大豆甾醇及其异构体的分离与鉴定

筛选出适合分离大豆甾醇的最佳反相色谱柱W aters symm etry C18(4.6mm×250mm)和流动相(乙腈-异丙醇,95∶5,V/V),考察了流动相配比和柱温对大豆甾醇分离的影响。从大豆甾醇产品中基线分离出豆甾醇、β-谷甾醇和菜油甾醇及菜籽甾醇这4种主要甾醇,还通过对分离出的其它多个未知峰馏分收集制备后作GC/MS分析,鉴定为γ-谷甾醇、24-β-菜油甾醇、表菜籽甾醇和豆甾醇异构体。在优化的色谱条件下,利用HPLC测定了大豆油和脱臭馏出物及大豆甾醇产品的部分样品中各甾醇组分的含量,豆甾醇和β-谷甾醇的检出限为14.4 ng和10.6 ng,HPLC测定大豆油样品中这2种甾醇的平均回收率为97.3%和96.9%。     

衍生化气相色谱-质谱法测定植物油中植物甾醇

植物油样品经氢氧化钾甲醇溶液皂化后,硅烷化衍生,采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)法建立了植物油中菜籽甾醇、菜油甾醇、豆甾醇、β-谷甾醇4种植物甾醇含量的分析方法,研究了各植物甾醇衍生物的质谱特征和断裂机理。该方法方便快捷、准确可靠,检出限为0.01 g/kg,用于植物油样品中植物甾醇的组成和含量测定,结果满意。     

模拟移动床色谱法分离纯化链甾醇

以羊毛脂中提取的链甾醇为原料,采用模拟移动床色谱法(SMBC)进行了分离纯化。以C18为固定相,甲醇为洗脱液,采用四区SMBC系统,每区有两根色谱柱(150 mm×10 mm×10μm),经过两次SMBC分离,得到高纯度链甾醇产品。以纯度、生产率和溶剂消耗量为指标,确定链甾醇在SMBC中的最佳分离条件为:切换时间6.4 min,四区流量分别为9.97,7.53,8.53和4.97 mL/min,进料流量1.00 mL/min(第一次SMBC分离);切换时间6.0 min,四区流量分别为9.95,7.98,8.53和6.62 mL/min,进料流量0.55 mL/min(第二次SMBC分离)。结果表明,以90.1%含量的链甾醇粗品为原料,在优化实验条件下,先除去吸附能力比链甾醇强的杂质,再除去吸附能力比链甾醇弱的杂质,得到高纯度(≥98.9%)的链甾醇产品,回收率为93.8%。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定植物油中4种甾醇烯

建立了高效液相色谱法同时测定植物油中4种甾醇烯的方法。样品用石油醚提取,硅胶柱净化,反相C30柱(250 mm×4.6 mm i.d,5μm)分离,乙腈-叔丁基甲醚(75∶25,V/V)作流动相,等度洗脱,紫外检测(235 nm)。结果表明:4种甾醇烯的质量浓度在0.025～1.0 mg/L范围内;峰面积与质量浓度呈良好的线性关系,线性相关系数r2>0.999。在加标水平为0.050,0.10和0.50 mg/kg时,4种甾醇烯的加标平均回收率为89.2%～109.8%;相对标准偏差RSD<8%;方法检出限(LOD)为0.010 mg/kg。本方法已应用于实际样品分析。     

溶剂萃取-气相色谱/质谱法分析烟草中的主要甾醇

烟草中的甾醇类物质主要有胆甾醇、菜油甾醇、豆甾醇和β-谷甾醇等,这些甾醇的结构中都含有羟基（结构式见图1）,热解时其母体的多环结构可形成稠环芳烃,因此烟草中的甾醇是一种潜在的影响人体健康的物质,故对甾醇种类和含量进行分析对卷烟的配方研究具有参考价值。     

南瓜子油的气相色谱-质谱分析

黑龙江产白皮南瓜子油脂含量约为27％，从提取的南瓜子油中检测出大量的共轭亚油酸、磷脂、角鲨烯、环烷烃、共轭不饱和醛酮、植物甾醇等化学成分，其中植物甾酵的含量约占南瓜子油的1％，能确定结构的甾醇有6种。     

