环双(百草枯对苯撑)-双2-萘甲酸三缩四乙二醇酯二元超分子给受体体系光诱导电子转移研究

本文利用核磁氢谱、吸收光谱和荧光光谱证明了环双(百草枯对苯撑)(CBPQT)与双2-萘甲酸三缩四乙二醇(N-P₄-N)在乙腈溶液中能够形成1:1的二元超分子给受体体系.瞬态吸收光谱的研究表明该超分子体系中光诱导电子转移的速率k_CS>1.0×10⁸s^-1,电子回传的速率k_CR=1.26×10³s^-1,光诱导电子转移所生成电荷分离态的寿命长达794μs.     

荧光素蒽醌甲酯分子内光诱导电子转移及电荷分离态的检测

合成了以荧光素为光敏剂的电子给体-受体二元化合物荧光素蒽醌甲酯(FL-AQ),用吸收光谱、荧光光谱、荧光寿命研究了该化合物在乙醇溶液中的光物理性质,并首次用纳秒级瞬态吸收光谱检测了此化合物分子内光诱导电子转移所形成的电荷分离态.在溶液中激发FL,电子可从FL有效地转移到AQ,其速率常数为3.95×10⁹s^-1,效率为95%.但由于电荷分离态寿命较短,瞬态吸收信号弱,若在此溶液中加入二氧化钛(TiO₂)纳米胶体,使FL-AQ吸附在胶体上,电荷分离态信号明显增强.480nm处FL^+·的寿命为11.1μs;560nm处AQ^-·的寿命为8.93μs.     

二茂铁-酞菁-富勒烯超分子三元体系的构筑及光物理和电化学性质

采用富勒吡咯烷衍生物中的吡啶或咪唑基与二茂铁修饰的金属酞菁轴向配位构筑了二茂铁-酞菁-富勒烯超分子三元体系, 通过紫外-可见光谱滴定法测定了其配位稳定性(K_assoc约为8.58×10⁴ L/mol). 稳态和时间分辨荧光光谱研究结果表明, 在该超分子三元体系中发生了快速的光诱导电子转移(k_CS约为10⁹ s^-1), 并具有较高的电荷分离态量子产率(Ф_CS=0.88). 循环伏安法数据表明, 其电荷分离驱动力ΔG_CS为负值(-0.60 eV), 说明酞菁和富勒烯之间容易形成电荷分离态.     

9,10-二氰基蒽和杜烯间光诱导电子转移的电荷分离态和电子耦合

采用从头算方法,讨论了9,10-二氰基蒽(DCA)和杜烯(DUR)间光诱导电子转移反应的态-态跃迁.考虑基组重叠误差(BSSE)对相互作用能的校正,用MP₂方法优化得到重叠式[DCA…DUR]配合物的稳定构型.用单激发组态相互作用(CIS)方法讨论了[DCA…DUR]配合物的光诱导电荷分离和电荷复合过程.根据广义Mulliken-Hush(GMH)模型,计算了电荷复合过程的电子耦合矩阵元.结果表明,[DCA…DUR]配合物的S₀→S₁和S₀→S₂跃迁产生了两个强的局域激发态,S₀→S₃跃迁直接导致电荷分离态,小的振子强度预测该电荷转移(CT)跃迁是一弱跃迁,电荷分离态S₃衰变到低局域激发态或基态的电荷复合是可能的.     

电子转移的外电场效应──苯分子与苯正离子自由基间电子转移的从头算研究

基于半经典电子转移理论,结合量子化学计算,在HF/DZP水平上,研究外电场作用下平行的苯分子-苯正离子自由基体系(C₆H₄)₂⁺的分子内电子转移问题.在给体和受体几何构型优化的基础上,用线性反应坐标确定电子转移过渡态,分别用两态变分方法和基于Koopmans定理的分子轨道跃迁能方法计算电子转移矩阵元V_AB,讨论了V_AB对给体和受体中心距d的指数衰减关系.取中心距为0.6nm,研究了外电场对反应热的影响,计算得到在不同外电场强度下分子内气相电子转移的速率常数k.     

利用Nafion薄膜-水溶液界面提高铂络合物和紫精间的光致电荷分离态的寿命

研究了铂络合物PtL₁ L₂²⁺(L₁=4 甲氧基苯基 6 苯基 2,2’ 联吡啶,L2 =吡啶)和磺酸丙基紫精(PVS⁰)在Nafion膜中进行的光致电子转移和电荷分离.Nafion膜被水溶胀后形成类似反胶束的结构,其空腔表面带有负电荷.将带有正电荷的电子给体PtL₁ L₂²⁺吸附到膜中,电中性的受体PVS⁰ 溶于水中,采用带有正电荷的N,N’ 四亚甲基 2,2’ 联吡啶(DQ²⁺)作为电荷载体,并且也被吸附到膜内.激发PtL₁ L₂²⁺导致与DQ²⁺发生电子转移,生成的DQ^+· 迁移到Nafion膜 水溶液界面并将电子传给受体PVS⁰,生成的PVS^+·被Nafion膜表面负电荷排斥从而阻止电荷回传.电子转移产物PtL₁ L₂³⁺位于膜中,PVS^+·位于溶液中,两者隔离,电荷分离状态的寿命可长达几天.     

