用复合调节剂合成异戊二烯-苯乙烯共聚物的反应动力学

以正丁基锂为引发剂,环己烷为溶剂,十二烷基苯磺酸钠/四氢呋喃(SDBS/THF)为复合调节剂,采用负离子溶液聚合法制备了异戊二烯-苯乙烯共聚物,考察了反应温度,复合调节剂用量对聚合反应的影响,研究了聚合反应动力学,求取了聚合反应的表观反应速率常数kp",通过Arrehenius方程求得了不同反应条件下的聚合反应活化能,并对聚合物的微观结构进行了研究,结果表明,十二烷基苯磺酸钠/四氢呋喃(SDBS/THF)复合调节剂对合成异戊二烯-苯乙烯共聚物是有效的微观结构调节剂。     

苯乙烯-4-甲基丙烯酰氧-2.2.6.6-四甲基哌啶共聚物的250兆赫~1H-核磁共振研究

本文用250兆赫~1H-核磁共振技术研究了苯乙烯(S)-4-甲基丙烯酰氧-2、2.6.6-四甲基哌啶(M)自由基引发聚合的共聚物的组分比和微结构,定量测定了以M为中心的三元组分布。由此确认该共聚体系属于一级马尔可夫链模型,并确定了单体竞聚率常数,r_M=0.32,r_S=0.60。对苯乙烯含量较多的共聚物还定量估计了以S为中心的三元组分布,与理论上计算结果有很好的一致性。     

丙烯酸甲酯/4-丙烯酰胺基-2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶光共聚合体系的竞聚率和序列分布研究

以丙烯酸甲酯(MA,M1)和4-丙烯酰胺基-2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶(AATP,M2)溶液光共聚合体系为研究对象,采用1H-NMR手段测定了MA/AATP共聚物的组成,用Mayo-Lewis积分法和扩展Kelen-Tüdos方法计算的竞聚率分别为0.88相似文献   

完全交替结构乙烯-丙烯共聚物的制备与表征

对顺-1,4含量为100%的高顺式聚异戊二烯(HCPI)进行加氢反应,得到了序列结构高度规整的乙烯-丙烯交替共聚物(alt-EP).所用的HCPI有适当的分子量(Mn=41×104)和极窄的分子量分布(Mw/Mn=1.02).HCPI的加氢反应以环烷酸镍和三异丁基铝为催化剂,在60℃和4.0MPa氢压的条件下反应3h,加氢产物的加氢度为100%.GPC测试结果显示所得乙烯-丙烯交替共聚物保持了窄分布的特点,表明HCPI加氢后未发生交联和降解反应;NMR,FTIR和广角X射线衍射测试结果表明此乙烯-丙烯交替共聚物具有高度规整的序列结构,为完全交替结构的乙烯-丙烯共聚物.并通过TGA和DSC对乙烯-丙烯交替共聚物的热性能进行了表征.     

负载钛催化合成高反式丁二烯-异戊二烯共聚物的序列分布

采用TiCl4-MgCl2-Al(i-Bu)3体系催化丁二烯(Bd,M1)-异戊二烯(Ip,M2)共聚合成了高反式-1,4-结构的共聚物,用13^CNMR方法研究了共聚物的结构和组成分布,定量计算了共聚物二元组的浓度和数均序列长度,证明共聚物的序列分布服一级Markov模型,继而根据一张Markov模型预测了一次投料不同转化率下所得共聚物的链段分布。     

线性低密度聚乙烯的合成研究——乙烯-1-丁烯共聚反应促进剂的作用

本文研究乙烯与1-丁烯共聚反应时,添加硅化合物、苯基氯化镁、苯乙烯等促进剂对共聚作用的影响。考察乙烯与1-丁烯共聚衰减动力学行为,并用~(13)C-NMR测定共聚物组成、竞聚率及序列分布。     

微波合成3,3’-双叠氮甲基环氧丁烷-3-叠氮甲基-3’-甲基环氧丁烷无规共聚物

以1,4-丁二醇/三氟化硼·乙醚为引发体系,通过阳离子开环共聚合方法合成了3,3’-双溴甲基环氧丁烷-3-溴甲基-3’-甲基环氧丁烷(BBMO-BrMMO)无规共聚物,采用13CNMR进行了结构表征.然后用微波法对BBMO-BrMMO无规共聚物进行大分子叠氮化反应,合成了3,3’-双叠氮甲基环氧丁烷-3-叠氮甲基-3’-甲基环氧丁烷(BAMO-AMMO)无规共聚物,并对叠氮化反应动力学进行了研究.结果表明,BBMO-BrMMO无规共聚物的共聚组成和微观序列分布可以通过调节单体的物质的量配比实现可控性.叠氮化反应速率由相转移催化剂四丁基溴化铵(TBAB)的用量控制,反应速率常数为k=48.85L/(mol·h)(TBAB=1%);k=51.95L/(mol·h)(TBAB=5%);k=62.72L/(mol·h)(TBAB=10%).微波法缩短了叠氮化反应时间,提高了合成过程的安全性,并且未改变共聚物的链结构.     

