准连续激光调制吸收谱的多谐波分析

使用准连续二极管激光器进行多重调制光谱检测时,发现吸收光谱信号中存在着丰富的倍频、和频以及差频成分;从激光与气体吸收谱线的非线性作用角度研究了倍频、和频及差频等信号存在的必然性;从实验角度对信号特征进行研究,发现其中有些和频、差频成分的幅度比传统调谐二极管激光吸收光谱技术中的二次谐波信号的幅度更大,有望在准连续调制谱技术中提高检测的灵敏度。     

基于二次谐波特性的DFB激光器稳频新方法研究

窄线宽稳频激光器在工业生产控制中具有广泛的应用,但自由运转的半导体激光器的频率漂移限制了激光器的使用。为稳定半导体激光器的频率,提出了一种基于二次谐波吸收特性来实现窄线宽二极管激光器的稳频新方法,利用1.396 μm的DFB二极管激光器测量水汽的二次谐波信号来实现激光的稳频,实验结果表明在100 h内激光器输出波长漂移有效的抑制在±0.16 pm范围内,激光稳频后,其吸收峰的位置不随环境温度的变化而漂移。该方法具有简单、可靠等优点,对二极管激光频率的稳定具有广阔的应用前景。     

磁绝缘线振荡器中空间电荷的调制

 首次研究了磁绝缘线振荡器中射频场（包括辐射波场和空间电荷波场）对空间电荷的调制,得到了在饱和时谐波电流一阶分量的公式。这个公式表明：考虑空间电荷波时,在小信号和辐射波与空间电荷波同相的条件下,它将增强谐波电流。在大信号时,情况不确定;谐波电流一阶分量将随二极管上电压的增加而增加,随运行频率和饱和长度的增加而减少。     

S波段锥形磁绝缘线振荡器长脉冲实验研究

 对一种由弱变和强变结构组成的锥形磁绝缘线振荡器进行了长脉冲实验研究。在二极管电压350 kV左右、电流约25 kA、脉宽约128 ns的条件下,获得了500 MW、脉宽约90 ns的高功率微波输出。对波形中出现的拐点进行了分析,研究表明：二极管电压波形好坏会对微波源的性能造成严重的影响,较好的电压波形是实现长脉冲运行的关键。同时对采用不锈钢平面负载、不锈钢丝网状负载以及石墨负载电子收集极进行了实验研究,研究表明采用石墨收集极可以输出较好的微波波形。     

S波段锥形磁绝缘线振荡器粒子模拟和实验研究

 提出了一种由弱变锥形主工作区和强变锥形提取区组成的锥形磁绝缘线振荡器结构。该结构主工作区采用弱变结构,在保持频率基本不变的情况下,可有效增加群速度,利于微波提取。模拟结果表明：该结构可以在二极管电压500 kV、电流32 kA的条件下稳定输出平均功率2.5 GW、频率为2.65 GHz的微波;实验上也获得了GW级、频率为2.69 GHz的微波输出。     

Measurement of the wavelength modulation indices with selective reflection spectroscopy

The wavelength modulation indices are measured based on harmonic amplitude ratio of 4famp/6famp (4famp and 6famp are the 4- and 6-th harmonic central peak amplitudes correspondingly) with the Doppler-free selective reflection modulation spectroscopy. The experiments for the 6S1/2(F = 4) → 6P3/2(F' = 5) transition of cesium D2 line with 30-MHz linewidth were carried out. The 4f- and 6f-harmonic signals were detected with two digital lock-in amplifiers separately. The maximum error for modulation indices measurement was ±0.1 within the range of m from 3 to 6. The non-linear modulation behaviour of an external cavity diode laser induced by voltage tuning was studied with this method. The method for modulation indices measurement does not require a solid etalon as usual for measuring the wavelength modulation depth and the absorption linewidth correspondingly.     

Experimental investigation of the sub-Doppler transmission spectroscopy in a thin vapour layer at room temperature

The sub-Doppler transmission spectrum in a thin vapour layer (about 150 μm) was observed at room temperature using the wavelength modulation technology. The absorption signal and its second-order harmonic were detected with an external-cavity diode laser. A sub-Doppler spectrum corresponding to resonant transitions of the caesium D_2 line (6S_{1/2}→6P_{3/2}) was demonstrated. The dependence of the transmission signal on the intensity of the laser was also investigated.     

