手性络合物[M(bpy)_2(phen)]~(2+)和[M(phen)_2(bpy)]~(2+)(M=Ru,Os)圆二色谱的理论解析

应用密度泛函理论,在B3LYP/LanL2DZ水平上对C2对称性的混配络合物[M(bpy)2(phen)]2+和[M(phen)2(bpy)]2+(M=Ru、Os;bpy=2,2'-bipyridine;phen=1,10-phenanthroline)在水溶液中的几何构型进行了优化,并用TDDFT/B3LYP方法和相同的基组计算了其激发能、旋转强度和振子强度,绘制了相应的圆二色谱(CD).在分析有关跃迁性质的基础上,对实验圆二色谱的谱带进行了明确的解析和指认,同时讨论了短波区激子裂分的规律性.结果表明:四种络合物在长波区(λ>320nm)的CD吸收带主要是由d-π*跃迁产生的荷移谱带;短波区(λ<320nm)则是配体上平行于长轴的π-π*跃迁产生的激子耦合带,且对于Λ构型表现为正的手性激子裂分.其中,[M(bpy)2(phen)]2+只显示出正负两个激子带,分属于联吡啶和邻菲咯啉配体;而[M(phen)2(bpy)]2+则有三个激子带,其中左侧的两个(一负一正)属于邻菲咯啉配体,右侧的正带则属于联吡啶配体.此外,尽管激子耦合属于远程相互作用,但用TDDFT计算的激子裂分样式仍是正确的.这些结论对于深入理解有...     

原子簇模型晶体带隙的计算

本文以金刚石的原子簇模型化合物MC_4H_(12)为例,使用CNDO、INDO、MNDO(对M=C)和ab initio(对M=C,B,N)方法,对原子簇模型晶体带隙和电子结构进行了计算。将原子簇模型的晶体带隙定义为原子簇体系的激发能,其结果普遍地比基态的前线轨道处理法要好得多。另外,还对C_5H_(12)分子的光电子能谱以及N杂质引起的晶格畸变和顺磁共振实验结果作了合理解释。     

配合物[M(CO)3(PPh2py)2](M=Fe,Ru)异构体的理论研究

对PPh2py配合物[M(CO)3(PPh2py)2](M=Fe, Ru)的三种构型的异构体1-6进行了研究. 其中PPh2py以两个P原子与M配位形成HH构型1(Fe)和4(Ru), 以一个P和一个N原子与M配位形成HT构型2(Fe)和5(Ru), 以两个N原子与M配位形成HH’构型3(Fe)和6(Ru). 结果表明, (1) PPh2py中P原子对HOMO轨道的贡献最大, PPh2py作为电子给体时易以P原子与金属原子结合. (2)从分子能量和相互作用能数据表明, 配合物中HH构型最稳定, HH'构型最不稳定, 这与合成产物为HH构型的结果一致. (3) 键长和Wiberg键级均表明P—M键比N—M键结合力强. P、M原子间存在σ键, 而N、Fe原子间仅存在nN→n*M或nN→σ*M-P的电荷转移作用. (4) HH构型中M对HOMO的贡献最大, PPh2py向M的电荷转移最强, 使M的负电荷最大, 故HH构型最易作为电子给体以M原子与第二个金属配位形成双核配合物.     

(MN)nHm(M=Ga,In; n=1-4; m=1, 2)团簇的结构与稳定性

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)的B3LYP方法, 在6-31G**和Lanl2dz水平上分别对(MN)nHm(M=Ga, In; n=1-4; m=1, 2)进行了优化和振动频率计算. 得到了上述团簇的最稳定构型、H原子的结合能以及它们的能隙. 结果表明, (MN)nH(M=Ga, In; n=1-4)的基态构型均为双重态, (MN)nH2(M=Ga, In; n=1-4)的基态构型均为单重态; 当氢的个数为1时, 加在N原子上比加在M(M=Ga, In)原子上稳定, 如有N3单元, 那么加在N3单元两侧的构型是相同的, 且它是最稳定的; 当氢的个数为2时, 除n=1外, 分别加在两个N原子上的构型是最稳定的, 如有N3单元, 那么分别加在N3单元分离最远的两个N原子的构型是最稳定的. GaNH、(GaN)3H 和InNH的结合能和能隙都很大, 说明这些团簇都有很高的稳定性.     