高橡胶含量苯乙烯-异戊二烯共聚物的反应挤出聚合

以正丁基锂(n-BuLi)为引发剂,苯乙烯(St)、异戊二烯(Ip)混合物为单体,十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)、四氢呋喃(THF)为极性调节剂,在双螺杆挤出机中,应用反应挤出技术实现了聚异戊二烯(PI)质量分数高达60％左右的苯乙烯-异戊二烯共聚物(S-I)的阴离子本体嵌段聚合.通过选择性氧化降解与GPC、1H-NMR、DMA和TEM结合,分析了产物的分子链结构.结果显示,SDBS和THF的加入增加了PI的3,4-结构含量,且大大限制了St的聚合,使最长聚苯乙烯(PS)嵌段的分子量大为减小,同时很难包裹大的Ip气泡,共聚物的结构主要为S-I小嵌段,两组分相容性增强,无规化程度增加.     

~(13)C-NMR研究丁二烯-异戊二烯共聚合的竞聚率和共聚物的序列分布

用~(13)C-NMR方法研完了不同配料比的丁二烯-异戊二烯本体共聚和溶液共聚物的结构,定量计算出了共聚物二元组的浓度和数均序列长度,采用T(?)DO″S法计算出了本体共聚和溶液共聚的竞聚率,并证明各种共聚产物的序列分布都服从一级Markov统计模型。     

Nd(vers)3/Al(i-Bu)2H/AlEt3/EASC体系催化丁二烯/异戊二烯及丁二烯/异戊二烯/月桂烯共聚合的研究

采用新癸酸钕(Nd(vers)_3)/氢化二异丁基铝(Al(i-Bu)_2H)/三乙基铝(AlEt_3)/乙基倍半氯化铝(EASC)体系催化丁二烯(Bd)/异戊二烯(Ip)及Bd/Ip/月桂烯(My)共聚合.所得丁戊共聚物组成与催化剂用量无关,单体的投料量与共聚物中此单体的含量几乎呈线性关系;用示差扫描量热仪(DSC)测得共聚物只有一个玻璃化转变,共聚物中Ip含量与其玻璃化转变温度(T_g)呈良好的线性关系.采用Fineman-Ross方法计算竞聚率得到r_1=1.04,r_2=1.18,Kelen-Tüdos法计算竞聚率得到r_1=1.33,r_2=1.59;r_1,r_2均接近于1,说明在此催化体系下反应可以得到无规的丁戊共聚物.利用核磁碳谱对共聚物的序列结构进行了分析和归属,采用Bernoulli模型和一级Markov模型验证共聚物的序列结构,通过比较数均序列长度,一级Markov模型计算得到的序列长度与核磁计算的实际值更接近. Bd/Ip/My三元共聚合时,所得共聚物中My单元含量随着投料比的增加而增加,其DSC曲线上只有一个玻璃化转变,T_g值随着My含量的增加而稍增加.     

Copolymerization of Chloroprene with Methyl Methacrylate by the EtnAICI3.n (n=1, 1.5, 2)-Vanadium Compound System

Abstract

The copolymerization of chloroprene with methyl methacrylate was studied in the presence of Et_n A1C1_3-n (n=1, 1.5, 2)-vanadium compounds. Monomer reactivity ratios in various catalyst concentrations were compared with that of a usual radical initiator. The apparent monomer reactivity ratio changed with the concentration of alkylaluminum halide. In this polymerization, alternating copolymer could not be prepared by the ordinary catalyst concentration by which the alternating copolymerization of chloroprene with acrylonitrile was carried out. The addition of more than 10 mole % of the alkylaluminum halide based on two monomers was required to prepare the copolymer which had equimolar composition irrespective of the feed monomer ratio.

The configuration in the repeating unit of the copolymer was discussed by comparison with the NMR and IR spectra of the radical copolymer and the cyclic Diels-Alder adduct of chloroprene-methyl methacrylate. The high alternating tendency was clarified by ozonolysis of the copolymer which was prepared under the conditions which produced equimolar copolymer in various feed monomer ratios. The chloroprene unit of the copolymer was present in the 1, 4-trans structure in the copolymer prepared by the Et_n A1C1_3-n -vanadium compound system.     

