对电极材料对非贵金属电催化剂耐久性评价的影响（英文）

质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFCs)环境友好,具有高的能量转换效率,已受到了广泛的关注.目前,铂基电催化剂广泛使用在PEMFCs中,但铂的储量有限,活性低,耐久性差,成本高,急需开发高性能的非贵金属电催化剂替代铂基电催化剂.非贵金属电催化剂的电化学表征基本上都沿用了铂基电催化剂的评价体系和方法,不一定适用于非贵金属电催化剂的表征.本文选用铂和石墨为对电极考察其对非贵金属电催化剂在酸性电解质中耐久性测试的影响.当使用铂对电极时,商业Pt/C电催化剂的氧还原(ORR)活性随着耐久性测试圈数的增加而降低,而非贵金属电催化剂的氧还原活性在耐久性测试过程中的变化规律与商业Pt/C不同,呈现先降低,后升高的规律.耐久性测试前后的透射电镜(TEM)分析表明非贵金属电催化剂经过耐久性测试后,在电催化剂表面生长了铂纳米颗粒.高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)和能量色散X射线光谱(EDX)进一步证明以铂为对电极的三电极体系,在进行非贵金属电催化剂耐久性测试的过程中,非贵金属电催化剂表面生长了铂纳米颗粒,使得非贵金属电催化剂的ORR活性在耐久性测试后得到显著提高.耐久性测试前后,非贵金属电催化剂氧还原过程的电子转移数由3.7变为4.0,再次证明了耐久性测试过程中铂颗粒的生成.在三电极电化学体系中,当工作电极发生阴极反应时,对电极为阳极反应,反之亦然,即在工作电极上发生的任何电化学过程,都会在对电极上完成相反的电化学过程.在循环电位扫描过程中,当铂对电极的电压高于1.0 V(vsRHE)时,开始发生铂的溶解现象,并且当电压高于1.2 V(vsRHE)时,铂的溶解量会急剧增加,部分溶解的铂会扩散到工作电极附近,并在工作电极的非贵金属电催化剂表面发生沉积作用.随着扫描圈数的增加,沉积的铂纳米颗粒的数量增加,颗粒变大,从而使非贵金属电催化剂的表观ORR活性显著提高.该现象使得非贵金属电催化剂在酸性电解质中无法表现出其真实的耐久性.当选用石墨棒为对电极材料时,非贵金属电催化剂在酸性电解质中的ORR活性不会受到对电极材料的影响.通过考察对电极材料对非贵金属电催化剂在酸性电解质中耐久性能的影响,可以得出结论,即对非贵金属电催化剂在酸性电解质中的耐久性测试中,不宜使用铂对电极,应该使用石墨为对电极材料,以防止对电极材料干扰耐久性测试.     

高温聚合物电解质膜燃料电池催化剂的研究进展（英文）

高温聚合物电解质膜燃料电池(HT-PEMFCs)是一类将化学能转换为电能的能量转换装置,与传统的低温聚合物膜燃料电池相比具有诸多优势.目前HT-PEMFCs主要是以铂作为催化剂.铂基催化剂对于燃料电池氧还原反应(ORR)和氢氧化反应(HOR)有好的催化活性,但在HT-PEMFCs中通常需要高载量的铂基催化剂,以缓解磷酸在铂表面强吸附对活性表达的限制,其存在成本高、活性不足、长时间运行下活性降低及载体腐蚀等问题.本文总结了最近关于HT-PEMFCs催化剂的研究进展,系统分析了贵金属、非贵金属催化剂在HTPEMFCs中的应用前景,并对现阶段HT-PEMFCs催化剂的发展应用进行了展望.     

