等离子体喷涂Sn和ZrO2涂层／U-Nb合金摩擦副的摩擦性能

探讨用等离子体喷涂方法制备降低较高强度材料与U-Nb合金之间的摩擦性能的减磨层的可行性以及这些减磨层的摩擦特性。选用Sn为软涂层，ZrO2为硬涂层。采用Sulzer METCO9M等离子体喷涂机制备了Sn单层、ZrO2单层、Sn／ZrO2双层、Sn ZrO2混合层等4种涂层。利用CSEM型销盘型摩擦磨损试验机分析了半径为3mm的U-Nb合金对偶销在涂层上滑动时的干摩擦特性，滑动速度分别为0．42，6．4，26．16cm／s。涂层为典型的等离子体喷涂涂层形貌。表面为Sn的涂层颗粒熔合状况和致密性比ZrO2单层好，其粗糙度低，Sn ZrO2混合涂层表面形貌与ZrO2单层相近。Sn和ZrO2分别以bcc结构的Sn和四方结构ZrO2结构存在。     

Ti6A14V微弧氧化涂层的生物活性

Ti6A14V材料具有优秀的机械性、耐腐蚀性、可塑性和表面氧化物的生物相容性。广泛应用于医学植入体如人造骨、人工关节和人造牙齿等。然而，钛及其合金表面自然生成的一层氧化膜是非常薄的(大约5啪)，因此需采用如微弧氧化技术、等离子体喷涂、等离子体浸没离子注入和离子束增强沉积等表面改性技术合成比较厚的氧化钛保护膜。     

BEPCⅡ正电子源磁通压缩装置的研制

正电子磁通压缩装置(Flux Concentrator，简称磁号)是正电子束流横向发射度的匹配装置，对提高正电子的俘获效率起非常关键的作用，是BEPCII正电子源的重要组成部分. 结合磁号的设计加工，用计算机软件模拟了磁号的磁场分布和共振特性，并同测量结果进行了比较.     

在相对论性激光-等离子体系统中初始物理参数对激光脉冲的影响

基于相对论性激光-等离子体动力学理论，研究了相对论性激光-等离子体系统中圆偏振入射脉冲激光和等离子体相互作用对激光脉冲宽度的影响. 具体分析了在不同初始物理参数下脉冲激光的脉冲宽度在等离子体传播过程中的变化情况，重点分析了激光脉冲在等离子中压缩. 计算结果表明增加入射激光的强度和入射脉冲宽度以及减小等离子体的初始密度，能够有效地实现脉冲宽度在等离子体中压缩；当激光脉冲的初始参数a₀=0.12和τ=70以及等离子体密度n₀=0.3时，脉冲宽度相对压缩T/τ接近于1/10，从而给出了激光压缩的理论优化参数. 关键词： 相对论性激光-等离子体 激光脉冲宽度 等离子体密度 自压缩     

氦在球磨贮氢合金中的存在行为研究

通过正电子寿命测量及结构分析，研究了氦气氛球磨LaNi4.75Al0.25和Zr50Co50贮氢合金中氦的存在行为.研究结果表明：随着气氛压力增加，氦的溶入量增加，相对而言，LaNi4.75Al0.25更有利于氦的溶入；球磨样品正电子寿命的特征参数发生变化，这表明氦在材料中存在行为的差异；对于Zr50Co50合金，氦首先填充在超细晶粒的三叉晶界或空位团处，随着气氛压力增加，有小部分氦填入单空位的自由体积处，形成空位-氦复合体；对于LaNi4.75Al0.25合金，氦首先进入单空位大小的自由体积中，形成空位 关键词： 正电子寿命 氦引入 高压球磨 贮氢合金     

正电子湮没与高科技

本文简要描述了正电子湮没技术的基本原理和常用的四种实验方法(正电子寿命测量、湮没辐射角关联测量，多管勒展宽能谱测量和慢正电子束技术)。介绍了正电子湮没技术在材料科学研究中的某些独特忧点；如研究金属，合金与半导体材料中的缺陷和相变，测量金属的费米面和空位形成能以及研究辐照损伤等。此外，还报导了正电子湮没在医学(正电子照像)、空间技术、生命科学以及高温超导等高科技领域的最新应用进展。     

钽、钨、锡涂层氧含量的测定

冶金一级钽粉、喷涂专用钨粉、普通锡粉经等离子喷涂在铝基体上，由于等离子体焰流的温度高，涂层材料在喷涂过程中易受热氧化，涂层材料中氧的含量将直接影响涂层的各项性能，文中用LECO TC-436氧氮分析仪建立钽、钨、锡涂层中氧的测定方法，以确定最佳的喷涂工艺条件。     