磺酰脒基桥连的锌卟啉-富勒烯化合物构型对光诱导电子转移机理的影响

通过"一锅法"多组分偶联反应合成了一种新型磺酰脒基桥连的卟啉-富勒烯化合物ZnP-H-C₆₀. 该化合物具有Z式和E式2种异构体, 其中Z式异构体中含有分子内氢键. 光物理研究结果表明, 2种异构体中的卟啉与富勒烯之间都可以发生光诱导电子转移, 但其相应的电子转移机理却完全不同. 在Z式异构体中, 卟啉或富勒烯被激发后直接发生电荷分离而形成电荷分离态, 其电荷分离机理是通过氢键进行电子传递; 在E式异构体中, 由于卟啉和富勒烯之间存在空间电子相互作用, 被激发后先形成卟啉-富勒烯激基复合物, 再进一步发生电荷分离形成电荷分离态, 电荷分离通过空间电子转移实现.     

电子给受体复合物中电荷转移吸收光谱和溶剂效应

用MP2/6-31G^**方法研究了二氯甲烷溶剂分子与电子给体、受体以及电子给受体复合物间的相互作用,结果表明,二氯甲烷与电子受体和电子给受体复合物间有弱氢键相互作用.利用CIS/6-31++G^**方法研究了溶剂与溶质分子间形成氢键对激发态的影响.自然键电荷分析表明,电子给受体复合物的S₀→S₁跃迁导致一个电子从电子给体转移到受体.结合非平衡溶剂化处理和自洽反应场方法研究了溶剂分子与复合物间形成氢键时的电荷转移吸收光谱.计算表明氢键作用导致复合物的电荷转移吸收光谱蓝移.     

四氰基乙烯-四甲基乙烯体系光诱导电子转移双势阱的从头算研 究

以两态模型为基础,用从头算方法,在DZP[所有原子带极化函数的Dunning(9s,5p)/(3s,2p)]基组水平上对四氰基乙烯与四甲基乙烯间的电子转移进行理论计算。通过孤立给体和受体的几何构型优化,计算了给体的电离能和受体的电子亲和能。计算表明,在光诱导电荷分离之后的返回电子转移处于高放热的Marcus反转区。通过碰撞配合物的结构优化和电荷分离处理,在线性反应坐标近似下得到四甲基乙烯-四氰基乙烯配合物电荷分离反应的双势阱,进而获得反应热,键重组能,以及跃迁能。     

两种双核稀土配合物的光致变色和光磁效应

利用光诱导电子转移机理和配位驱动组装策略探索室温光磁效应材料的合成. 通过组装稀土硝酸盐与1,10-菲罗啉(phen)获得2种同构双核稀土配合物[Ln₂(NO₃)₆(phen)₂](1: Ln=Gd; 2: Ln=Dy). 由于具有电子给体-受体结构特征, 目标产物在光照后发生电子转移, 电子由硝酸根的氧原子转移到phen的氮原子, 进而产生光生自由基并发生肉眼可见的颜色变化. 除光致变色外, 配合物1和2在室温下具有光磁效应. 本研究为构筑室温光致变色和光磁效应杂化材料提供了一种通用方法: 配位组装顺磁金属盐与菲罗啉衍生物.     

Morpholine-phthalocyanine (donor-acceptor) construct: photoinduced intramolecular electron transfer and triplet formation from its charge separation state

Silicon phthalocyanine (SiPc) with two axially attached morpholine (MP) units was prepared, and its photophysics was studied by laser flash photolysis, steady state and time-resolved fluorescence methods. Both the fluorescence efficiency and lifetime of SiPc moiety were remarkably quenched, because of the efficient intramolecular photoinduced electron transfer (PET) from morpholine donors to SiPc moiety. The generated charge separation state (CSS), SiPc(?-)-MP(?+), which was observed by transient absorption spectra, showed a lifetime of 4.8 ns. The triplet quantum yield of SiPc unit in the supra-molecule is unexpectedly high, and the predominant spectral signal in microsecond-scale is triplet-triplet (T(1)-T(n)) absorption. This high triplet yield is due to the charge recombination of CSS that generates T(1) in 32% efficiency: SiPc(?-)-MP(?+) → (3)SiPc-MP. The T(1) formation process occurred efficiently because the CSS SiPc(?-)-MP(?+) has a higher energy (1.65 eV) than that of the triplet state (3)SiPc-MP (1.0 eV). Emission from the CSS was also observed: SiPc(?-)-MP(?+) → SiPc-MP + hν'.     