一步热解核黄素制备高性能氧还原反应电催化剂

质子交换膜燃料电池具有零污染、能量密度高、操作温度低和超静低音等优点,因而广泛应用于新能源汽车动力电源.然而质子交换膜燃料电池阴极氧还原反应(ORR)过程缓慢且复杂,因此需要大量的高性能ORR电催化剂.商品铂基催化剂是目前最为广泛使用的ORR催化剂,然而其高昂的价格阻碍了燃料电池汽车的商业化进程.因此,近年来人们致力于研发高性能的非贵金属ORR催化剂,并成功获得了具有高ORR活性及优异稳定性的催化剂.然而开发贵金属替代催化剂还存在制备过程较为复杂、单体有毒等缺点.核黄素具有成本低廉、无毒、氮含量高等优点,本文将其直接作为碳源和氮源,以无水氯化铁为铁前驱体,通过简单的一步热解法制备了高性能的Fe-N-C催化剂.表征结果表明,合成的催化剂表面由于氮的掺杂导致石墨烯存在较多的缺陷,其比表面积为301 m2 g-1且孔径分布主要位于45 nm处;催化剂由很薄、卷曲的石墨烯片层和一些颗粒组成,其中的碳材料高度石墨化且存在Fe2O3晶体.结合X射线光电子能谱和催化剂的ORR活性,推导出石墨化氮为ORR的主要活性位,铁在ORR反应中也起着重要作用.在氧气饱和的0.1 mol L-1 KOH溶液中,Fe-N-C催化剂的ORR活性达到4.16 mA cm-2,与商品Pt/C催化剂相当(4.46 mA cm-2).采用计时电流法在0.66 V(相对于RHE电位)下运行3 h后,Fe-N-C催化剂电流仅下降了3%,而Pt/C催化剂下降了40%,表明Fe-N-C催化剂与Pt/C催化剂具有相近的ORR活性,但稳定性比Pt/C催化剂更出色.测试结果表明,Fe-N-C催化剂的抗甲醇毒化性能远优于Pt/C催化剂.在酸性介质中,Fe-N-C催化剂的ORR活性比Pt/C催化剂低,但稳定性更高.总之,该Fe-N-C催化剂在碱性介质中有较高的活性和稳定性,在酸性介质中有较高的稳定性.因此,我们采用廉价、无毒的核黄素作为碳氮源,通过简单的一步热解法制备出的Fe-N-C催化剂能较好地满足燃料电池ORR催化剂高性能和低成本的要求,具有很好的应用前景.     

核壳结构催化剂应用于质子交换膜燃料电池氧还原的研究进展

质子交换膜燃料电池（PEMFCs）由于高比功率密度、高能量转换效率、环境友好和低温下快速启动等优点受到广泛关注,被认为是替代传统内燃机成为汽车动力的最理想能源转换装置。目前PEMFCs仍需较高载量的贵金属Pt作为电催化剂以保持转换效率,因此,开发低Pt量高活性的电催化剂对PEMFCs技术的商业化进程至关重要。核壳结构催化剂被证明是一种能有效降低电极Pt用量的策略,其既能通过结构优势提高贵金属Pt的利用率,又能通过电子或几何效应改善催化剂的催化活性和稳定性。本文首先简介了PEMFCs阴极氧还原反应（ORR）电催化剂构效关系的理论研究;其次综述了几种典型核壳结构电催化剂应用于ORR的研究进展;最后对ORR低Pt电催化剂的下一步研究方向作了展望。     

铂基氧还原催化剂在活性和稳定性方面的挑战

在质子交换膜燃料电池（PEMFC）中,由于阴极氧还原反应（ORR）速率缓慢,因此开发高效的ORR催化剂是实现燃料电池商业化的关键. 世界各地的研究人员在提高催化剂活性和耐久性方面做出了不懈的努力. 目前,铂基催化剂仍然是商业应用上的首选,为开发实用的低铂氧还原催化剂,研究人员开展了大量的研究. 本文说明了ORR反应遇到的挑战,并介绍了近年来铂基氧还原催化剂的研究进展,具体包括ORR机理、铂核壳结构、一维纳米Pt催化剂和其他的代表性工作.     