混合植物甾醇乙酰化物的反相高效液相色谱分析

应用高效液相色谱对豆甾醇乙酸酯、β_谷甾醇乙酸酯和混合甾醇乙酸酯进行了分析测定 ;实验采用的色谱柱为HypersilODS反相柱(4.6mm×150mm ,5μm) ,流动相为色谱纯甲醇 ,紫外检测波长为210nm ,恒溶剂洗脱 ;实验结果表明 ,混合植物甾醇及其乙酸酯的响应时间在25min以内 ,且各种甾醇及其酯的分离效果较好 ,采用峰面积归一法能够快速准确地测定混合甾醇中豆甾醇乙酸酯和 β_谷甾醇乙酸酯的含量。     

反相高效液相色谱法分析禾谷丝核菌菌丝中麦角甾醇和羊毛甾醇的含量

采用反相高效液相色谱法,建立了检测禾谷丝核菌中麦角甾醇和羊毛甾醇含量的方法.样品经过破碎、离心、皂化后定量测定.采用DiamonsilTMC18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm i.d, 5 μm i.d.),流动相为100%甲醇,流速为1 mL/min,紫外检测波长为210 nm,保留时间定性,外标法定量.麦角甾醇和羊毛甾醇的保留时间分别为21 min和27min.麦角甾醇在0.125～12.5 mg/L、羊毛甾醇在0.1～10.0 mg/L 范围内,两者峰面积与浓度均呈线性关系,相关系数分别为0.9993和0.9983.添加回收率实验表明,2种甾醇的平均添加回收率为91.8%～99.7%;相对标准偏差为2.8%～7.8%;麦角甾醇和羊毛甾醇的最小检出量分别为1.0和0.8 ng,最低检出浓度分别为0.05和0.04 mg/L.本方法准确、简便、重现性好.     

高效液相色谱串联质谱法快速测定烟草中5种甾醇的研究

本研究基于自主设计的集萃取、过滤和转移功能为一体的样品萃取瓶,建立了高效液相色谱串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)快速测定烟草中麦角甾醇、胆甾醇、菜油甾醇、豆甾醇和β-谷甾醇的方法。样品在萃取瓶中经水解、皂化和萃取,经LC-MS/MS进行分析检测。结果表明:自主设计的样品萃取瓶可提高前处理效率,5种甾醇在0.1～150 ng·mL~(-1)内均具有良好的线性关系(线性相关系数0.999);检出限在0.015～0.075ng·mL~(-1);平均回收率在93.4%～103.8%之间,日内精密度和日间精密度均小于3.5%,具有较好的重复性。该方法能够满足烟草中5种甾醇快速、准确测定。     

混合植物甾醇中豆甾醇和β-谷甾醇的高效液相色谱分析

应用高效液相色谱对豆甾醇、β_谷甾醇和重结晶法分离精制的混合甾醇进行了分析测定 ;实验采用的色谱柱为HypersilODS反相柱(4.6×150mm ,5μm) ,流动相为甲醇 ,紫外检测波长为210nm ,恒溶剂洗脱 ,混合植物甾醇在10min内得到了很好的分离 ;实验结果表明 ,采用液相色谱法能够快速准确地测定混合甾醇中豆甾醇和 β_谷甾醇的含量。     

New developments and directions in the area of elastomers and rubberlike elasticity

There are number of important developments in the area of elastomeric polymers, including (i) network chains of controlled stiffness, (ii) model elastomers (including dangling-chain networks), (iii) fluorosiloxane elastomers, (iv) new thermoplastic elastomers, (v) other new elastomers, (v) bimodal network chain-length distributions, (vi) cross linking in solution or in a state of deformation, and (vii) gel collapse. Interesting elastomeric composites include those with (i) in-situ generated ceramic-like particles, (ii) ellipsoidal fillers, (iii) clay-like layered fillers, (iv) polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) particles, (v) porous fillers, (vi) elastomeric domains modifying ceramics, and (vii) controlled interfaces. New characterization techniques are being developed for elastomers, and there have been new developments in elasticity theory and in elastomer processing. Some examples of societal aspects of relevance are (i) synthesis of elastomers in environmentally-friendly solvents, (ii) biosynthesis, (iii), recyclability, (iv) improved adhesion to tire cords, and (v) better barrier properties in anti-terrorism clothing. Educational topics include curriculum development, and mobile laboratories for elastomer experiments and demonstrations.     

