新型微填充柱－毛细管柱二维色谱系统过程的动力学研究

 从色谱动力学角度对新型微填充柱－毛细管柱二维色谱系统过程中双柱条件与流出曲线及柱效之间的依赖关系加以系统研究。结果表明：由于双柱条件之间存在关联，双柱系统流出曲线特征与单柱系统存在一定的差异，流出曲线一阶矩和二、三阶中心矩以及双柱系统的柱效皆由预柱和主柱条件综合确定。     

径向色谱中溶质的输运特征

基于溶质在径向色谱柱内输运的质量平衡方程, 在线性分配条件下, 得到了描述分离柱效和流出曲线形状各参数的理论表达式, 也对柱效和流出曲线对称性的变化趋势加以系统讨论. 结果表明: 径向色谱中, 柱效与体积流速之间的关系与轴向色谱中柱效与流动相线速度的关系在趋势上相同; 在较高流速下运行时, 径向色谱仍可以得到高柱效. 随着溶质容量因子、进样时间的增加, 柱效单调降低. 柱直径和柱长对柱效的影响存在交叉, 设计半径较大而长度较短的色谱柱将更有利于提高分离柱效. 径向色谱适宜于大分子样品的稳定分离方法建立, 也预示其对于蛋白、DNA等样品的制备分离具有明显优势.     

新型微填充柱-毛细管柱二维色谱系统的理论研究(Ⅱ)──双柱条件对柱效的影响

从色谱动力学角度探讨了改变微填充柱-毛细管柱二维色谱系统中双柱条件对柱效的影响规律,进一步证实了短填充柱接长毛细管柱及高预柱柱温、快预柱载气线速有利于提高双柱系统柱效的结论;同时,通过对主柱柱温、载气线速及柱间分流比的讨论,从理论和实验上也证实了相对较低的主柱柱温、较慢主柱线速以及稍大的分流比有益于柱效利用率的提高。     

新型二维气相色谱系统的理论研究——双柱条件对保留时间及…

以色谱动力学角度推导出微填充柱－毛细管柱二维气相色谱系统流出曲线一级矩及二级中心矩的表达式，并据此讨论了柱温、柱间分流比等条件对保留时间及峰扩展的影响规律。结果表明：柱间分流是主毛细管柱与预微填充柱之间联系的纽带，分流比是影响峰特征的重要因素，预柱条件的改变对二维气相色谱保留时间及峰扩展的影响较小。双柱条件对峰特征的影响表现出一些特殊的规律性。     

锥型与圆柱型液相色谱制备柱的比较研究

用可视化柱上图形分析对入口内径大于出口内径的锥型液相色谱制备柱的样品谱带流型进行了研究。在一定的实验条件下，锥型柱与圆柱型柱的流动相流型曲线相反。对与锥型柱有相同长度、相同容积的圆柱型色谱柱的柱效、样品容量及峰高的比较研究表明：锥型柱优于圆柱型柱。锥型柱的样品容量约为圆柱型柱的2倍，柱效比圆柱型的高36％，色谱流出曲线峰值高于圆柱型柱12％。     

新型二维气相色谱系统的理论研究──双柱条件对保留时间及峰扩展的影响

从色谱动力学角度推导出微填充柱-毛细管柱二维气相色谱系统流出曲线一级矩及二级中心矩的表达式,并据此讨论了柱温、柱间分流比等条件对保留时间及峰扩展的影响规律。结果表明:柱间分流是主毛细管柱与预微填充柱之间联系的纽带,分流比是影响峰特征的重要因素。预柱条件的改变对二维气相色谱保留时间及峰扩展的影响较小。双柱条件对峰特征的影响表现出一些特殊的规律性。     

气相色谱过程动力学研究-柱压降对色谱流出曲线的影响

本文在色谱质量平衡模型基础上,考虑到气相色谱过程中柱压降与载气线速的关系,建立了考虑柱压降的气液分配色谱质量平衡模型.通过数学变换的方法,得到了流出曲线一级矩及二级、三级中心矩的数学表达式.理论和实验均表明:溶质的保留时间,流出峰半峰宽与柱前压倒数近似呈线性关系;柱压降对柱效及峰形对称性也有影响.     