Metal phthalocyanine-sensitized photoreduction of nitro-compound

Metal phthalocyanine-sensitized photoreduction of dimethyl 4-nitrophthalate with ascorbic acid has been investigated. The primary photoreaction products are the corresponding amino-and hydroxylamino-compounds. The azoxy-compound is formed by coupling of the nitrosocompound with hydroxylamino-compound in the presence of air through secondary dark reaction. The redox potential and fluorescence quantum yield are also determined. The variation of the quantum yield of the sensitized photoreduction, the relative fluorescence quantum yield and their product with the concentration of nitro-compound has been examined. The efficiency of photoreduction sensitized by the excited singlet and triplet state of metal phthalocyanine has been also calculated. It is believed that electron transfer from the excited metal phthalocyanine to the nitro-compound is the initial process in the sensitized photoreduction. Quenching by electron transfer involves creation of an ion pair. Charge separation and back electron transfer is then a competitive process. Due to the spin selection rules, the efficiency of photoreduction sensitized by excited triplet state of metal phthalocyanine is higher than excited singlet state. Thus, a necessary requirement for a good sensitizer is that the triplet state is populated in high yield. An alternative way and also the aim of our work is to design a suitable phthalocyanine skeleton to overcome geminate recombination of the ion pair, in order to increase the efficiency of photoreduction sensitized by sir glet excited state of the sensitizer, so as to increase the quantum yield of the total sensitized photoreduction.     

Photoinduced intra- and intermolecular electron transfer in solutions and in solid organized molecular assemblies

The present paper highlights results of a systematic study of photoinduced electron transfer, where the fundamental aspects of the photochemistry occurring in solutions and in artificially or self-assembled molecular systems are combined and compared. In photochemical electron transfer (ET) reactions in solutions the electron donor, D, and acceptor, A, have to be or to diffuse to a short distance, which requires a high concentration of quencher molecules and/or long lifetimes of the excited donor or acceptor, which cannot always be arranged. The problem can partly be avoided by linking the donor and acceptor moieties covalently by a single bond, molecular chain or chains, or rigid bridge, forming D-A dyads. The covalent combination of porphyrin or phthalocyanine donors with an efficient electron acceptor, e.g. fullerene, has a two-fold effect on the electron transfer properties. Firstly, the electronic systems of the D-A pair result in a formation of an exciplex intermediate upon excitation both in solutions and in solid phases. The formation of the exciplex accelerates the ET rate, which was found to be as fast as >10(12) s(-1). Secondly, the total reorganization energy can be as small as 0.3 eV, even in polar solvents, which allows nanosecond lifetimes for the charge separated (CS) state. Molecular assemblies can form solid heterogeneous, but organized systems, e.g. molecular layers. This results in more complex charge separation and recombination dynamics. A distinct feature of the ET in organized assemblies is intermolecular interactions, which open a possibility for a charge migration both in the acceptor and in the donor layers, after the primary intramolecular exciplex formation and charge separation in the D-A dyad. The intramolecular ET is fast (35 ps) and efficient, but the formed interlayer CS states have lifetimes in microsecond or even second time domain. This is an important result considering possible applications.     

不同位置取代的三氰基乙烯基蒽的光谱行为的研究

本文设计合成了两个典型的共轭的电子给体与电子受体(D-A)化合物:2-三氰基乙烯基蒽(2-TCVA)与9-三氰基乙烯基蒽(9-TCVA),通过极性效应,温度效应对它们基态与激发态的光谱行为进行了表征。研究表明:这两个化合物均表现出显著的电荷转移(CT)吸收峰,分子受光激发后,9-TCVA只能在非极性溶剂中产生分子内电荷转移(ICT)态荧光,而2-TCVA在极性与非极性溶剂中都能从ICT态发光。另外,温度效应显示冻结态下,2-TCVA只发射ICT态荧光,而9-TCVA既发射类蒽(anthracene-like)荧光又发射ICT态荧光,造成这一现象的主要原因可能是2-TCVA与9-TCVA分子平面性上的差异而引起分子内电荷转移相互作用不同所致。文中还利用了Bilot-Kawski公式估算了化合物2-TCVA在激发态与基态时偶极矩的差值为18.8D。     

Exciplex mediated photoinduced electron transfer reactions of phthalocyanine-fullerene dyads

Evidences of an intramolecular exciplex intermediate in a photoinduced electron transfer (ET) reaction of double-linked free-base and zinc phthalocyanine-C60 dyads were found. This was the first time for a dyad with phthalocyanine donor. Excitation of the phthalocyanine moiety of the dyads results in rapid ET from phthalocyanine to fullerene via an exciplex state in both polar and nonpolar solvents. Relaxation of the charge-separated (CS) state Pc(*+)-C60(*-) in a polar solvent occurs directly to the ground state in 30-70 ps. In a nonpolar solvent, roughly 20% of the molecules undergo transition from the CS state to phthalocyanine triplet state (3)Pc*-C60 before relaxation to the ground state. Formation of the CS state was confirmed with electron spin resonance measurements at low temperature in both polar and nonpolar solvent. Reaction schemes for the photoinduced ET reactions of the dyads were completed with rate constants obtained from the time-resolved absorption and emission measurements and with state energies obtained from the fluorescence, phosphorescence, and voltammetric measurements.     