N,N'-ethylenebis(pyridoxylideneiminato) and N,N'-ethylenebis(pyridoxylaminato): synthesis, characterization, potentiometric, spectroscopic, and DFT studies of their vanadium(IV) and vanadium(V) complexes

The Schiff base N,N'-ethylenebis(pyridoxylideneiminato) (H(2)pyr(2)en, 1) was synthesized by reaction of pyridoxal with ethylenediamine; reduction of H(2)pyr(2)en with NaBH(4) yielded the reduced Schiff base N,N'-ethylenebis(pyridoxylaminato) (H(2)Rpyr(2)en, 2); their crystal structures were determined by X-ray diffraction. The totally protonated forms of 1 and 2 correspond to H(6)L(4+), and all protonation constants were determined by pH-potentiometric and (1)H NMR titrations. Several vanadium(IV) and vanadium(V) complexes of these and other related ligands were prepared and characterized in solution and in the solid state. The X-ray crystal structure of [V(V)O(2)(HRpyr(2)en)] shows the metal in a distorted octahedral geometry, with the ligand coordinated through the N-amine and O-phenolato moieties, with one of the pyridine-N atoms protonated. Crystals of [(V(V)O(2))(2)(pyren)(2)].2 H(2)O were obtained from solutions containing H(2)pyr(2)en and oxovanadium(IV), where Hpyren is the "half" Schiff base of pyridoxal and ethylenediamine. The complexation of V(IV)O(2+) and V(V)O(2) (+) with H(2)pyr(2)en, H(2)Rpyr(2)en and pyridoxamine in aqueous solution were studied by pH-potentiometry, UV/Vis absorption spectrophotometry, as well as by EPR spectroscopy for the V(IV)O systems and (1)H and (51)V NMR spectroscopy for the V(V)O(2) systems. Very significant differences in the metal-binding abilities of the ligands were found. Both 1 and 2 act as tetradentate ligands. H(2)Rpyr(2)en is stable to hydrolysis and several isomers form in solution, namely cis-trans type complexes with V(IV)O, and alpha-cis- and beta-cis-type complexes with V(V)O(2). The pyridinium-N atoms of the pyridoxal rings do not take part in the coordination but are involved in acid-base reactions that affect the number, type, and relative amount of the isomers of the V(IV)O-H(2)Rpyr(2)en and V(V)O(2)-H(2)Rpyr(2)en complexes present in solution. DFT calculations were carried out and support the formation and identification of the isomers detected by EPR or NMR spectroscopy, and the strong equatorial and axial binding of the O-phenolato in V(IV)O and V(V)O(2) complexes. Moreover, the DFT calculations done for the [V(IV)O(H(2)Rpyr(2)en)] system indicate that for almost all complexes the presence of a sixth equatorial or axial H(2)O ligand leads to much more stable compounds.     

A feasibility study on the use of Li(4)V(3)O(8) as a high capacity cathode material for lithium-ion batteries

Li(4)V(3)O(8) materials have been prepared by chemical lithiation by Li(2)S of spherical Li(1.1)V(3)O(8) precursor materials obtained by a spray-drying technique. The over-lithiated vanadates were characterised physically by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), and electrochemically using galvanostatic charge-discharge and cyclic voltammetry measurements in both the half-cell (vs. Li metal) and full-cell (vs. graphite) systems. The Li(4)V(3)O(8) materials are stable in air for up to 5 h, with almost no capacity drop for the samples stored under air. However, prolonged exposure to air will severely change the composition of the Li(4)V(3)O(8) materials, resulting in both Li(1.1)V(3)O(8) and Li(2)CO(3). The electrochemical performance of these over-lithiated vanadates was found to be very sensitive to the conductive additive (carbon black) content in the cathode. When sufficient carbon black is added, the Li(4)V(3)O(8) cathode exhibits good cycling behaviour and excellent rate capabilities, matching those of the Li(1.1)V(3)O(8) precursor material, that is, retaining an average charge capacity of 205 mAh g(-1) at 2800 mA g(-1) (8C rate; 1C rate means full charge or discharge of a battery in one hour), when cycled in the potential range of 2.0-4.0 V versus Li metal. When applied in a non-optimised full cell system (vs. graphite), the Li(4)V(3)O(8) cathode showed promising cycling behaviour, retaining a charge capacity (Li(+) extraction) above 130 mAh g(-1) beyond 50 cycles, when cycled in the voltage range of 1.6-4.0 V, at a specific current of 117 mA g(-1) (C/3 rate).     

