基于环糊精的农药吸附剂的研究进展

农药的研发与使用极大地提高了农作物的产量,为解决人类温饱、改善人类生活品质做出了贡献。但是,农药广泛残留于农副产品以及土壤和水体中,造成的污染日趋严重。残留的农药通常具有微量致毒、难生物降解、生物累积等特性,对生物健康与生态系统造成了巨大威胁。高效检测微量农药、减小污染危害是亟待解决的问题。吸附法具有成本低、操作简单、稳定性强、可重复性强的特点,在农药分离预富集领域得到了广泛关注。作为一种常用的农药吸附剂材料,环糊精是一类具有空腔的超分子化合物,能够作为主体通过主客体作用形成包合物;另外,可以通过醚化、酯化、氧化等化学反应对环糊精进行后修饰以提高其吸附性能。疏水作用、静电作用、范德华力、氢键作用、立体效应协同促进对农药的吸附。环糊精在农药吸附领域已经取得了一定进展,但是目前还没有基于环糊精的农药吸附剂的综述。该文针对杀菌剂、杀虫剂、除草剂、植物生长调节剂这4类农药,系统性地评述了基于环糊精的农药吸附剂的制备、吸附机理及应用,目前存在个别吸附剂吸附容量不高、降解机理不明确、降解产物对环境不友好、容易造成二次污染的问题,研发高吸附容量、易回收、易分离、易再生的基于环糊精的农药吸附剂是未来的主要研究方向。     

茶多糖的提取纯化及其药理作用的研究进展

对茶多糖(TPS)的提取、分离纯化、药理作用等方面的研究进展进行了综述,对(TPS)的降血糖、防治糖尿病,以及降血脂、抗动脉粥样硬化、降血压、抗凝血、抗血栓、防治心血管疾病等作用作了评述。     

Maillard反应的高分子产物的研究进展

Maillard反应产物由于其天然性和独特的香味,使其在食品和烟草领域的应用倍受关注.目前,对Maillard反应产物中的小分子化合物的研究已经比较透彻,但是高分子产物的结构及形成机理尚不清楚.虽然Maillard高分子产物及其复杂,但人们通过膜透析、凝胶柱层析等分离方法,对其提纯分级后,再运用凝胶渗透色谱、元素分析、放射性同位素标记、紫外-可见光谱、红外光谱、核磁共振(NMR)、热裂解等分析手段对其进行表征,对Maillard高分子产物的结构和形成机理有了一定的了解.本文对Maillard反应的高分子产物的分离提纯方法、分析表征方法和分子结构的假设模型三方面的研究进展进行了综述.     

雷公藤的药效及毒性与微量元素的研究

雷公藤是一种药效大、毒性也大的中药。研究了雷公藤的28种无机元素，发现其有益元素铁、锰、锌、硒含量较高．其有害元素铅、砷、镉含量也较高，与其药效和毒性一一相对应。雷公藤对风湿性关节炎、肾病、肝脏病、皮肤病的疗效．与铁、锰、锌、硒在人体中生物学机理一致。雷公藤对消比道、心血管、肝脏、泌尿系统、造血系统的毒害作用，与铅、砷、镉在人体中的生物学效应一致。所以在使用雷公藤时，应考虑到微量元素作用．可提高雷公藤的疗效，降低其毒性。     

镍的应用

镍具有独特的性质,在工业生产中占据重要的地位。介绍了镍在不锈钢、合金、镀镍、化学电源、催化剂和磁性材料等领域的应用。     

基于环糊精的新材料的研究进展

从纳米粒子、水凝胶、纤维材料和环糊精高分子等方面介绍了近年来以环糊精为基础研制的新材料的研究进展。目前以环糊精为基础的纳米粒子材料有核壳结构的纳米粒子、环糊精的化学接枝与共聚、环糊精与无机非金属材料的复合和含环糊精的囊泡材料;以环糊精为基础的凝胶材料有水凝胶和有机凝胶两种材料;此外还有以环糊精为基础的纤维材料、环糊精高...     

有生物活性的稀土-腺苷三磷酸系列物的合成及其量子化学理论计算的研究

本文首次报道合成了稀土-腺苷三磷酸固态配合物RE(III)-ATP)RE=Y、La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、Lu)。运用红外、激光raman、热分析、紫外、顺磁、X射线衍射、元素分析、配位滴定等技术测定了上述配合物的化学组成和分子结构, 其分子式用通式表为[RE(III)(HATP)(H2O)4]。采用量子化学INDO方法计算了系列物的电子结构, 依据计算结果讨论了生物化学中高能磷酸键的本质。     

基于USB技术的毛细管电泳仪的改进

高效毛细管电泳(HPCE)具有进样量少、绝对灵敏度高、分辨率高等特点,在生命科学、医学、化工、药物分析、食品、环境保护等领域得到广泛应用。1987年Ewing首次将电化学检测技术(EC)用于毛细管电泳(CE),克服了光学检测光程短、灵敏度不高的缺点,具有广泛的应用前景[1-2]。本工作     

用于萤石化学分析的标准样品的研制

萤石又称氟石,主要成分为氟化钙。萤石因产地不同常含有二氧化硅、磷、硫、氧化铝、硫酸钡和三氧化二铁等杂质,同时还含有砷、铅和汞等微量元素[1-3]。通过萤石矿浮选工艺制备氟化钙含量大于97%的萤石精粉,萤石精粉是化学工业中制备氢氟酸等含氟化合物的主要原料[4],其原料成分的纯度直接影响产品质量.     