基于调谐二极管激光吸收光谱的燃气管道泄漏探测研究

根据可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱及谐波探测的原理,建立以分布反馈式半导体激光器为可调谐光源,利用多次反射池进行点式采样的实验装置。基于甲烷分子1 653.7 nm附近的吸收线,实验研究二次谐波信号对甲烷浓度的响应线性,并实现空气中甲烷本底含量的测量。研究结果表明可调谐二极管激光气体检测技术可为城市燃气管道泄漏探测提供了一种灵敏度高、抗干扰能力强的有效手段。     

A GaAs planar Schottky varactor diode for left-handed nonlinear transmission line applications

The left-handed nonlinear transmission line(LH-NLTL) based on monolithic microwave integrated circuit(MMIC) technology possesses significant advantages such as wide frequency band,high operating frequency,high conversion efficiency,and applications in millimeter and submillimeter wave frequency multiplier.The planar Schottky varactor diode(PSVD) is a major limitation to the performance of the LH-NLTL frequency multiplier as a nonlinear component.The design and the fabrication of the diode for such an application are presented.An accurate large-signal model of the diode is proposed.A 16 GHz-39.6 GHz LH-NLTL frequency doubler using our large-signal model is reported for the first time.The measured maximum output powers of the 2nd harmonic are up to 8 dBm at 26.4 GHz,and above 0 dBm from 16 GHz to 39.6 GHz when the input power is 20 dBm.The application of the LH-NLTL frequency doubler furthermore validates the accuracy of the large-signal model of the PSVD.     

锁模激光脉冲串放大过程中的整形控制

 为了获得具有特殊要求的驱动激光,设计了一套以Nd:YVO4锁模激光器为种子光,用二极管激光器泵浦的Nd:YAG放大系统进行放大的激光系统。对放大过程中锁模激光脉冲串因增益饱和造成的脉冲串包络畸变以及对包络的整形控制进行了研究。实验获得能量为24 mJ的基频光,5.7 mJ的倍频光,0.608 mJ的紫外四倍频光;通过脉冲串整形控制,实现了包络顶部平整的紫外超短脉冲串输出,满足了光阴极注入器对驱动激光的特殊需求。     

Active microwave negative-index metamaterial transmission line with gain

We studied the active metamaterial transmission line at microwave frequency. The active composite right-handed or left-handed transmission line was designed to incorporate a germanium tunnel diode with a negative differential resistance property as the gain device at the unit cell level. Measurements of the fabricated planar transmission line structures with one-, two-, and three-unit cells showed that the addition of the dc pumped tunnel diodes not only provided gain but also maintained the left handedness of the transmission line metamaterial. Simulation results agree well with experimental observation. This work demonstrated that negative index material can be obtained with a net gain when an external source is incorporated.     

高效全固化紫外四倍频激光器的研究

用半导体激光器抽运的调Q YLF倍频激光器抽运掺钛蓝宝石激光器，用LBO晶体在腔内产生二次谐波，再聚焦到BBO晶体上产生四次谐波深紫外激光。为了提高谐波转换效率，在腔内分别插入了单片、组合双折射滤光片和聚焦透镜，在平均功率为3.6W，波长为527nm的抽运光下得到410mW，417nm的蓝光。用长焦距的透镜聚焦二次谐波，得到34mW，208nm的紫外脉冲激光。从实验上详细研究了基频光的线宽对二次谐波效率的影响，二次谐波的线宽对四次谐波效率的影响、基频光的波长对四次谐波产生效率的影响。全面地分析了单片和组合大拆射滤光片及抽运功率对钛蓝宝石激光器基频光的脉宽、线宽等参量的影响。     

Thermal field emission as a mechanism for infrared laser light detection in metal whisker diode

The non-linear current-voltage characteristic of thermally enhanced field emission is proposed to explain the operation of a metal-metal point contact diode used for laser harmonic frequency generation and frequency mixing in the infrared region. This mechanism can explain several experimental observations which appear inconsistent with the previous analysis based on a planar metal-oxide-metal tunneling geometry.     

Integrating sphere effective optical path length calibration by gas absorption spectroscopy

A method of integrating sphere effective optical path length (EOPL) evaluation using tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy for gas detection was demonstrated. Oxygen was used as a sample gas for an 8.38 cm diameter integrating sphere calibration; 393.7 ± 1.3 cm EOPL was obtained from the wavelength modulation spectroscopy with second harmonic calibration by measuring oxygen P11 line at 764 nm, which is in agreement with that of 393 cm by using direct absorption spectroscopy calibration. The EOPL calibration accuracy of this method can reach 0.33 %. It has been justified that the EOPL of an integrating sphere is independent of the incident light intensity.     

Improvement of the semi-analytical method, based on Hamilton's principle and spectral analysis, for determination of the geometrically non-linear response of thin straight structures. Part III: steady state periodic forced response of rectangular plates

In Parts I and II of this series of papers, a practical simple “multi-mode theory”, based on the linearization of the non-linear algebraic equations, written on the modal basis, in the neighbourhood of each resonance, has been developed for beams and fully clamped rectangular plates.¹ Simple explicit formulae have been derived, which allowed, via the so-called first formulation, direct calculation of the basic function contributions to the first three non-linear mode shapes of clamped-clamped and clamped-simply supported beams, and the two first non-linear mode shapes of FCRP. Also, in Part I of this series of papers, this approach has been successively extended, in order to determine the amplitude-dependent deflection shapes associated with the non-linear steady state periodic forced response² of clamped-clamped beams, excited by a concentrated or a distributed harmonic force in the neighbourhood of the first resonance.This new approach has been applied in the present work to obtain the NLSSPFR formulation for FCRP, SSRP, and CCCSSRP, leading in each case to a non-linear system of coupled differential equations, which may be considered as a multi-dimensional form of the well-known Duffing equation. The single-mode assumption, and the harmonic balance method, have been used for both harmonic concentrated and distributed excitation forces, leading to one-dimensional non-linear frequency response functions of the plates considered. Comparisons have been made between the curves based on these functions, and the results available in the literature, showing a reasonable agreement, for finite but relatively small vibration amplitudes. A more accurate estimation of the FCRP non-linear frequency response functions has been obtained by the extension of the improved version of the semi-analytical model developed in Part I for the NLSSPFR of beams, to the case of FCRP, leading to explicit analytical expressions for the “multi-dimensional non-linear frequency response function”, depending on the forcing level, and the amplitude of the response induced in the range considered for the excitation frequency.     