氮分子与过渡金属中心钼、铁、钒相互作用的理论研究

通过密度泛函理论计算研究了过渡金属模型体系的二氮复合物(N2)M(NH2)3(NH3)和(N2)M(SH)3(NH3)(-OCH2COO-)(M=Mo,V,Fe),预测了质子-电子还原二氮过程的能量变化.计算结果表明,对于单过渡金属中心体系,钼与N2存在强的相互作用,钒与N2相互作用较弱,铁不能有效地结合N2.通过质子化过渡金属模型体系中高柠檬酸二齿配体的羧基氧,并改变金属中心的价态和体系的自旋态,可以调控羧基氧与金属配位键的生成与断裂.两类模型体系的计算结果显示,对于单过渡金属中心的钼、钒、铁体系,钼是结合N2最有效的活性位.     

Pu3M和PuM3 (M=Ga,In, Sn,Ge)化合物的电子结构和形成热

采用全势线性缀加平面波(FPLAPW)方法, 在广义梯度近似(GGA)+自旋轨道耦合(SOC)+自旋极化(SP)下计算了具有AuCu3构型的Pu3M和PuM3 (M=Ga, In, Sn, Ge)化合物的平衡结构、电子结构和形成热. 计算的晶格常数与实验值符合得很好; 态密度分析表明Pu 和M 原子轨道间的杂化作用决定于Pu 6d-Pu 5f、Mp-Pu 6d和Msp-M sp轨道杂化之间的竞争, 而这种竞争又依赖于M的含量; 电负性差和电子杂化效应是影响Pu3M和PuM3化合物形成热和稳定性的两个重要因素, 电负性差越大, M的s、p带中心距费米能级越远, Pu3M(PuM3)化合物的形成热越负, 稳定性越高.     

配合物[M（CO）3（PPh2py）2]（M=Fe，Ru）异构体的理论研究

对PPh2py配合物[M(CO)3(PPh2py)2](M=Fe,Ru)的三种构型的异构体1-6进行了研究.其中PPh2py以两个P原子与M配位形成HH构型1(Fe)和4(Ru),以一个P和一个N原子与M配位形成HT构型2(Fe)和5(Ru),以两个N原子与M配位形成HH'构型3(Fe)和6(Ru).结果表明,(1)PPh2py中P原子对HOMO轨道的贡献最大,PPh2py作为电子给体时易以P原子与金属原子结合.(2)从分子能量和相互作用能数据表明,配合物中HH构型最稳定,HH'构型最不稳定,这与合成产物为HH构型的结果一致.(3)键长和Wiberg键级均表明P-M键比N-M键结合力强.P、M原子间存在σ键,而N、Fe原子间仅存在nN→nM或nN→σM-P的电荷转移作用.(4)HH构型中M对HOMO的贡献最大,PPh2py向M的电荷转移最强,使M的负电荷最大,故HH构型最易作为电子给体以M原子与第二个金属配位形成双核配合物.     

混合离子络合滴定有关问题的讨论

在涉及具体指示剂时的混合离子(M,N)络合滴定中(K_MY>K_NY),从理论上判断M能否准确滴定的方法应是:将N与EDTA的反应作为主反应的副反应处理,计算终点误差,依其值大小和滴定条件下N与指示剂显色与否作出判断.用条件lgc_M~(SP)·K’_MY≥6和△lgcK’≥6及△lgc_N~(SP)·K’_(NIn)≤-1进行判断,其结论不可靠;因为它不能说明检测终点时的△PM(或△pM’)和终点误差的大小.     

