核科学百年讲座第一讲 历史性发现及其对人类社会的影响(Ⅰ)

第一讲和第二讲系统地介绍了核科学发展历史，特别是核科学中的历史性发现和重大应用．主要综述核科学的早期发展历史，总体介绍核科学中最基本的重大发现，如放射性、电子、质子、中子、原子核裂变和衰变的发现．介绍人类认识原子和原子核的历史过程，包括与之相关的著名实验和理论．通过介绍核科学的发展和应用，展示了核科学技术对自然科学本身及其对人类社会的深远影响和巨大贡献．     

中国物理教育从无到有并达到国际水平的历程(中)

本文中篇叙述了从辛亥革命到抗战爆发前民国时期中国物理教育发展的历史过程.在此期间一批优秀的大学建立起来,物理教育初具规模,且有很大的发展.大批毕业生出国留学,归来後成为我国物理学界的领军人物.一批物理学家献身于科学救国、实业救国事业,做出很大的努力,甚至牺牲.     

基于社交网络平台自主学习核科学知识的科普化教学 研究与实践

核科学知识的普及化教育是大学物理教学之外的延伸教学, 有益于提高学生的核科学素养. 核科学技 术的理论基础较为简单, 适合于进行不受时间和地点约束的基于社交网络平台的“ 自主学习+在线讨论”的教学形 式. 本工作依托社交软件 QQ群平台, 针对我院物理类一、 二年级研究生, 开展了核科学知识的在线学习. 通过定期 分阶段发放核科学教学材料, 指导学生进行自主学习; 通过碎片式知识点的概括和讲解, 组织学生开展在线讨论, 活跃学习氛围; 及时在线解答学生的疑问, 提高学生的学习效率. 通过时间、 地点灵活的在线教学, 提高了学生的核 科学认知水平     

核科学百年讲座第七讲核科学技术在材料科学中的应用

核科学技术和材料科学的结合产生了一门新兴的交叉学科——核材料(也称核固体)，主要指核技术在材料分析、物质改性和新材料研制合成中的应用．文章介绍核技术在材料科学中的应用历史、现状及其前景，包括基本物理原理．     

科学的传统与创新——何泽慧先生百年诞辰纪念

本文从几个不同方面回顾了何泽慧先生的学术成长经历。她继承了蔡元培等老一辈学者科学救国的理念,接受了前沿的科学教育和训练,在国际交流与合作中做出创新工作,并参与创建我国核科学事业,汇聚和培养了大批人才。科学的创新离不开优良的传统,我们纪念何泽慧先生百年诞辰,既缅怀她的创新成就和对科学事业的贡献,也要发扬她的科学精神和传统。     

核科学中的世纪女杰

在20世纪的核物理领域中出现了四位令人瞩目的女科学家,除了我们所熟悉的居里夫人、吴键雄之外,还有奥地利物理学家丽丝·迈特纳和美国物理学家玛丽亚·梅耶.她们都堪称核科学中的巾帼英雄,对核科学的发展起了巨大的推动作用.     

核科学百年讲座第六讲核科学技术在医学中的应用

文章介绍了核医学的发展历史及其在医学中的重大应用，介绍了核医学诊断、治疗的原理、特点以及核医学的几个重要分支学科．通过介绍，展示了核科学技术在人类医疗事业中的重大作用．     

中国物理教育从无到有并达到国际水平的历程

本文分为上、中、下3篇。上篇叙述了前清时期从洋务运动、甲午战争、戊戌维新、义和团拳匪之乱、庚子之变、废科举,直到普遍建立新式学堂的历史过程。此阶段我国的物理教育处在萌芽状态。中篇叙述了从辛亥革命到抗战爆发前民国时期中国物理教育发展的历史过程。在此期间一批优秀的大学建立起来,物理教育初具规模,且有很大的发展。大批毕业生出国留学,归来后成为我国物理学界的领军人物。一批物理学家献身于科学救国、实业救国事业,做出很大的努力,甚至牺牲。下篇叙述了抗日战争和战后复员时期的中国物理教育发展。多难兴邦,抗战时期条件极端困苦,却激发出西南联大这朵教育史上的奇葩。中国近代教育,从教育理念到办学体制,从课程设置到图书仪器制备,都是从西方引进的。高层次人才的培养完全靠到西方国家留学。截止到20世纪40年代末,一批本土培养的高水平科学家出土了。     

真人真知 典范永存

吴大猷先生（1907—2000）是中国老一辈物理学家和教育家,他因在分子物理、核物理等领域做出的重要贡献而享誉国际物理学界。他毕生献身于科研和教学．为祖国培养出一批很杰出的科学技术人才,对20世纪中国近代物理学的发展具有深刻的、划时代的影响。特别是．20世纪50年代以来他对我国台湾地区的科学与教育事业做出了巨大的贡献。2008年6月7日,为缅怀吴大猷先生高尚的风范和杰出的贡献,中国物理学会、中科院数理学部、中国高等科技中心、北京大学和南开大学联合在京主办“吴大猷先生诞辰100周年纪念会”,周光召、朱光亚、陈佳洱、杨振宁、李政道等物理学家将参加纪念会并发言。本刊被授权独家刊登部分发言,以飨读者。让我们永远怀念吴大猷先生。     