苯甲醛在离子液体中的电化学行为

应用线性扫描循环伏安法、方波循环伏安法和计时电量法测定苯甲醛在3种离子液体C4M IMBF4、C6M IMBF4和C8M IMBF4中的电化学行为.实验表明,在C4M IIVIBF4离子液体中苯甲醛于GC电极上的还原包含两个连续、不可逆单电子过程,对应的方波I~E曲线峰电位Ep为-1.39 V和-1.69 V,估算的扩散系数分别为D1=1.5×10-8cm2/s和D2=1.3×10-8cm2/s.而在C6M IMBF4和C8M IMBF4离子液体中,则苯甲醛于GC电极仅显示一个电流峰,这可能是因为C4M IMBF4的碱性较C6M IMBF4和C8M IMBF4弱的缘故;而电流的衰减时间亦依C4M IMBF4,C6M IMBF4,C8M IMBF4,次序增长,并会导致更慢的异相动力学过程.     

Synthesis of phthalide derivatives using nickel-catalyzed cyclization of o-haloesters with aldehydes

The reaction of o-bromobenzoate (1 b) with benzaldehyde (2 a) in the presence of [NiBr(2)(dppe)] (dppe=1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane) and zinc powder in THF (24 hours, reflux temperature), afforded 3-phenyl-3H-isobenzofuran-1-one (3 a) in an 86 % yield. Similarly, o-iodobenzoate reacts with 2 a to give 3 a, but in a lower yield (50 %). A series of substituted aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes (2 b, 4-MeC(6)H(4)CHO; 2 c, 4-MeOC(6)H(4)CHO; 2 d, 3-MeOC(6)H(4)CHO; 2 e, 2-MeOC(6)H(4)CHO; 2 f, 4-CNC(6)H(4)CHO; 2 g, 4-(Me)(3)CC(6)H(4)CHO; 2 h, 4-C(6)H(5)C(6)H(4)CHO; 2 i, 4-ClC(6)H(4)CHO; 2 j, 4-CF(3)C(6)H(4)CHO; 2 k, CH(3)(CH(2))(5)CHO; 2 l, CH(3)(CH(2))(2)CHO) also underwent cyclization with o-bromobenzoate (1 b) producing the corresponding phthalide derivatives in moderate to excellent yields and with high chemoselectivity. Like 1 b, methyl 2-bromo-4,5-dimethoxybenzoate (1 c) reacts with tolualdehyde (2 b) to give the corresponding substituted phthalide 3 m in a 71 % yield. The methodology can be further applied to the synthesis of six-membered lactones. The reaction of methyl 2-(2-bromophenyl)acetate (1 d) with benzaldehyde under similar reaction conditions afforded six-membered lactone 3 o in a 68 % yield. A possible catalytic mechanism for this cyclization is also proposed.     

New highly stable metallabenzenes via nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction

Treatment of the ruthenabenzene [Ru{CHC(PPh(3))CHC(PPh(3))CH}Cl(2)(PPh(3))(2)]Cl (1) with excess 8-hydroxyquinoline in the presence of CH(3)COONa under air atmosphere produced the S(N)Ar product [(C(9) H(6)NO)Ru{CHC(PPh(3))CHC(PPh(3))C}(C(9)H(6)NO)(PPh(3))]Cl(2) (3). Ruthenabenzene 3 could be stable in the solution of weak alkali or weak acid. However, reaction of 3 with NaOH afforded a 7:1 mixture of ruthenabenzenes [(C(9)H(6)NO)Ru{CHC(PPh(3))CHCHC}(C(9)H(6)NO)(PPh(3))]Cl (4) and [(C(9)H(6)NO)Ru{CHCHCHC(PPh(3))C}(C(9)H(6)NO)(PPh(3))]Cl (5), presumably involving a P-C bond cleavage of the metallacycle. Complex 3 was also reactive to HCl, which results in a transformation of 3 to ruthenabenzene [Ru{CHC(PPh(3))CHC(PPh(3))C}Cl(2)(C(9)H(6)NO)(PPh(3))]Cl (6) in high yield. Thermal stability tests showed that ruthenabenzenes 4, 5, and 6 have remarkable thermal stability both in solid state and in solution under air atmosphere. Ruthenabenzenes 4 and 5 were found to be fluorescent in common solvents and have spectral behaviors comparable to those organic multicyclic compounds containing large π-extended systems.     