间隙原子氮对化合物RE2Fe17磁性的影响

用自旋极化的MS-Xα方法计算了稀土-过渡族化合物Nd2Fel7Nx(x=0,3)中含哑铃Fe原子对的Fe8及含Nd和N原子的NdFe6和NdFe6N3原子簇的电子结构和磁矩。计算结果显示，在化合物Nd2Fe17中，Fe(c)和Fe(f)晶位间的分子轨道中，有3个奇宇称轨道呈现负交换耦合。通过比较α-Fe的MX-Xα计算结果，能够很好地说明RE2Fel7化合物居里温度较低的原因。在化合物Nd2Fel7M中，Fe(c)-Fe(f)晶位间分子轨道只剩下一个奇宇称轨道呈现弱的负交换耦合，通过比较N2Fe17和Nd2Fe17N3化合物Fe8原子簇的计算结果，能够很好地说明间隙原子M对化合物RE2Fel7Mx(M表示N，H或C)的居里温度产生影响的物理机制。对RE2Fel7型化合物中影响Fe-Fe交换耦合的主要因素，本文也做了讨论。     

链状三核钼(钨)硫原子簇化合物[M3O2S8]^2^-的合成, 光谱和晶体结构

本文以[NH4]2MOnS4-n(M=Mo, w, n=0-2)为原料, 在酸性和中性条件下, 合成出九个新的三核不对称钼硫和钨硫原子簇状化合物L2[M3O2S8][L=(n-Bu)4N, Ph4P,PyC16H33, (CH3)3NC16H33, Et4N], 用元素分析, 红外光谱, 紫外光谱对簇合物进行了表征, 并测定了其中[(n-Bu)4N]2[Mo3O2S8]和[n-Bu)4N]2[W3O2S8]两个簇合物的晶体结构。本文又一次验证了钼(钨)硫成簇反应是分子内部电子转反应, 并提出了反应历程。     

Interference of Transformer oil Matrices to the Internal Standards on PCB Quantification

Abstract

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are toxic, perssstent, global environmental contaminants which were formulated as complex mixtures of congeners. Many methods have been developed in the past to analyze PCB in transformer oil samples for regulatory purposes. The most important consideration in the cleanup procedure is the ability to remove the oil from the sample matrix, since trace amount of oil will interfere with the subsequent GC-MS analysis. Electron capture detection (ECD) has been the most common method for gas chromatographic analysis of PCBs because of its high sensitivity toward halogenated compounds. ECD can also respond to some non-PCB compound resulting in biased concentrations of PCB. In this work, a two-stage cleanup method, using DMSO liquid/liquid extraction and HPLC column chromatography. has been applied to two types of transformer oil. Five internal standards have been selected to show their performance in the presence of different oil matrices. The comparison of the PCB quantification at different conditions for GC-MS and GC-ECD will be demonstrated.     

驱油体系的驱油效率及其在模拟岩芯表面的润湿性研究

In order to research the flooding efficiency of flooding systems and wettability on the simulant rock surface,the orthogonal-test-design method was used to determine the optimal formula for the crude oil from the Chunliang zone of Shengli oil field by transient interfacial tension（IFT）. The results indicate that two optimal formulas are naturally mixed carboxylate SDC-V（0.35%,0.36%）,nonionic surfactant FBB（0.06%,0.07%）,Alkaline NaHCO3 / Na2CO3 weight ratio of（0.8%,1.2%）and HPAM（0.05%,0.15%）,and in the coreflood experiment,their oil recovery are（14.6%,16.7%）OOIP respectively. The contact angles have been determined for the two optimal formula systems and their components on the simulant rock surface,which points out the relationship between the flooding efficiency and contact angle is showed identification,that is,the more oil recovery the less contact angle. It will be useful to the application research of microgravity.     

Experimental Evaluation of the Additive Compounds Performance on Asphaltene Precipitation Using Automatic Titration Method

The use of soluble amphiphiles oil types provide the most practical and economical solution for crude oil treatment in order to control the asphaltene precipitation phenomenon. In this article, the inhibition performance of a number of new chemical additives to asphaltene precipitation is examined on two types of Iranian crude oil. An automatic titration method is used in experimental evaluation. The vegetable oil types (hazelnut, wheat germ, and walnut), organic acids (oleic and linoleic) and chemical additives (4-dodecylresorcinol and benzyl alcohol) displayed the highest capacity to inhibit asphaltene precipitation. A remarkable onset displacement is displayed by dodecyl resorcinol. The results also revealed that the vegetable oil have high potential in delaying asphaltene precipitation.     