分级孔结构的Fe-N-C催化剂用于高效电催化氧还原

氧还原反应（ORR）是金属空气电池以及质子交换膜燃料电池（PEMFCs）系统重要的阴极反应,研究具有高活性与高稳定性的非贵金属催化剂具有重要意义。本研究使用了一种具有分级孔结构的MIL-101-(Al-Fe)作为金属前驱体模板,成功制备出具有分级多孔结构的Fe-N-C催化剂。电化学测试结果表明,在0.1 mol/L KOH电解液中,Fe-N-C-MIL-900催化剂表现出最优的氧还原性能（半波电位0.905 V以及5000圈CV测试后半波电位仅下降5 mV）,远高于纯碳基N-C-MIL-900催化剂（0.845 V）。通过旋转环盘电极测试发现,Fe-N-C-MIL-900催化剂ORR电子转移数为3.98,H2O2产率低于3%,表现出明显的4电子ORR路径。这一工作为制备具有高ORR活性的Fe-N-C催化剂提供了一种新的途径。     

用于氧还原反应的双原子钴-铁催化剂（英文）

金属-空气电池因其高效率和便携性受到广泛关注.然而,氧还原反应(ORR)的高能垒和缓慢的动力学导致其输出功率低.尽管贵金属铂基材料具有较高的ORR活性,但其在工业上的大规模应用受到高成本的制约.因此,迫切需要以储量丰富的非贵金属为原料,开发具有低成本、高性能和耐用性的催化剂.近年来,单原子过渡金属与氮共掺杂碳材料(M-N-C)成为替代贵金属催化剂的理想材料.理论模拟和实验结果均表明,单原子Fe/Co-N-C催化剂具有良好的ORR活性,其中FeN₄和CoN₄构型被认为是主要活性位点.此外,含有相邻金属位点的双金属单原子催化剂具有加速ORR动力学的巨大潜力.通过对ORR中间体的桥式-顺式吸附,双金属位点可以促进O-O键的裂解,从而提高催化活性.除固有活性外,双金属位点可减少ORR过程中含氧中间体对M-N键的攻击,提高M-N-C对ORR的耐久性和工业应用潜力.因此,近年来,研究者开始探索双金属单原子催化剂的合成和电催化性能,发现Fe-Co, Fe-Mn, Fe-Cu, Co-Zn和Co-Pt双位点可以有效催化ORR.为进一步提高ORR活性,需要合理...     

质子交换膜燃料电池Pd修饰Pt/C催化剂的电催化性能

通过对Pt催化剂表面进行Pd修饰提高质子交换膜燃料电池阴极催化剂的氧还原反应(ORR)活性. 采用乙二醇还原法制备了不同比例的Pd修饰Pt/C催化剂. 透射电镜(TEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)测试结果表明, 制备的催化剂贵金属颗粒粒径主要分布在1.75～2.50 nm之间, 并均匀地分散在碳载体表面. 循环伏安方法(CV)研究表明Pd修饰Pt/C催化剂的电化学活性面积低于传统的Pt/C催化剂. 但通过旋转圆盘电极(RDE)测试研究发现, 制备的催化剂具有比传统Pt/C催化剂高的ORR活性.     