氘等离子体预辐照对W-Y2O3合金耐热冲击性能的影响

应用直线等离子体装置，对W-Y₂O₃合金的垂直于锻造轴(锻造面)和平行于锻造轴(横截面)的两个表面迚行了氘等离子体辐照。利用60kW电子束材料测试平台，研究了等离子体辐照前、后的W-Y2O3合金在功率0.22~0.44GW·m^-2下耐瞬态热冲击性能。结果表明，氘等离子体辐照没有降低钨合金的裂纹阈值，其中锻造面的裂纹阈值范围高于横截面，且超过了0.33GW·m^-2。综合考虑高能率锻造W-Y₂O₃合金的氘离子辐照与热冲击行为，锻造面可能更适合面对等离子体。     

Ta／WS／Sn复合涂层等离子喷涂工艺研究

运用等离子喷涂技术制备多层屏蔽复合涂层，根据钽、钨、锡材料的物理特性及工艺特点，分别设计了自动喷涂工艺，既保证了涂层的性能，又提高了喷涂工艺的重复性；在喷涂区域使用氩气保护装置制造局部隋性气氛，简便有效地控制了涂层材料在高温等离子体喷射过程中的氧化：综合使用温度测试、力学拉伸、金相组织及化学成分等分析方法，综合考虑优化喷涂功率、喷涂距离等喷涂参数对基体温度、涂层中氧化物含量、涂层密度的影响，优化喷涂工艺参数，制备出厚度均匀、绢织致密的Ta／W/Sn复合涂层。     

氩电弧等离子体射流中温度分布的测定及局域热力学平衡状态的验证

只有当等离子体中存在局域热力学平衡状态时才有确切的温度定义。本文在局域热力学平衡的假定下,根据原子谱线辐射亮度与温度之间的关系,测定了氩等离子体射流中的温度分布。由ArI 4300,6965,7384,7504,7515,7635等谱线测得的温度分布符合得很好,从而在一定程度上验证了局域热力学平衡状态的存在。实验所用的等离子体发生器与工业应用的等离子体喷涂枪类似。本文使用的技术对测定喷涂枪的等离子体射流的温度分布具有实用价值。     

Study of the effect of annealing on defects in Fe-Mn-Si-Cr-Ni-C alloy by slow positron beam

FeMnSi shape memory alloys (SMAs) have received much attention as one-way SMAs due to their cost-effectiveness. Variable-energy (0-30 keV) positron beam studies have been carried out on a Fe-Mn-Si-Cr-Ni-C alloy with different degrees of deformation. Doppler broadening profiles of the positron annihilation as a function of incident positron energy were shown to be quite sensitive to defects introduced by deformation. The variation of the nature and the concentration of defects are studied as a function of isochronal annealing temperature. These results are correlated with the data measured with the positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS). The positron annihilation results are compared to XRD and optical microscopy (OM).     

利用正电子湮没技术研究钾掺杂钨合金中的缺陷

钨合金中钾的掺杂会引入大量的缺陷,如尺寸几十纳米的钾泡、高密度的位错以及微米量级的晶粒带来的晶界等,这些缺陷的浓度和分布直接影响合金的服役性能.本文运用正电子湮没谱学方法研究钾掺杂钨合金中的缺陷信息,首先模拟计算了合金中各种缺陷的正电子湮没寿命,发现钾的嵌入对空位团、位错、晶界等缺陷的寿命影响很小;然后测量了不同钾含量掺杂钨合金样品的正电子湮没寿命谱,建立三态捕获模型,发现样品中有高的位错密度和低的空位团簇浓度,验证了钾对位错的钉扎作用,阐述了在钾泡形成初期是钾元素与空位团簇结合并逐渐长大的过程;最后使用慢正电子多普勒展宽谱技术表征了样品中缺陷随深度的均匀分布和大量存在,通过扩散长度的比较肯定了钾泡、晶界等缺陷的存在.     

Al-4%Ag合金中Ag原子偏析的低温正电子湮没参数研究

分别研究了823 K淬火处理和20%形变量的Al-4%Ag低温下Ag析出物对正电子的捕获行为的变化。采用正电子湮没寿命谱(PALS)技术和符合多普勒展宽能谱(CDBS)在温度范围10~293 K内对其进行表征。多普勒展宽能谱结果表明2种样品中均存在Ag析出物。正电子寿命谱的解谱结果中的各组分给出了Ag析出物随测量温度的变化规律。在170 ~273 K之间,正电子湮没行为具有较强的温度依赖性。但对于两个具有不同类型缺陷的样品,在低于170 K时观察到样品中Ag析出物捕获正电子能力出现了差异。随着测量温度的降低,淬火样品中的Ag析出物的正电子寿命和强度基本不变。在低于170 K的测量中,形变样品中的Ag析出物对正电子的捕获能力仍旧存在着较强的温度依赖性,但是变化幅度在逐渐减弱。当测量温度提升到室温(273~293 K),越来越多的正电子从Ag析出物中逃逸,逐渐回到自由状态或被其他深陷阱所捕获,失去了对温度的依赖性。     