Synergistic effect of mixed anionic and cationic surfactant systems on the interfacial tension of crude oil-water and enhanced oil recovery

Surfactant based enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is an interesting area of research for several petroleum researchers. In the present work, individual and mixed systems of anionic and cationic surfactants consisting of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) in different molar ratios were tested for their synergistic effect on the crude oil-water interfacial tension (IFT) and enhanced oil recovery performance. The combination of these two surfactant systems showed a higher surface activity as compared to individual surfactants. The effect of mixed surfactant systems on the IFT and critical micellar concentration (CMC) is strongly depends on molar ratios of the two surfactant. Much lower CMC values were observed in case of mixed surfactant systems prepared at different molar ratios as compared to individual surfactant systems. The lowest CMC value was found when the molar concentration of SDS was higher than the CTAB. When the individual and mixed surfacant systems were tested for EOR performance through flooding experiments, higher ultimate oil recovery was obtained from mixed surfactant flooding compared to individual surfactants. Combination of SDS and CTAB or probably other anionic-cationic surfactants show synergism with substantial ability to reduce crude oil water IFT and can be a promising EOR method.     

New view on the oxidation mechanisms of crude oil through combined thermal analysis methods

In the previous study, the oxidation behavior of four Chinese crude oils (Oil 1 to 4) in the presence and absence of rock cuttings was investigated by thermogravimetry/derivative thermogravimetry (TG/DTG) techniques and oxidation tube experiments. The present work investigates the thermal behavior of these oils by combining DTG–DTA method. First, we conducted comparative analysis about mass loss rate from DTG curves and endothermic/exothermic phenomenon from DTA curves attempting to clarify the endothermic or exothermic mechanism in crude oil low-temperature oxidation. Finally, we combined the thermal analysis method with low-temperature oil oxidation tube experiment in porous media to ascertain, whether the two methods are consistent in the aspect of low-temperature oxidation mechanism of crude oil by O₂ consumption rate and CO₂ generating rate (carbon bond stripping reaction rate). Results show that crude oils undergo an endothermic oxidation behavior during low-temperature oxidation stage, suggesting the decomposition of hydrocarbon components. Clay can play a catalytic effect on low-temperature oil oxidation. The results of DTG–DTA tests can also better reflect oil oxidation mechanism under real conditions.     

High and low frequency unfolded partial least squares regression based on empirical mode decomposition for quantitative analysis of fuel oil samples

Accurate prediction of the model is fundamental to the successful analysis of complex samples. To utilize abundant information embedded over frequency and time domains, a novel regression model is presented for quantitative analysis of hydrocarbon contents in the fuel oil samples. The proposed method named as high and low frequency unfolded PLSR (HLUPLSR), which integrates empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and unfolded strategy with partial least squares regression (PLSR). In the proposed method, the original signals are firstly decomposed into a finite number of intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) and a residue by EMD. Secondly, the former high frequency IMFs are summed as a high frequency matrix and the latter IMFs and residue are summed as a low frequency matrix. Finally, the two matrices are unfolded to an extended matrix in variable dimension, and then the PLSR model is built between the extended matrix and the target values. Coupled with Ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy, HLUPLSR has been applied to determine hydrocarbon contents of light gas oil and diesel fuels samples. Comparing with single PLSR and other signal processing techniques, the proposed method shows superiority in prediction ability and better model interpretation. Therefore, HLUPLSR method provides a promising tool for quantitative analysis of complex samples.     