Dititanium-containing 19-tungstodiarsenate(III) [Ti2(OH)2As2W19O67(H2O)]8-: synthesis, structure, electrochemistry, and oxidation catalysis

The dititanium-containing 19-tungstodiarsenate(III) [Ti(2)(OH)(2)As(2)W(19)O(67)(H(2)O)](8-) (1) has been synthesized and characterized by IR, TGA, elemental analysis, electrochemistry, and catalytic studies. Single-crystal X-ray analysis was carried out on Cs(8)[Ti(2)(OH)(2)As(2)W(19)O(67)(H(2)O)].2CsCl.12H(2)O (Cs-1), which crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P2(1)/m, with a=12.7764(19), b=19.425(3), c=18.149(3) A, beta=110.234(3) degrees, and Z=2. Polyanion 1 comprises two (B-alpha-As(III)W(9)O(33)) Keggin moieties linked through an octahedral {WO(5)(H(2)O)} fragment and two unprecedented square-pyramidal {TiO(4)(OH)} groups, leading to a sandwich-type structure with nominal C(2v) symmetry. Synthesis of 1 was accomplished by reaction of TiOSO(4) and K(14)[As(2)W(19)O(67)(H(2)O)] in a 2:1 molar ratio in aqueous, acidic medium (pH 2). Polyanion 1 could also be isolated as a tetra-n-butyl ammonium (TBA) salt, {(n-C(4)H(9))(4)N}(5)H(3)[Ti(2)(OH)(2)As(2)W(19)O(67)(H(2)O)] (TBA-1). TBA-1 was studied by cyclic voltammetry in acetonitrile (MeCN) solutions containing 0.1 M LiClO(4) and compared with the results obtained with Cs-1 in aqueous media. In MeCN, the Ti(IV) and W(VI) waves could not be separated distinctly. An important adsorption phenomenon on the glassy carbon working electrode was encountered both in cyclic voltammetry and in controlled potential electrolysis and was confirmed by Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance (EQCM) studies on a carbon film. TBA-1, dissolved in MeCN, reacts with H(2)O(2) to give peroxo complexes stable enough for characterization by UV-visible spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and EQCM. TBA-1 shows high catalytic activity (TOF=11.3 h(-1)) in cyclohexene oxidation with aqueous H(2)O(2) producing products typical of a heterolytic oxidation mechanism. The stability of TBA-1 under turnover conditions was confirmed by using IR, UV-visible spectroscopy as well as cyclic voltammetry.     

Ring currents as probes of the aromaticity of inorganic monocycles : P5-, As5-, S2N2, S3N3-, S4N3+, S4N42+, S5N5+, S42+ and Se42+

Current-density maps were calculated by the ipsocentric CTOCD-DZ/6-311G** (CTOCD-DZ=continuous transformation of origin of current density-diamagnetic zero) approach for three sets of inorganic monocycles: S(4) (2+), Se(4) (2+), S(2)N(2), P(5) (-) and As(5) (-) with 6 pi electrons; S(3)N(3) (-), S(4)N(3) (+) and S(4)N(4) (2+) with 10 pi electrons; and S(5)N(5) (+) with 14 pi electrons. Ipsocentric orbital analysis was used to partition the currents into contributions from small groups of active electrons and to interpret the contributions in terms of symmetry- and energy-based selection rules. All nine systems were found to support diatropic pi currents, reinforced by sigma circulations in P(5) (-), As(5) (-), S(3)N(3) (-), S(4)N(3) (+), S(4)N(4) (2+) and S(5)N(5) (+), but opposed by them in S(4) (2+), Se(4) (2+) and S(2)N(2). The opposition of pi and sigma effects in the four-membered rings is compatible with height profiles of calculated NICS (nucleus-independent chemical shifts).     