一步热解核黄素制备高性能氧还原反应电催化剂（英文）

质子交换膜燃料电池具有零污染、能量密度高、操作温度低和超静低音等优点,因而广泛应用于新能源汽车动力电源.然而质子交换膜燃料电池阴极氧还原反应(ORR)过程缓慢且复杂,因此需要大量的高性能ORR电催化剂.商品铂基催化剂是目前最为广泛使用的ORR催化剂,然而其高昂的价格阻碍了燃料电池汽车的商业化进程.因此,近年来人们致力于研发高性能的非贵金属ORR催化剂,并成功获得了具有高ORR活性及优异稳定性的催化剂.然而开发贵金属替代催化剂还存在制备过程较为复杂、单体有毒等缺点.核黄素具有成本低廉、无毒、氮含量高等优点,本文将其直接作为碳源和氮源,以无水氯化铁为铁前驱体,通过简单的一步热解法制备了高性能的Fe–N–C催化剂.表征结果表明,合成的催化剂表面由于氮的掺杂导致石墨烯存在较多的缺陷,其比表面积为301 m~2g~(–1)且孔径分布主要位于45 nm处;催化剂由很薄、卷曲的石墨烯片层和一些颗粒组成,其中的碳材料高度石墨化且存在Fe_2O_3晶体.结合X射线光电子能谱和催化剂的ORR活性,推导出石墨化氮为ORR的主要活性位,铁在ORR反应中也起着重要作用.在氧气饱和的0.1 mol L~(–1) KOH溶液中,Fe–N–C催化剂的ORR活性达到4.16 mA cm~(–2),与商品Pt/C催化剂相当(4.46 mA cm~(–2)).采用计时电流法在0.66 V(相对于RHE电位)下运行3 h后,Fe–N–C催化剂电流仅下降了3%,而Pt/C催化剂下降了40%,表明Fe–N–C催化剂与Pt/C催化剂具有相近的ORR活性,但稳定性比Pt/C催化剂更出色.测试结果表明,Fe–N–C催化剂的抗甲醇毒化性能远优于Pt/C催化剂.在酸性介质中,Fe–N–C催化剂的ORR活性比Pt/C催化剂低,但稳定性更高.总之,该Fe–N–C催化剂在碱性介质中有较高的活性和稳定性,在酸性介质中有较高的稳定性.因此,我们采用廉价、无毒的核黄素作为碳氮源,通过简单的一步热解法制备出的Fe–N–C催化剂能较好地满足燃料电池ORR催化剂高性能和低成本的要求,具有很好的应用前景.     

铂微粒修饰的聚苯胺薄膜电极对甲醛氧化的电催化作用

以电位扫描法把铂微粒沉积在聚苯胺（ＰＡｎ）薄膜是上以制得铂微粒修饰的聚苯胺薄膜电极。该电极的催化活性以甲醛在０．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ硫酸溶液中的电化学氧化测定。它集催化活性和电活性于一体，对甲醛在酸性介质中的电化学氧化显示了非常高的电催化活性。较之裸铂电极，ＰＡｎ薄膜电极，其催化电流提高１０倍。铂微粒的大小，分布和载量，甲醛的浓度，基体金属的种类等因素对电极材料的催化活性均有影响。     

Room temperature polymerization of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) as transparent counter electrodes for dye‐sensitized solar cells

Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) counter electrode is prepared with in situ polymerization of 3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene on a fluorine‐doped tin oxide over‐layer glass at room temperature. The cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and Tafel polarization are measured to evaluate the catalytic activity of PEDOT counter electrode for I₃^?/I^? redox couple. Comparing the data with that of traditional thermal decomposed Pt counter electrode, it is found that PEDOT has higher catalytic activity than that of Pt counterpart. Power conversion efficiency of the dye‐sensitized solar cell (DSC) with PEDOT counter electrode can attain to 7.713%, a little higher than that of the cell with Pt counter electrode (7.300%). Taking the advantage of high transparency of PEDOT counter electrode, an Ag mirror is put on the back side of PEDOT counter electrode of the DSC to reflect light back for power conversion. Power conversion efficiency of the DSC with this special structure can be further enhanced to 8.359%, which mainly stems from the improved short‐circuit current density by the increased irradiated light intensity. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Growth of aligned polypyrrole acicular nanorods and their application as Pt‐free semitransparent counter electrode in dye‐sensitized solar cell

Polypyrrole films on fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)‐coated glass substrate were prepared in situ by placing FTO/glass substrates where pyrrole was polymerized by methyl orange‐ferric chloride complex. The atomic force microscopy image indicated growth of acicular nanorods of polypyrrole. These films exhibited catalytic activity towards I₃⁻/I⁻ redox couple and have been investigated for counter electrode application in dye‐sensitized solar cell (DSSC). The fabricated DSSC with N719 dye/TiO₂ as photoanode, and PPy/FTO as counter electrode shows ~1.7% efficiency.     