Properties and bias dependence of metal-insulator-metal point-contact diodes as harmonic mixers in the mid-infrared

Tungsten whisker-nickel point-contact (W-Ni) diodes have been used to investigate fourth-, fifth-, sixth-, and seventh-order harmonic mixing processes in the frequency range of 30–120 THz. The beat notes obtained by these processes have been measured as a function of the applied bias voltages of the diode. The results were compared with the corresponding derivative evaluated by a polynomial fit of the dc current-voltage (I–V) characteristic of the diode. It was found that the beat signals obtained by the various processes can in most cases be described qualitatively by the dc I–V characteristic of the diode.     

A k-band broadband monolithic distributed frequency multiplier based on nonlinear transmission line

A fabrication technology of GaAs planar Schottky varactor diode (PSVD) is successfully developed and used to design and manufacture GaAs-based monolithic frequency multiplication based on 23-section nonlinear transmission lines (NLTLs) consisting of a coplanar waveguide transmission line and periodically distributed PSVDs. The throughout design and optimization procedure of 23-section monolithic NLTLs for frequency multiplication in the k-band range is based on a large signal equivalent model of PSVD extracted from small-signal S-parameter measurements. This paper reports that the distributed SPVD exhibits a capacitance ratio of 5.4, a normalized capacitance of 0.86 fF/μm2 and a breakdown voltage in excess of 22 V. The integrated 23-section NLTLs fed by 20-dBm input power demonstrates a 26-GHz peak second harmonic output power of 14-dBm with 25.3% conversion efficiency in the second harmonic output frequency range of 6 GHz-26 GHz.     

L波段双阶梯阴极磁绝缘线振荡器的粒子模拟与实验研究

对L波段双阶梯阴极磁绝缘线振荡器(MILO)进行了粒子模拟,在输入电压710 kV,电流56.6kA条件下,得到微波输出功率为4.8 GW,微波频率1.22 GHz。根据模拟结果设计MILO实验装置并开展实验研究,介绍了测试方法与测试系统,并对辐射微波功率、频率和模式进行了测量。在二极管电压740 kV,电流61 kA条件下,测得辐射微波功率为3.57 GW,微波脉宽46 ns,微波频率1.23 GHz,功率转换效率8%,辐射微波模式为TM01模。     

二极管波过程理论分析

 理论分析了二极管磁绝缘传输线（MITL）区阻抗不连续和二极管阻抗随时间的变化对波过程的影响。结果表明：若MITL区电长度远小于入射波脉宽,则二极管前端测得的电压电流幅值反映了阴极处电压、电流,电压与电流的比值由二极管阻抗确定;为加快阴极处电压、电流前沿,MITL区各段传输线沿波的传输方向可采用阻抗渐增的方式,且取中间元件的阻抗为其两端元件阻抗的均方根;测点电压、电流前沿在时间上可分为传输、全反射和束流形成阶段;梯形电压波入射下,测点波形前沿全反射阶段电压较传输阶段增长速度倍增,电流为一段平台;实际电压波入射下,测点电压波形前沿为一条不断增长的曲线,电流波形前沿存在振荡。     

Analysis of a non-linear structure by considering two non-linear formulations

In recent years, modal synthesis methods have been extended for solving non-linear dynamic problems subjected to harmonic excitation. These methods are based on the notion of non-linear or linearized modes and exploited in the case of structures affected by localized non-linearity. Actually, the experimental tests executed on non-linear structures are time consuming, particularly when repeated experimental tests are needed. It is often preferable to consider new non-linear methods with a view to decrease significantly the number of attempts during prototype tests and improving the accuracy of the dynamic behaviour.This article describes two fundamental non-linear formulations based on two different strategies. The first formulation exploits the eigensolutions of the associated linear system and the dynamics characteristics of each localized non-linearity. The second formulation is based on the exploitation of the linearized eigensolutions obtained using an iterative process. This article contains a numerical and an experimental study which examines the non-linear behaviour of the structure affected by localized non-linearities. The study is intended to validate the numerical algorithm and to evaluate the problems arising from the introduction of non-linearities. The complex responses are evaluated using the iterative Newton-Raphson method and for a series of discrete frequencies. The theory has been applied to a bi-dimensional structure and consists of evaluating the harmonic responses obtained using the proposed formulations by comparing measured and calculated transfer functions.