An Experimental Study of Mg Aggregation in AA5754 Alloys by Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy

Defects in an AA5754 （Al-3.0%Mg） alloy are investigated by coincidence Doppler broadening spectroscopy and positron lifetime spectroscopy. The results indicate enhancement of positron trapping by Mg atoms in this Al-Mg alloy after quenching treatment at 623K, which may be due to the formation of vacancy-Mg complexes or the aggregation of Mg near the vacancy sites. It is speculated that the aggregation of Mg atoms in the moderate temperature range is responsible for cracking in spot welding of AA5754 alloys.     

Positron study of the martensitic transformation in Fe-29.5at.%Ni

Precision measurements of positron lifetime spectra in Fe-29.5at.%Ni alloy specimens were performed to clarify the nature of the martensitic transformation in this alloy. The forward transformation did not introduce any defects which behave as strong trapping sites for positrons. On the other hand, the reverse transformation accompanied the production of defects, to which the positron lifetime is sensitive, maybe dislocations. From the present results, the nature of the transformation was discussed.     

The role of quenched‐in vacancies for the decomposition of aluminium alloys

The very early stages of decomposition during room temperature storage, i.e. just a few minutes after quenching, are investigated by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy for both an AlMgSi alloy and an AlCuMg alloy. It turns out that by freezing the decomposition kinetics during measurements we can detect vacancy–solute atom pairs. The formation of larger solute clusters with structural vacancies is seen by an increase of the mean positron lifetime in the course of storage at room temperature (RT). Earlier findings concerning aging at RT were unable to discover this effect. The detected changes are interpreted in terms of cluster formation. Thus we show that positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) is one of the very few methods to access early stages of decomposition in metallic alloys. Moreover, the lower limit of the concentration of quenched‐in vacancy‐like defects is calculated to be at least 2 × 10^–5 per atom. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Positron trapping mechanism in plastically deformed magnesium

In order to investigate positron–dislocation interactions, the evolution of the positron lifetime parameters with the degree of deformation of Mg samples was studied. For a low degree of thickness reduction a second component of 244?ps could be decomposed from the positron lifetime spectra. This component was attributed to dislocations introduced during deformation. For thickness reductions higher than 15% the value of the second component increases to 253?ps. This lifetime was assigned to jogs introduced along dislocations when multiple deformation systems were activated at high degrees of deformation. Positron experimental results were interpreted by the assumption that dislocations act as a previous step to positron localization at jogs. A trapping model with three stages, bulk annihilation and trapping at both dislocations and jogs, has been proposed to describe the trapping mechanism in the highly deformed samples. A sample with a thickness reduction of 40% was annealed from room temperature to 525?K. A recovery stage centred at 425?K was been detected. According to the literature this stage has been assigned to anneal out of dislocations.     

Positron lifetimes and lineshape factors in deformed copper

Measurements of positron annihilation lifetime and lineshape factors in deformed OFHC copper, for 14 different pairs of specimen, ranging up to 66% deformation, are discussed. The influence of annihilation in the source is carefully examined and the data are consequently corrected. The lifetime varies from (124±2) ps for annealed copper to (179±2) ps for dislocation saturated samples. Trapping cross sections and trapping efficiencies are calculated. The possibility of interference of vacancies formed during the deformation is discussed.     

Shock-wave and conventional deformation of Al and dispersion-hardened Al alloy containing different concentrations of alumina particles

Summary The structure and substructure changes in Al and dispersion-hardened Al alloy are studied after rapid deformation by explosion and slow conventional deformation (cross-rolling and compression) using X-ray diffraction analysis and transmission electron microscopy. Shock wave deformation generates a small dislocation density which does not produce any significant change in the microstructure as well as in the texture of Al and Al alloy containing a different concentration of Al₂O₃ particles (4 and 7%). After slow conventional deformation, in particular after cross-rolling, significant variations are observed due to the nonuniformly distributed high dislocation densities.     

稀土镍磷非晶合金的PAS和DSC研究

文中报导了在Ｎｉ－Ｐ非晶合金中掺入稀土元素钇（Ｙ）的诱导共沉积方法；并通过正电子湮没寿命谱和示差扫描量热计研究了Ｎｉ－Ｐ－Ｙ非晶合金的缺陷态及热稳定性；还从不同角度讨论了稀土元素对该合金热稳定性的贡献。