物理化学界的一代宗师 大学教师的楷模

黄子卿教授1900年元月诞生于广东梅县.他从事物理化学科研和教学工作近60年,学识渊博,学术造诣精深,治学严谨,堪称我国物理化学界的一代宗师.他的研究工作涉及电化学、生物化学、溶液理论等诸多方面,讲授过物理化学、化学热力学、统计力学、电化学、溶液理论、化学动力学等课程,为我国物理化学学科的发展作出了奠基性的贡献,给我们留下了宝贵的精神财富.今年适逢黄老百年诞辰,特撷其生平一二以志纪念.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

NiY分子筛表面酸性影响其选择性吸附脱硫性能的机理研究

采用原位红外光谱技术,以噻吩、环己烯和苯为模型探针分子,分别考察单一烃分子在NiY分子筛上的吸附与反应行为以及噻吩与烯烃、芳烃间的竞争吸附和催化反应行为。单一探针分子吸附研究发现,NiY分子筛中与Ni物种相关的Lewis(L)酸位是噻吩的选择性吸附活性位;噻吩和环己烯在NiY分子筛中Brnsted(B)酸位上发生的质子化和低聚反应明显弱于HY分子筛。双探针分子竞争吸附研究发现,环己烯二聚体在NiY中强B酸位上的强化学吸附与噻吩存在显著的竞争吸附行为。另外,苯和噻吩在NiY上的竞争吸附现象在373K时明显减弱。由此,在选择性吸附脱硫过程中,减少吸附剂表面B酸中心可降低烯烃对噻吩的竞争吸附,另外适当提高吸附体系的温度可以有效避免芳烃对噻吩的竞争吸附。     

化学单元教学设计的探索

论述了单元教学是落实化学新课程三维目标的基本教学过程,同时对教学单元的含义、教学单元的选择与建构、化学单元教学设计及其意义进行了阐述。     

栽培草莓品种果实香气特性研究

通过对4个不同栽培草莓(Fragaria ananassa Duch．)品种果实糖和氨基酸测定及香气的GC-MS分析,结果表明：不同品种间氨基酸和糖含量不同,氨基酸含量由高到低依次为丰香、瓦尔达、哈达和全明星;哈达、丰香、全明星和瓦尔达4个品种果实分别检测出39、46、37和44种香气成分,各占总峰面积98.52％、99.15％、98.77％和95.4l％,检测成分的多少与氨基酸总量显著正相关,相关系数为0.967;哈达有5种独有的成分,丰香有9种独有的成分,全明星有3种独有的成分,瓦尔达有2种独有的成分,4个品种共有的成分有19种。     

Application of exploratory data analysis for the characterization of tubular wells of the North of Brazil

Roraima is located in the extreme North of Brazil, in the Western Amazon Region. The groundwater has an important role in the public supply of potable water on the Roraima State. The objective of this work is the application of PCA (Principal Component Analysis) and HCA (Hierarchical Cluster Analysis) for the characterisation of tubular wells of the Roraima State, as regards physical–chemical composition of water. The parameters analyzed in laboratory were the following ones: pH, electric conductivity, Total Hardness, Total Alkalinity, Bicarbonate, Calcium, Potassium, Magnesium, Nitrate, Chloride, Total Iron. The physical–chemical analyses, were carried out during the months of September and October 2000 (winter, period of rains). The laboratory analysis was performed using classical methods (titrimetry and uv–visible spectroscopy), the samples were processed in agreement with the Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater.The physical–chemical analyses, were accomplished in September and October 2000. In physical–chemical terms, the groundwater samples analyzed do not indicate any restriction to human consumption and the two chemometric methods of exploratory data analysis: PCA and HCA are efficient for the discrimination of bicarbonated (tubular wells locateds in the South of the Roraima State) and not bicarbonated (tubular wells locateds in the North of Roraima) groundwater.     

Characterization of Losses of Chlorinated Pollutants during Lyophilization of Mussels

The influence of the lyophilization process on the recovery of ten organochlorine compounds, (9 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and pp′-DDE [1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene)] during the pretreatment step of mussels was studied at three concentration levels. Losses of more polar and water-soluble compounds were approximately 50% in samples pulverized prior to lyophilization. Two variables, moisture and lipid concentrations, had statistical influences in the losses of the lower chlorinated compounds (CB 31 and CB 28). In some PCB congeners (CB 52, CB 101, and CB 118), the variation of losses with the PCB concentrations was also statistically significant.     

Kinetics of Electrophilic Fluorination of Steroids and Epimerisation of Fluorosteroids

Fluorinated steroids, which are synthesised by electrophilic fluorination, form a significant proportion of marketed pharmaceuticals. To gain quantitative information on fluorination at the 6-position of steroids, kinetics studies were conducted on enol ester derivatives of progesterone, testosterone, cholestenone and hydrocortisone with a series of electrophilic N−F reagents. The stereoselectivities of fluorination reactions of progesterone enol acetate and the kinetic effects of additives, including methanol and water, were investigated. The kinetics of epimerisation of 6β-fluoroprogesterone to the more pharmacologically active 6α-fluoroprogesterone isomer in HCl/acetic acid solutions are detailed.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.