Convenient syntheses of fluorous aryl iodides and hypervalent iodine compounds: ArI(L)n reagents that are recoverable by simple liquid/liquid biphase workups,and applications in oxidations of hydroquinones

Iodinations of the ortho, meta, and para fluorous arenes (R(f8)CH(2)CH(2)CH(2))(2)C(6)H(4) (R(f8)=(CF(2))(7)CF(3)) with I(2)/H(5)IO(6) in AcOH/H(2)SO(4)/H(2)O give 3,4-(R(f8)CH(2)CH(2)CH(2))(2)C(6)H(3)I (5) and the analogous 2,4- (6) and 2,5- (7) isomers, respectively. Spectroscopic yields are >90 %, but 5 and 7 must be separated by chromatography from by-products (yields isolated: 70 %, 97 %, 61 %). Reaction of 1,3,5-(R(f8)CH(2)CH(2)CH(2))(3)C(6)H(3) with PhI(OAc)(2)/I(2) gives 2,4,6-(R(f8)CH(2)CH(2)CH(2))(3)C(6)H(2)I (8) on multigram scales in 97 % yield. The CF(3)C(6)F(11)/toluene partition coefficients of 5-8 (24 degrees C: 69.5:30.5 (5), 74.7:25.3 (6), 73.9:26.1 (7), 98.0:2.0 (8)) are lower than those of the precursors, but CF(3)C(6)F(11)/MeOH gives higher values (97.0:3.0 (5), 98.6:1.4 (6), 98.0:2.0 (7), >99.3:<0.3 (8)). Reactions of 5-8 with excess NaBO(3) in AcOH yield the corresponding ArI(OAc)(2) species 9-12 (9, 85 % as a 90:10 9/5 mixture; 10, 97 %; 11, 95 %; 12, 93 % as a 95:5 12/8 mixture). These rapidly oxidize 1,4-hydroquinones in MeOH. Subsequent additions of CF(3)C(6)F(11) give liquid biphase systems. Solvent removal from the CF(3)C(6)F(11) phases gives 5-8 in >99-98 % yields, and solvent removal from the MeOH phases gives the quinone products, normally in >99-95 % yields. The recovered compounds 5-8 are easily reoxidized to 9-12 and used again.     

Sequential separation of Cu(II)/Ni(II)/Fe(II) from strong-acidic pickling wastewater with a two-stage process based on a bi-pyridine chelating resin

A self-synthesized bi-pyridine chelating resin (PAPY) could separate Cu(II)/Ni(II)/Fe(II) sequentially from strong-acidic pickling wastewater by a two-stage pH-adjusted process, in which Cu(II), Ni(II), and Fe(II) were successively preferred by PAPY. In the first stage (pH 1.0), the separation factor of Cu(II) over Ni(II) reached 61.43 in Cu(II)-Ni(II)-Fe(II) systems. In the second stage (pH 2.0), the separation factor of Ni(II) over Fe(II) reached 92.82 in Ni(II)-Fe(II) systems. Emphasis was placed on the selective separation of Cu(II) and Ni(II) in the first-stage. The adsorption amounts of Cu(II) onto PAPY were 1.2 mmol/g in the first stage, while those of Ni(II) and Fe(II) were lower than 0.3 mmol/g. Cu(II) adsorption was hardly affected by Ni(II) with the presence of dense Fe(II), but Cu(II) inhibited Ni(II) adsorption strongly. Part of preloaded Ni(II) could be replaced by Cu(II) based on the replacement effect. Compared with the absence of Fe(II), dense Fe(II) could obviously enhance the separation of Cu(II)-Ni(II). More than 95.0% of Cu(II) could be removed in the former 240 BV (BV for bed volume of the adsorbent) in the fixed-bed adsorption column process with the flow rate of 2.5 BV/h. As proved by X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS) and density functional theory (DFT) analyses, Cu(II) exerted a much stronger deprotonation and chelation ability toward PAPY than Ni(II) and Fe(II). Thus, the work shows a great potential in the separation and purification of heavy metal resources from strong-acidic pickling wastewaters.