、石墨化氮(G-N)和氧化类氮(O-N)。尽管人们对这四种类型氮的活性位点做了大量的研究,但是它们在催化反应中起到的 ORR催化作用以及催化机理和活性位点本身结构的关系仍不够明确。早期的研究中有人认为 P-N或者 Py-N是 ORR催化活性位点,也有人认为是 G-N起作用。最近也有研究表明, P-N和 G-N都是 ORR催化活性位点,只是在 ORR中所起的催化能力不同。因此,很有必要认清这些问题。
　　本文通过 Hummer法酸性氧化一次和两次碳黑 Vulcan XC-72(VXC-72)以及随后高温热处理,制备了一系列 ORR催化剂 VXCO-1, VXCO-2, VXCO-1(900)和 VXCO-2(900),采用场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM), N2吸附脱附法,元素分析仪(EA), X射线光电子能谱(XPS),拉曼光谱仪(Raman), X射线衍射能谱(XRD),电化学循环伏安法和线性伏安法测试等手段研究 Hummers法酸氧化和高温热处理对 VXC-72形貌组成的影响,以及这些碳基中成分和其催化 ORR能力的关系。
　　 SEM结果表明, Hummer法酸性氧化处理 VXC-72一次和两次后可以逐层剥落其最外边的碳层结构,最终得到表面光滑的类片层状结构的碳材料(VXCO-1和 VXCO-2)。这种表面光滑的类片层状结构的碳材料比表面积大于处理前的 VXC-72,而高温热处理之后的碳材料(VXCO-1(900)和 VXCO-2(900))由于类石墨层碎片结构蒸发损失暴露出更多内部的微孔和介孔结构使比表面积增加。 Raman和 XRD结果表明,氧化处理使碳材料的石墨化程度增加,而高温热处理则降低了其石墨化程度。
　　 EA和 XPS结果表明, Hummer法酸性氧化处理可以使在碳材料中掺入的 N以石墨化的为主,高温热处理却使得石墨化氮转变为吡啶类的氮。 ORR结果发现,活性的石墨化氮倾向于使 ORR反应经历两电子过程,从而生成 H2O2为主要产物;而吡啶类氮的活性位点更倾向于使 ORR反应经过四电子过程,主产物是水。该结果有助于新型碳基氧还原催化剂的设计和分析。     

The Direct Electron Transfer of Iron‐containing Metal Organic Frameworks (Mil‐100) and Its Catalysis for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Room‐Temperature Alkaline Media on a Glass Carbon Electrode

The most common electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) are platinum‐based ones. This work demonstrates the performance of iron‐containing metal organic frameworks (MOFs) as non‐platinum‐based nano‐electrocatalysts for ORR in an alkaline medium. As a new non‐platinum catalyst to achieve the active sites for the ORR, Mil‐100 (Fe) nanoparticles were used in aqueous KOH by the rotating‐disk electrode method. The main objectives of this study are the investigations on the electron transfer number (n ), Tafel slope, and catalytic performance. The particles size of the obtained powders is in the nanoscale range (approximately 25 nm). The electron transfer number for the ORR on the surface of iron‐containing catalyst is approximately 4, and the Tafel slope of diffusion‐corrected kinetic current density is ~50.7 mV per decade at low overpotential. This work might extend a new non‐precious‐metal catalyst structure for ORR for use in low‐temperature fuel cells.     

Dual‐Template Pore Engineering of Whey Powder‐Derived Carbon as an Efficient Oxygen Reduction Reaction Electrocatalyst for Primary Zinc‐Air Battery

Cost‐effective and high‐performance electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reactions (ORR) are needed for many energy storage and conversion devices. Here, we demonstrate that whey powder, a major by‐product in the dairy industry, can be used as a sustainable precursor to produce heteroatom doped carbon electrocatalysts for ORR. Rich N and S compounds in whey powders can generate abundant catalytic active sites. However, these sites are not easily accessible by reactants of ORR. A dual‐template method was used to create a hierarchically and interconnected porous structure with micropores created by ZnCl₂ and large mesopores generated by fumed SiO₂ particles. At the optimum mass ratio of whey power: ZnCl₂ : SiO₂ at 1 : 3 : 0.8, the resulting carbon material has a large specific surface area close to 2000 m² g^?1, containing 4.6 at.% of N with 39.7% as pyridinic N. This carbon material shows superior electrocatalytic activity for ORR, with an electron transfer number of 3.88 and a large kinetic limiting current density of 45.40 mA cm^?2. They were employed as ORR catalysts to assemble primary zinc‐air batteries, which deliver a power density of 84.1 mW cm^?2 and a specific capacity of 779.5 mAh g^?1, outperforming batteries constructed using a commercial Pt/C catalyst. Our findings open new opportunities to use an abundant biomaterial, whey powder, to create high‐value‐added carbon electrocatalysts for emerging energy applications.     

Nitrogen‐Doped Graphitic Porous Carbon Nanosheets Derived from In Situ Formed g‐C3N4 Templates for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Heteroatom‐doped carbon materials have been considered as potential substitutes for Pt‐based electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline fuel cells. Here we report the synthesis of oxygen‐containing nitrogen‐doped carbon (ONC) nanosheets through the carbonization of a mixture that contained glucose and dicyandiamide (DCDA). In situ formed graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C₃N₄) derived from DCDA provided a nitrogen‐rich template, thereby facilitating the formation of ONC nanosheets. The resultant ONC materials with high nitrogen content, high specific surface areas, and highly mesoporous total volume displayed excellent electrochemical performance, including a similar ORR onset potential, half‐potential, a higher diffusion‐limited current, and excellent tolerance to methanol than that of the commercial Pt/C catalyst, respectively. Moreover, the ONC‐850 nanosheet displayed high long‐term durability even after 1000 cycles as well as a high electron transfer number of 3.92 (4.0 for Pt/C). Additionally, this work provides deeper insight into these materials and a versatile strategy for the synthesis of cost‐effective 2D N‐doped carbon electrocatalysts.     