粒子物理学与核科学的开拓者、攻坚者——记物理学家王淦昌先生

 今年5月28日,是我国著名的物理学家王淦昌先生85岁寿辰.我们怀着无比崇敬的心情,向这位粒子物理学与核科学的开拓者、攻坚者表示深深地敬意,并向读者简要地介绍王淦昌先生对物理学的重要贡献,借以激励无数后来的物理学子励志图强,沿着王老等前辈们开辟的道路继续前进,去迎接21世纪物理学的新曙光！     

New modifications in 15 UD pelletron at nuclear science centre

The 15 UD pelletron at NSC has been operational and performed well during the last 11 years. There have been major modifications performed for upgradation of pelletron system over this period. Major upgradations which have been implemented are new resistor network system for voltage gradient, doublet to singlet unit conversion for accelerator units, turbopump based gas stripper system etc. In addition accelerator mass spectroscopy program has also been started. A new multi-cathode source, Wien filter etc. have been procured and will be added soon in the system. An overview of the most significant upgradations undertaken and other activities for the system are being reported in the present paper.     

First on-line test of the LINAC superbuncher at nuclear science centre

An on-line test of the LINAC superbuncher at Nuclear Science Centre has been successfully performed. DC O⁷⁺ beam of nominal energy 92 MeV was accelerated through the superbuncher resonator, operating at a field of 4.54 MV/m. The total energy gain of the beam was measured to be 4.5 MeV. For the pulsed beam test a phase locked bunched beam of O⁷⁺ of nominal energy 92 MeV, FWHM 1.3 ns from the pre-tandem multiharmonic buncher was injected into the superbuncher. By properly adjusting the phase and amplitude of the resonator, the best FWHM of the bunched beam was measured to be 185 ps near the entrance of the first LINAC module. Fully depleted cooled surface barrier detector was used for measuring the time width. In a separate experiment the intrinsic time resolution of the same detector was measured to be 134 ps. Consequently the intrinsic time width of the bunched beam, after correcting for the detector resolution, would be 127 ps. Details of the experiment and results are presented.     

核科学百年讲座第三讲核 能与核武器

核能有两个最具影响的应用：一是它的和平利用——核电(第四讲介绍)，另一是它的军事应用——核武器．文章将介绍核能和核武器基本原理以及核燃料生产方法．首先简要介绍核裂变能与聚变能；然后比较详细地说明原子弹的基本原理，包括中子增殖、自持裂变链式反应条件、临界质量和两种形式原子弹的结构原理等，对于氢弹、中子弹的原理仅作简单介绍；最后，对核燃料的生产：铀同位素分离和钚—239的反应堆生产作了原理性的介绍。     

常规导体托卡马克聚变核科学装置的堆芯参数研究

采用自主研发的零维系统程序ZERO-CODE，对基于铜线圈托卡马克概念的聚变装置开展了堆芯关键参数的设计。根据中子峰值壁面负载及相关物理、工程要求，确定了一组具有最优造价的堆芯参数。     

Some contributions from SSNTD towards nuclear science: from multifragmentation towards accelerator driven systems (ADS)

Three examples are chosen to show the importance of SSNTD as one of the essential tools in nuclear science:

(1) Multifragmentation into more than two heavy reaction products: Starting with the observation of three heavy reaction products in the interaction of relativistic protons or 414 MeV ⁴⁰Ar with actinides in the early 1960s, up to the observation of five heavy reaction products in the interaction of 2400 MeV ²³⁸U with uranium, SSNTD had a leading role in this research.

(2) In the search for superheavy elements (SHE: Z around 114): Many different techniques are used. However, SSNTD are exclusively decisive in the possible observation of SHE within the heavy element component of galactic cosmic rays.

(3) Accelerator driven systems: They are increasingly important in the discussion of energy producing nuclear power stations and in the corresponding ability to transmute long-lived poisonous radioactive materials (above all plutonium) into shorter lived fission fragments or stable nuclides. SSNTDs play an important role in the determination of the energy dependent neutron fluence in small volumes (≈cm³) or in the exact beam profile determinations of the primary proton beams.

This contribution ends with an outlook into possible future fields of physics research: With the advent of a new generation of relativistic heavy ion accelerators, such as the NUCLOTRON at the JINR in Dubna, Russia, and RHIC in Brookhaven in the United States, one can continue to study (and finally confirm or disprove) all phenomena mentioned already, as well as additional controversial phenomena, such as “enhanced nuclear cross-sections over short distances”, called colloquially “anomalons”. Again SSNDT can be used in at least a twofold manner as an important tool: (a) the enhanced neutron production with ¹²C ions or heavier ions in thick targets at energies above approximately 50 GeV and (b) the reduced “mean-free-path” of secondary fragments produced by the same heavy and energetic ions.     

Evolution of nuclear spectra with nuclear forces

We first define a series of NN interaction models ranging from very simple to fully realistic. We then present Green's function Monte Carlo calculations of light nuclei to show how nuclear spectra evolve as the nuclear forces are made increasingly sophisticated. We find that the absence of stable five- and eight-body nuclei depends crucially on the spin, isospin, and tensor components of the nuclear force.     

Communicating science

In this article we discuss the structure and dynamics of the Earth's plasma environment and how it is influenced by its interaction with the outer atmosphere of the Sun, as revealed by both space-based and ground-based observations over the past thirty years. We begin with a discussion of the basic physical principles involved, and then apply these principles to the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), and their interaction with the Earth's magnetic field. The structure and flow of magnetospheric plasma populations then follows, together with consequent magnetosphere-ionosphere interactions. The initial discussion applies to a steady-state magnetosphere driven by steady reconnection, which we then generalized to the time-dependent case resulting from variations in the direction of the IMF.