人工神经网络法预测二维色谱柱效

 采用基于变步长BP算法的人工神经网络,对高效微 填充柱-毛细管柱构成的二维柱色谱系统建立了柱效与影响因素的权接拓扑模型, 并用于不同操作条件下二维柱系统的柱效预测中,取得了较好的效果。     

液相色谱双保留机理动力学过程研究

本文根据质量平衡原理建立了反相色谱双保留机理的质量平衡模型, 导出了色谱流出曲线的一阶矩和二、三阶中心矩, 获得了双保留机理色谱容量因子和塔片高度的表达式. 讨论了各种色谱动力学参数对柱效和峰形的影响, 对改善色谱峰对称度和提高柱效的措施作了理论说明。     

纤维素类手性固定相及高效液相色谱-旋光仪联用技术的研究

合成了3种纤维素衍生物并分别填充分析型色谱柱,研究了不同的涂敷条件对柱效的影响以及色谱柱的稳定性,对外消旋化合物进行了手性拆分。实现了高效液相色谱－旋光仪的联用,获得了在线旋光曲线。     

新型微填充柱－毛细管柱色谱操作条件的优化及灰色关联分析

通过正文设计实验方法优化了新型微填充柱。毛细管柱色谱操作条件，并利用灰色关联分析方法考察了操作条件与柱效的相关程度，对实验能起一定的指导作用。     

线性非理想条件下液相色谱柱末端峰形规律

色谱流出曲线的二阶中心矩μ２和三阶中心矩μ３以及描述峰形非对称程度的偏态系数∑ｋ＝μ３／μ１．５２是反映色谱峰形的重要参数。从液相色谱过程动力学方程出发，运用电子计算机证明了在线性非理想条件下高效液相色谱体系中不同保留值组分在柱末端峰形的分布基本一致的结论。     

强阳离子交换毛细管液相色谱-反相加压毛细管电色谱二维系统的构建及其在中药黄柏提取物分离中的应用

加压毛细管电色谱(pCEC)具有电泳和液相色谱的双重分离机理,其柱效高、选择性强、分辨率高和分离速度快并可进行梯度洗脱。我们在此基础上加入离子交换色谱模式,构建了强阳离子交换-反相加压毛细管液相色谱(micro strong cation exchange liquid chromatography/reversed phase pressurized capillary electrochromatography, μ-SCXLC/RP-pCEC)二维系统,并对中药黄柏的提取物进行了优化分离。第一维μ-SCXLC采用线性盐梯度分离,样品被切割成11个馏分洗脱收集后进入第二维,第二维脱盐后,采用RP-pCEC进行分离分析,梯度洗脱。以中药黄柏提取物为样品,此二维系统的分辨率和峰容量都较一维系统有很大提高,理论峰容量可达900左右,证明构建的二维体系非常适合复杂样品的分离分析。     

Improved performance of comprehensive two-dimensional HPLC separation of traditional Chinese medicines by using a silica monolithic column and normalization of peak heights

Performance of comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography system is greatly improved than we reported previously by using a silica monolithic column as for the second dimensional separation. Due to the increase of the elution speed on the second dimensional monolithic column, the first dimensional column efficiency and analysis rate can be greatly improved as comparing with conventionally second dimensional column. The developed system was applied to analysis of methanol extraction of two umbelliferae herbs Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. and Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels by using CN column as for the first dimensional separation and a silica monolithic ODS column for the second dimensional separation, and the obtained three-dimensional chromatograms were treated by normalization of peak heights with the value of the highest peak or setting a certain value using a software written in-house. It was observed that much more peaks for low-abundant components in TCM extract can clearly be detected here than we reported before, due to the large difference for the amount of components in TCMs' extract. With the above improvements in separation performance and data treatment, totally about 120 components in methanol extraction of Rhizoma chuanxiong and 100 in A. sinensis were separated with UV detection within 130 min. This result meant that both the number of peaks detected increase twice but the analysis time decrease twice if comparing with the previously reported result.     

Comparison between core–shell and totally porous particle stationary phases for fast and green LC determination of five hepatitis‐C antiviral drugs

The performances of core–shell 2.7 μm and fully porous sub‐2 μm particles packed in narrow diameter columns were compared under the same chromatographic conditions. The stationary phases were compared for fast separation and determination of five new antiviral drugs; daclatasvir, sofosbuvir, velpatasvir, simeprevir, and ledipasvir. The gradient elution was done using ethanol as green organic modifier, which is more environmentally friendly. Although both columns provided very good resolution of the five drugs, core–shell particles had proven to be of better efficiency. Under gradient elution conditions, core–shell particles exhibited faster elution, better peak shape, and enhanced resolution adding to lower system backpressure. The column backpressure on sub‐2 μm particles was more than twice that on core–shell particles. This gives a chance to use conventional high‐performance liquid chromatography conditions without needing special instrumentation as that required for ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography. The method was validated for determination of the five drugs by gradient elution using mobile phase composed of organic modifier ethanol and aqueous part containing 0.75 g sodium octane sufonate and 3.0 g sodium dihydrogen phosphate per liter at pH of 6.15. Detection was done using UV‐detector set at 210 nm. The linearity, accuracy, and precision were found very good within the concentration range of 2–200 μg/mL.     