Boosting ORR Catalytic Activity by Integrating Pyridine‐N Dopants,a High Degree of Graphitization,and Hierarchical Pores into a MOF‐Derived N‐Doped Carbon in a Tandem Synthesis

N‐doped carbon materials represent promising metal‐free electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), the cathode reaction in fuel cells, metal–air batteries, and so on. A challenge for optimizing the ORR catalytic activities of these electrocatalysts is to tune their local structures and chemical compositions in a rational and controlled way that can achieve the synergistic function of each factor. Herein, we report a tandem synthetic strategy that integrates multiple contributing factors into an N‐doped carbon. With an N‐containing MOF (ZIF‐8) as the precursor, carbonization at higher temperatures leads to a higher degree of graphitization. Subsequent NH₃ etching of this highly graphitic carbon enabled the introduction of a higher content of pyridine‐N sites and higher porosity. By optimizing these three factors, the resultant carbon materials displayed ORR activity that was far superior to that of carbon derived from a one‐step pyrolysis. The onset potential of 0.955 V versus a reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) and the half‐wave potential of 0.835 V versus RHE are among the top ranks of metal‐free ORR catalysts and are comparable to commercial Pt/C (20 wt %) catalysts. Kinetic studies revealed lower H₂O₂ yields, higher electron‐transfer numbers, and lower Tafel slopes for these carbon materials compared with that derived from a one‐step carbonization. These findings verify the effectiveness of this tandem synthetic strategy to enhance the ORR activity of N‐doped carbon materials.     

Fe-ZIF8 Coating Cu Foil Derived Carbon as A pH-Universal Electrocatalyst for Efficient Oxygen Reduction Reaction

It is a great challenge to fabricate highly efficient pH-universal electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Herein, a facile strategy, which includes coating the Fe modified ZIF8 on Cu foil and in situ pyrolysis to evaporate and dope Cu into the MOF derived carbon, is developed to fabricate Fe/Cu−N co-doped carbon material (Cu/Fe−NC). Profiting from the modulated electron distribution and textual properties, well-designed Cu/Fe−NC exhibits superior half-wave potential (E_1/2) of 0.923 V in alkaline, 0.757 V in neutral and comparable 0.801 V in acid electrolytes, respectively. Furthermore, the ultralow peroxides yield of ORR demonstrates the high selectivity of Cu/Fe−NC in full pH scale electrolytes. As expected, the self-made alkaline and neutral zinc-air batteries equipped with Cu/Fe−NC cathode display excellent discharge voltages, outstanding peak power densities and remarkable stability. This work opens a new way to fabricate highly efficient and pH-universal electrocatalysts for ORR through strategy of Fe/Cu−N co-doping, Cu foil evaporation and carbon defects capture.     

Unravelling the Structure of Electrocatalytically Active Fe–N Complexes in Carbon for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Non‐precious Fe/N co‐modified carbon electrocatalysts have attracted great attention due to their high activity and stability in oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Compared to iron‐free N‐doped carbon electrocatalysts, Fe/N‐modified electrocatalysts show four‐electron selectivity with better activity in acid electrolytes. This is believed relevant to the unique Fe–N complexes, however, the Fe–N structure remains unknown. We used o,m,p‐phenylenediamine as nitrogen precursors to tailor the Fe–N structures in heterogeneous electrocatalysts which contain FeS and Fe₃C phases. The electrocatalysts have been operated for 5000 cycles with a small 39 mV shift in half‐wave potential. By combining advanced electron microscopy and Mössbauer spectroscopy, we have identified the electrocatalytically active Fe–N₆ complexes (FeN₆, [Fe^III(porphyrin)(pyridine)₂]). We expect the understanding of the FeN₆ structure will pave the way towards new advanced Fe–N based electrocatalysts.     

Aqueous CO2 Reduction with High Efficiency Using α‐Co(OH)2‐Supported Atomic Ir Electrocatalysts

Electrochemical reduction of CO₂ into energy‐dense chemical feedstock and fuels provides an attractive pathway to sustainable energy storage and artificial carbon cycle. Herein, we report the first work to use atomic Ir electrocatalyst for CO₂ reduction. By using α‐Co(OH)₂ as the support, the faradaic efficiency of CO could reach 97.6 % with a turnover frequency (TOF) of 38290 h^?1 in aqueous electrolyte, which is the highest TOF up to date. The electrochemical active area is 23.4‐times higher than Ir nanoparticles (2 nm), which is highly conductive and favors electron transfer from CO₂ to its radical anion (CO₂^.?). Moreover, the more efficient stabilization of CO₂^.? intermediate and easy charge transfer makes the atomic Ir electrocatalyst facilitate CO production. Hence, α‐Co(OH)₂‐supported atomic Ir electrocatalysts show enhanced CO₂ activity and stability.     

基于数据挖掘对商业氧还原电催化剂Pt/C测试的综合分析

近几十年来,聚合物电解质膜燃料电池(PEMFC)因其在零排放汽车、固定式和便携式发电设备中的应用而得到迅速发展.燃料电池的阴极氧还原反应(ORR)和阳极氢氧化反应(HOR)常用的催化剂为Pt基催化剂,因此整个燃料电池系统的成本高昂.而ORR的反应速率比HOR慢得多,阴极上的Pt消耗量远高于阳极上.为了降低燃料电池Pt的...