Template‐free synthesis of polyaniline nanobelts as a catalytic counter electrode in dye‐sensitized solar cells

Polyaniline (PAn) nanobelts were synthesized by simply mixing aniline and hydrochloric acid aqueous solution with ammonium peroxydisulfate and hydrochloric acid aqueous solution at room temperature without any templates. The PAn nanobelt paste with polytetrafluoroethylene as binder is proper for low‐cost and efficient casting processes such as doctor blade method, screen printing, spin‐casting, and even roll‐to‐roll painting. The porous network structure of the PAn nanobelt counter electrode was obtained after drying the paste on the conductive glass. The as‐prepared PAn nanobelt counter electrode showed nearly equivalent electrochemical catalytic activity as that of thermal decomposed Pt counter electrode, owing to the well‐connected conductive network and high active surface area. The power conversion efficiency of dye‐sensitized solar cell with PAn nanobelt counter electrode attained 90% of the value of the cell with Pt counter electrode. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Three‐Electrode‐Integrated Sensor into a Micropipette Tip

This work describes the construction, characterization, and application of a three‐electrode‐integrated sensor into a micropipette tip. The three electrodes (working, pseudoreference and counter) are positioned at the end of a micropipette tip. The working electrode (graphite composite or gold microfiber) is placed inside the micropipette tip and the pseudo‐reference and counter electrodes outside (diametrically opposed sides). This approach is candidate for portable applications and allows the analysis and studies in low‐volume solutions (ca. 10 µL) which are useful for waste minimization and development of clean analytical methods. In addition, the three‐electrode‐integrated sensor can be easy used as detector in flow injection system through its direct joining at the end of polyethylene tubing of the FIA system.     

Well‐Dispersed CoS Nanoparticles on a Functionalized Graphene Nanosheet Surface: A Counter Electrode of Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells

With a facile electrophoretic deposition and chemical bath process, CoS nanoparticles have been uniformly dispersed on the surface of the functionalized graphene nanosheets (FGNS). The composite was employed as a counter electrode of dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), which yielded a power conversion efficiency of 5.54 %. It is found that this efficiency is higher than those of DSSCs based on the non‐uniform CoS nanoparticles on FGNS (4.45 %) and built on the naked CoS nanoparticles (4.79 %). The achieved efficiency of our cost‐effective DSSC is also comparable to that of noble metal Pt‐based DSSC (5.90 %). Our studies have revealed that both the exceptional electrical conductivity of the FGNS and the excellent catalytic activity of the CoS nanoparticles improve the conversion efficiency of the uniformly FGNS‐CoS composite counter electrode. The electrochemical impedance spectra, cyclic voltammetry, and Tafel polarization have evidenced the best catalytic activity and the fastest electron transport. Additionally, the dispersion condition of CoS nanoparticles on FGNS plays an important role for catalytic reduction of I₃^?.     

Ni3S4@C/CNFs对电极膜厚对染料敏化太阳能电池光伏性能的影响

采用静电纺丝技术和水热法合成了负载于碳纳米纤维表面的碳包覆Ni3S4纳米颗粒(Ni3S4@C/CNFs),利用喷涂法制备膜厚分别为2、4、6、7、8、9、10μm的Ni3S4@C/CNFs对电极。应用到染料敏化太阳能电池(DSSCs)中,探究Ni3S4@C/CNFs对电极的膜厚对于DSSCs光伏性能的影响。最终得出当Ni3S4@C/CNFs对电极膜厚为9μm时,DSSCs可以获得最高的光电转换效率(PCE)8.45%,也证明了对电极存在一个最佳膜厚,使DSSCs获得最优的光伏性能。     