不同方位取代的二氰基乙烯基蒽的光谱行为的研究

本文设计合成了二个典型的共轭的电子给体与电子受体（D－A）化合物：2－二氰基乙烯基蒽（2－DCVA）与9－二氰基乙烯基蒽（9－DCVA）．考察了极性因素、温度因素对化合物发光能力的影响。研究表明：在不同极性溶剂中该二化合物均发分子内电荷转移（ICT）态的荧光，但2－DCVA的荧光量子产率（Φf）远大于9－DCVA的荧光量子产率，造成这一现象的主要原因可能是2－DCVA分子的平面性好于9－DCVA分子而引起分子内电荷转移相互作用不同所致．文中还用Bilot－Kawski公式估算了该二化合物在激发态与基态时仍极矩的差值。     

Polymer-Modified Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Affect Photosystem II Photochemistry,Intersystem Electron Transport Carriers and Photosystem I End Acceptors in Pea Plants

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) have recently been attracting the attention of plant biologists as a prospective tool for modulation of photosynthesis in higher plants. However, the exact mode of action of SWCNT on the photosynthetic electron transport chain remains unknown. In this work, we examined the effect of foliar application of polymer-grafted SWCNT on the donor side of photosystem II, the intersystem electron transfer chain and the acceptor side of photosystem I. Analysis of the induction curves of chlorophyll fluorescence via JIP test and construction of differential curves revealed that SWCNT concentrations up to 100 mg/L did not affect the photosynthetic electron transport chain. SWCNT concentration of 300 mg/L had no effect on the photosystem II donor side but provoked inactivation of photosystem II reaction centres and slowed down the reduction of the plastoquinone pool and the photosystem I end acceptors. Changes in the modulated reflection at 820 nm, too, indicated slower re-reduction of photosystem I reaction centres in SWCNT-treated leaves. We conclude that SWCNT are likely to be able to divert electrons from the photosynthetic electron transport chain at the level of photosystem I end acceptors and plastoquinone pool in vivo. Further research is needed to unequivocally prove if the observed effects are due to specific interaction between SWCNT and the photosynthetic apparatus.     

Axial‐Bonding Heterotrimers Based on Tetrapyrrolic Rings: Synthesis,Characterization, and Redox and Photophysical Properties

We prepared two heterooligomeric arrays based on free base/metalloporphyrins at axial positions and a metalloid phthalocyanine as a basal scaffolding unit by using the axial‐bonding capabilities as well as the known oxophilicity of dihydroxytin(IV) phthalocyanine. Both heterotrimers were completely characterized by elemental analysis, MALDI‐TOF MS, and ¹H NMR (one‐ and two‐dimensional), UV/Vis, and fluorescence spectroscopy as well as cyclic voltammetry. The ground‐state properties indicate that there is minimal π–π interaction between the macrocyclic units. The excited‐state properties show that there is electronic energy transfer competing with photoinduced electron transfer from the singlet state of the axial porphyrin to the central metalloid phthalocyanine and a photoinduced electron transfer from the ground state of the axial porphyrin to the singlet state of the central metalloid phthalocyanine.     

PHOTOINDUCED ELECTRON TRANSFER I.INTER-AND INTRAMOLECULAR QUENCHING OF ZINC PHTHALOCYANINE FLUORESCENCE BY ANTHRAQUINONE

Inter-and intramolecular quenching of zinc phthalocyaninefluorescence by anthraquinone has been studied.The diminutions offluorescence quantum yield and life-time are due primarily to electrontransfer.Apparent electron transfer rate constants were calculateddepending on the chain length and solvent polarity.     

单冠醚取代酞菁形成的络合物中的荧光猝灭

在溶液中,单冠醚取代酞菁依靠冠醚的络合作用可以和含碱金属离子的受体分子形成络合物．这种络合物的形成有利于酞菁和受体分子间的光致电子转移反应,使得酞菁的荧光被强烈地猝灭．根据体系的化学平衡和酞菁荧光被受体分子猝灭的机制建立了数学模型,运用实验数据和最小二乘法曲线拟合得到了酞菁和受体分子形成的络合物的稳定常数．