Tuning the Reactivity of Cyclopropenes from Living Ring‐Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP) to Single‐Addition and Alternating ROMP

Ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) has become one of the most important living polymerizations. Cyclopropenes (CPEs) remain underexplored for ROMP. Described here is that the simple swap of 1‐methyl to 1‐phenyl on 1‐(benzoyloxymethyl)CPEs elicited strikingly different modes of reactivity, switching from living polymerization to either selective single‐addition or living alternating ROMP. The distinct reactivity stems from differences in steric repulsions at the Ru alkylidene after CPE ring opening. Possible olefin or oxygen chelation from ring‐opened CPE substituents was also observed to significantly affect the rate of propagation. These results demonstrate the versatility of CPEs as a new class of monomers for ROMP, provide mechanistic insights for designing new monomers with rare single‐addition reactivity, and generate a new functionalizable alternating copolymer scaffold with controlled molecular weight and low dispersity.     

Reactivity ratios and sequence structures of the copolymers prepared using photo‐induced copolymerization of MMA with MTMP

4‐Methacryloyl‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐piperidine (MTMP) was applied as reactive hindered amine piperidine. Photo‐induced copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA, M₁) with MTMP (M₂) was carried out in benzene solution at ambient temperature. The reactivity ratios for these monomers were measured by running a series of reactions at various feed ratios of initial monomers, and the monomer incorporation into copolymer was determined using ¹H NMR. Reactivity ratios of the MMA/MTMP system were measured to be r₁ = 0.37 and r₂ = 1.14 from extended Kelen‐Tüdos method. The results show that monomer MTMP prefers homopolymerization to copolymerization in the system, whereas monomer MMA prefers copolymerization to homopolymerization. Sequence structures of the MMA/MTMP copolymers were characterized using ¹H NMR. The results show that the sequence structure for the main chain of the MMA/MTMP copolymers is mainly composed of a syndiotactic configuration, only with a little heterotactic configuration. Three kinds of the sequences of rr, rr′, and lr′ in the syndiotactic configuration are found. The sequence‐length distribution in the MMA/MTMP copolymers is also obtained. For f₁ = 0.2, the monomer unit of MMA is mostly separated by MTMP units, and for f₁ = 0.6, the alternating tendency prevails and a large number of mono‐sequences are formed; further up to f₁ = 0.8, the monomer unit of MTMP with the sequence of one unit is interspersed among the chain of MMA. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

丙烯酸(N-甲基全氟己烷磺酰胺基)乙酯与MMA梯度共聚物的合成与表征

通过电子转移再生催化剂的原子转移自由基聚合(ARGET ATRP)研究了甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)和丙烯酸(N-甲基全氟己烷磺酰胺基)乙酯(C₆SA)的共聚可控性及单体的反应活性, 利用Kelen-Tüdos法测得MMA和C₆SA的表观竞聚率分别为r(MMA)=1.42, r(C₆SA)=0.34. 在此基础上, 考察了聚合过程中共聚物组成和表面能的变化. 共聚物的凝胶渗透色谱法(GPC)曲线呈现严格的单峰分布, 分子量随着转化率的增加而增加, 且分布较窄(多分散系数PDI<1.3), 共聚反应表现出"活性"聚合的特征. 静态接触角测试结果显示, 共聚物表面能随着转化率的增加而降低, ¹H NMR结果显示, C₆SA链节的含量随着分子链的增长而增加, 分子链由开始时的MMA为主导转变为后期的C₆SA为主导, 表明形成了梯度共聚物.     

Synthesis of sequence‐controlled copolymers from extremely polar and apolar monomers by living radical polymerization and their phase‐separated structures

A series of copolymers composed of two monomer units having a polar phosphorylcholine group and an apolar fluorocarbon group with a controlled monomer unit sequence were synthesized by a reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) living radical polymerization method. 2‐Methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) and 2,2,2‐trifluoroethyl methacrylate (TFEMA) were selected as the monomers, because they have disparate polarity. Furthermore, to investigate the influence of the monomer unit sequence in a polymer chain on the phase‐separated structure in the bulk and surface structure, copolymers having a continuous change in the monomer unit composition along the polymer chain (gradient copolymer) were synthesized, as well as random and block copolymers. The analysis of instantaneous composition revealed a continuous change in the monomer unit composition in the gradient copolymer and the statistical monomer unit sequence in the random copolymer. Thermal analysis assumed that the gradient sequence of the monomer unit would make the phase‐separated structure in the bulk ambiguous, while the well‐defined and monodispersive block sequence would undergo the distinct phase‐separation due to the extreme difference in the polarity of the component monomer units. The preliminary surface characterization of the synthesized polymers indicated the monomer unit sequence in the polymer chain would much influence on the surface structure. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 6073–6083, 2005     