附着性能优异的碳对电极的制备及其在染料敏化太阳能电池中的应用

通过引入一种低成本商业导电碳浆(CC)作为粘结剂, 以色素碳黑(Cb)作为催化材料, 成功制备了Cb-CC对电极. 着重解决传统碳对电极的主要问题, 即碳与导电基底的附着力问题. 附着力测试结果表明: CC的引入改善了Cb与导电基板之间的附着力, 同时增强了碳对电极的导电性和稳定性. 扫描电镜(SEM)结果显示, CC与Cb混合后, 碳膜的多孔结构依然存在, 即这种对电极能同时增加导电性和催化活性. 采用循环伏安(CV)和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)对Cb-CC对电极的催化活性进行了研究. 光电性能测试结果表明, 基于Cb-CC染料敏化太阳能电池(DSSC)的能量转换效率达到了6.54%, 进一步优化后, 当Cb和CC的质量比为23:77 时效果最佳, 达到最高效率6.81%. 此外, 基于Cb-CC的DSSC长期稳定性测试结果表明, 700 h后各项光电参数无明显下降. 该实验成果为增强整体电池的稳定性和促进低成本DSSC产业化奠定了基础.     

Amperometric Detection of 4‐Chlorophenol on Two Types of Expanded Graphite Based Composite Electrodes

The assessment of an expanded graphite‐Ag‐zeolite‐epoxy composite (EG‐Z‐Ag‐Epoxy) electrode for the determination of 4‐chlorophenol (4‐CP) is described and compared to the corresponding expanded graphite‐epoxy composite (EG‐Epoxy) electrode. Cyclic voltammetry was used to characterize the electrochemical behavior and determination of 4‐CP at both electrodes in 0.1 M Na₂SO₄ and 0.1 M NaOH supporting electrolytes. A substantial enhancement of sensitivity for the determination of 4‐CP at the EG‐Z‐Ag‐Epoxy electrode was reached by applying a chemical preconcentration step prior to voltammetric quantification. Also, under these last conditions the lowest limit of detection of 1 μM illustrates the analytical versatility of this electrode in a concentration range where aquatic 4‐chlorophenol pollution is known to occur.     

Low Sheet Resistance Counter Electrode in Dye-sensitized Solar Cell

In order to search for the high efficiency and low sheet resistance counter electrode indye-sensitized solar cell, we used Ti plate as the conducting substrate to prepare the counterelectrode by thermal decomposition of H2PtC16. Ti plate counter electrode shows low sheetresistance, good reflecting performance and matching kinetics. The dye-sensitized solar cell with theTi plate counter electrode shows better photovoltaic performance than that of the cell with thefluorine-doped tin oxide-coated glass counter electrode.     

Enhanced Performance of Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Nanomaterials bearing Impregnated [PdL2] Complexes as Counter‐Electrode Catalyst for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells

N‐coordinate Pd²⁺ complexes [PdL₂] (L: N‐N‐quinoline‐8‐yl‐R‐benzenesulfonamides) ( 6–10 ) and [PdL₂] complexes assembled on multi‐wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) hybrid nanomaterials were fabricated and characterized by various techniques. The [PdL₂] impregnated MWCNTs materials ( 11–15 ) were applied as a counter electrode (CE) catalyst for triiodide to iodide reduction reaction in the dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSC) and investigated electro‐catalytic activities. The MWCNTs‐supported [PdL₂] CEs ( 11–15 ) are exhibits as Pt‐free CE with good power conversion efficiencies (PCEs), and compared to platinum and bare MWCNTs CEs and the PCE of bare MWCNTs was clearly improved by means of [PdL₂] complexes ( 6–10 ). The DSSCs based on the hybrid counter electrodes (CEs) ( 11–15 ) and bare MWCNTs are indicated a relative efficiency ( ? _rel ) of 64.27%, 54.07%, 53.75%, 51.52% 44.82% and 27.27% concerning a Pt CE control device set at 100%. The report emphasizes that [PdL₂] impregnated MWCNTs type counter electrodes (CEs) ( 11–15 ) are promising as effectively catalyst in working device design, particularly taking into account the eco‐friendly approach of the hybrids.