色谱柱选择对23种防腐剂测定结果的影响

以化妆品中23种防腐剂检测方法为例,探讨色谱柱选择对液相色谱方法测定结果的影响。参照《化妆品安全技术规范》甲基异噻唑啉酮等23个组分的检验方法,在2台不同的高效液相色谱仪上用15款不同品牌、型号的C₁₈色谱柱检测23种防腐剂,计算色谱峰的理论塔板数和分离度,对23种组分的分离效果进行分析,并应用USP (United States Pharmacopeia)数据库和PQRI (Product Quality Research Institute)数据库等2种等效色谱柱选择方法,对不同色谱柱的分离效果及等效性进行评价和预测。实验结果表明,15款色谱柱对23种防腐剂的分离效果差异显著,仅有2款色谱柱可以实现23种组分的完全分离。USP和PQRI数据库中2种等效色谱柱选择方法均无法预测出合适的等效色谱柱,对23种防腐剂的液相色谱分析参考价值均较小。色谱柱是影响23种防腐剂液相色谱法测定结果准确性的关键因素,有关实验室在应用该方法时,应考虑色谱柱选择性差异。化妆品基质复杂,如何在现有研究成果的基础上,开发色谱柱的筛选和预测评价体系,进而指导实际样品的分离是下一步研究的重点、难点。建议有关部门在制修订检测方法时,注重色谱柱的耐用性考察,完善系统适应性指标,细化色谱柱分类和增加描述信息,指导色谱柱的合理选择,从而规避由于色谱柱使用过程中选择依据缺失而导致测定结果不准确的风险。     

Implications of column peak capacity on the separation of complex peptide mixtures in single- and two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography

Column peak capacity was utilized as a measure of column efficiency for gradient elution conditions. Peak capacity was evaluated experimentally for reversed-phase (RP) and cation-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) columns, and compared to the values predicted from RP-HPLC gradient theory. The model was found to be useful for the prediction of peak capacity and productivity in single- and two-dimensional (2D) chromatography. Both theoretical prediction and experimental data suggest that the number of peaks separated in HPLC reaches an upper limit, despite using highly efficient columns or very shallow gradients. The practical peak capacity value is about several hundred for state-of-the-art RP-HPLC columns. Doubling the column length (efficiency) improves the peak capacity by only 40%, and proportionally increases both the separation time and the backpressure. Similarly, extremely shallow gradients have a positive effect on the peak capacity, but analysis becomes unacceptably long. The model predicts that a 2D-HPLC peak capacity of 15,000 can be achieved in 8 h using multiple fraction collection in the first dimension followed by fast RP-HPLC gradients employing short, but efficient columns in the second dimension.     

液相制备吸附色谱流出峰对称性的若干影响因素

在色谱分离连续性方程和质量传递速率方程基础上,对色谱分离过程进行计算机模拟,定量分析了分离体系的热力学、动力学参数和操作条件对色谱流出峰形对称性的影响。结果表明,吸附相平衡关系、液固两相间的传质阻力及进料体积、进料浓度和流体线速等都将直接影响色谱流出峰形的对称性。流出峰形的不对称程度随着吸附等温线的非线性程度、液固两相间的传质阻力、流体线速、进料体积、进料浓度的增大而增大;在线性条件下,随着吸附剂吸附容量的减小而增大。     

Theoretical background of short chromatographic layers. Optimization of gradient elution in short columns

Although linear salt gradient elution ion-exchange chromatography (IEC) of proteins is commonly carried out with relatively short columns, it is still not clear how the column length affects the separation performance and the economics of the process. The separation performance can be adjusted by changing a combination of the column length, the gradient slope and the flow velocity. The same resolution can be obtained with a given column length with different combinations of the gradient slope and the flow velocity. This results in different separation time and elution volume at the same resolution. Based on our previous model, a method for determining the separation time and the elution volume relationship for the same resolution (iso-resolution curve) was developed. The effect of the column length and the mass transfer rate on the iso-resolution curve was examined. A long column and/or high mass transfer rate results in lesser elution volume. The resolution data with porous bead packed columns and monolithic columns were in good agreement with the calculated iso-resolution curves. Although the elution volume can be reduced with increasing column length, the pressure drop limits govern the optimum conditions.