Polymers from non‐homopolymerizable monomers

There are many inorganic and organic compounds known which are not able to homopolymerize either with well‐known polymerizable monomers or even with other non‐homopolymerizable compounds. The participation of non‐homopolymerizable comonomers with reactivity ratios close to 0 results in copolymers with more or less alternating structure, whereas for a strictly alternating copolymer, both reactivity ratios must be 0. Binary copolymerizations of non‐homopolymerizable and homopolymerizable monomers can give information on the topochemistry, and also on the kinetics of such processes, as in these cases the number of propagating steps is remarkably reduced. Up to now, very little is known on the terpolymerization of three non‐homopolymerizable comonomers. Experimental investigations have shown that only combinations of two monomers with electron donor and one monomer with electron acceptor properties or vice versa yield terpolymers, whereas from three monomers of similar electronic behavior, no terpolymers are obtained. All such terpolymers are of alternating structure where a donor unit is succeeded by an acceptor unit. For copolymerizations of two or three non‐homopolymerizable monomers, two different mechanisms must be considered: the so‐called complex model postulates the incorporation of donor‐acceptor complexes of the monomers into the growing chain, whereas with the terminal or penultimate model the addition of free monomers to growing macroradicals is described. Measurements of the rate of polymerization in combination with determinations of the complex constants of the involved donor and acceptor monomer pairs together with a new kinetic scheme allow us to distinguish between the simultaneous participation of free monomers and complexes in the polymerization process.     

乙烯基单体-N-苯基马来酰亚胺共聚物序列结构研究

用NMR谱研究了甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)-N-苯基马来酰亚胺(PMI)、苯乙烯(St)-PMI共聚物的序列结构.结果表明,MMA-PMI共聚物单元属无规序列分布,St-PMI共聚物单元属交替序列分布.由¹HNMR结果可得MMA-PMI共聚物空间立构部分信息,由¹³CNMR三单元组实验结果算得的序列长度与末端基理论计算结果一致,且MMA-PMI共聚物链属一级Markov链.由St-PMI共聚物序列长度与末端基理论计算结果的偏差提出更为合理的增长基元反应.     

α-甲基苯乙烯与苯乙烯阴离子共聚合研究——Ⅱ.共聚组成及单体表观竞聚率

 本文研究了以正丁基锂为引发剂、四氢呋喃为极性添加剂,在环己烷中进行α-甲基苯乙烯与苯乙烯阴离子共聚合。通过共聚组成及聚合活性种研究,由反应机理推导了该体系的共聚组成方程,求得了不同[THF]下的表观竞聚率值r₁和r₂。     

In situ monitoring of coordination copolymerization of butadiene and isoprene via ATR-FTIR spectroscopy

<正>FTIR spectroscopy in combination with a diamond tipped attenuated total reflectance(ATR) immersion probe was utilized to study in situ the copolymerization of butadiene(Bd) and isoprene(Ip) with neodymium-based catalyst in hexane. The relationship between the signal intensity of monomer and its concentration was investigated.The kinetic study of copolymerization of Bd and Ip was further conducted,and the monomer reactivity ratios were determined via in situ ATR FTIR.The signal band at 1010 cm~(-1) was assigned to wagging vibration of Bd and its intensity was proportional to Bd concentration([Bd]) in the range of 0.46-3.88 mol·L~(-1).The signal bands at 890 and 989 cm~(-1) were assigned to wagging vibration of Ip and the signal intensity was also proportional to Ip concentration([Ip]) in the range of 0.08-4.73 mol·L~(-1) at 890 cm~(-1) and 0.08-7.49 mol·L~(-1) at 989 cm~(-1),respectively.Thus the signal band at 1010 cm~(-1) was chosen to monitor Bd concentration and bands at 989 and 890 cm~(-1) to monitor Ip concentration during the copolymerization,respectively.It was demonstrated that the conversions of Bd and Ip calculated from FTIR data agreed very well with those obtained gravimetrically.The polymerization rates were first order with respect to both[Bd]and[Ip],respectively at different polymerization temperatures.The apparent propagation activation energy for Bd and Ip could be determined to be 54.4 kJ·mol~(-1) and 57.7 kJ·mol~(-1),respectively.The monomer reactivity ratios were calculated to be 1.08 for Bd(r_(Bd)) and 0.48 for IP(r_(Ip)) based on FTIR data.The Bd-Ip copolymer products with random sequence could be obtained with only one glass transition temperature.