A coulometric method for determining substances that interfere with the measurement of water in oils and other chemicals by the Karl Fischer method

In order to fulfill a need to measure water in crude oils containing materials that interfere with the measurement of water by the Karl Fischer method, by reacting with iodine or iodide, a coulometric method has been developed and validated using 0.1 mol L(-1) Sodium thiosulfate as a calibrant. These interfering substances were measured in water-mass-equivalents, which were expressed as the mass of water that reacts with an equal mass of iodine in the Karl Fischer method. The SO(2)-free reagent that has been modified reacts quantitatively with sodium thiosulfate, cysteine and ascorbic acid but does not react with vinyl acetate. The level of interfering substances was measured in five transformer oils (including Reference Materials RM 8506 and RM 8507), a high and a low sulfur crude oil (Standard Reference Materials SRM 2721 and SRM 2722 respectively), a white oil, a high-vacuum oil and a high-viscosity base-stock oil. One oil contained less than 10 mg kg(-1) (water-mass-equivalents of interfering substances in oil) and two oils (RM 8507 and Drakeol 35) contained no measurable amount of interfering material (<0.2 mg kg(-1)). SRM 2271, a sour crude oil contained 834 mg kg(-1) (standard deviation (SD)=25 mg kg(-1)) (water-mass-equivalents of interfering substances in oil). Approximately 20% of this material was volatile and an additional 20% appeared to undergo some degradation (possibly oxidation) once the oil was exposed to air. These results indicate that this is a general method for measuring substances in oils that react with iodine and that it is capable of measuring in a variety of oils, using commercial instrumentation, interfering substances that inflate water measurements.     

Gas-chromatographic fatty-acid fingerprints and partial least squares modeling as a basis for the simultaneous determination of edible oil mixtures

Partial least squares modeling and gas-chromatographic fatty-acid fingerprints are reported as a method for the simultaneous determination of cottonseed, olive, soybean and sunflower edible oil mixtures. In this work, two sets of three- and four-component combinations of oils were prepared, hydrolyzed and the obtained free fatty acids analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) without any further derivatization. The normalized percentages of the myristic (14:0), palmitic (16:0), palmitoleic (16:1), stearic (18:0), oleic (18:1), linoleic (18:2) and linolenic (18:3) acids were chromatographically measured in samples and used for constructing calibration matrix. The cross-validation method was used to select the number of factors and the proposed methods were validated by using two sets of synthetic oil mixture samples. The relative standard error for each oil in mixture samples was less than 10%. This approach allows determining possible adulteration in each of the four edible oils.     

Contribution of the Sedimentation and Coalescence Mechanisms to the Separation of Concentrated Water-in-Oil Emulsions

Crude oil is, in the vast majority of cases, produced together with formation water in the form of water/oil emulsions. Until recently oil/water separators were simply designed using Stokes' law. In order to improve the design of these separators the two main contributing mechanisms, sedimentation and coalescence, have to be better understood. This article presents a method that distinguishes the respective contributions of the sedimentation and coalescence mechanisms. Two series of experiments have been carried out, the first with a system heavily charged in surfactant that only allows sedimentation of the emulsions droplets. The second with a much lower surfactant concentration allows both sedimentation and coalescence to take place. By comparing the separation velocities of the oil/emulsion interfaces of the two series of experiments, it seems possible to determine the contribution of the two mechanisms towards the separation.     

非正常食用油鉴别新方法(一): 三种辣椒碱残留量的液相色谱-质谱分析

非正常食用油(俗称地沟油)是我国食品安全领域亟须解决的问题。准确可行的地沟油检测方法被分析工作者广泛关注。由于国人的饮食习惯,辣味调料在餐饮业应用广泛,而辣椒碱是引起辣味的主要化学物质,因此可作为鉴别地沟油的潜在指标。本文采用固相萃取-液相色谱-串联质谱技术,建立了食用油中3种微量辣椒碱(辣椒素、二氢辣椒素及壬酸香草酰胺)的检测方法。首先用20 g/L氢氧化钠水溶液提取油样中的辣椒碱,再将提取液用C18小柱富集净化后进行液相色谱-质谱检测。用该法对国家食品安全风险评估中心提供的67个盲样进行了分析,结果表明辣椒碱是一个良好的地沟油特征指示物。凭借这3种辣椒碱指标,阳性样品正确识别率达到75%,阴性样品正确识别率达到100%。目前本方法已经成为国家卫生部最新公布的4种地沟油仪器检测方法之一。