FeMn、FeMnNa和FeMnK催化剂上合成气制低碳烯烃的比较

研究了钠、钾助剂对FeMn 合成低碳烯烃催化剂结构及性能的影响. 低温N₂吸附、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、X射线衍射（XRD）、H₂程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）、CO/CO₂程序升温脱附（CO/CO₂-TPD）、Mössbauer 谱和CO+H₂反应的研究结果表明,增加Mn助剂含量促进了活性相的分散和低碳烯烃的生成,而过多锰助剂在催化剂表面的富集则降低了费托合成反应的CO转化率;钾助剂和钠助剂的加入均抑制了催化剂的还原并且促进了CO₂和CO的吸附. 比较还原后（H₂/CO摩尔比为20）和反应后（H₂/CO摩尔比为3.5）催化剂的体相结构可以发现,在FeMn、FeMnNa和FeMnK催化剂中,由于钾助剂的碱性和CO吸附能力较强,因此体相中FeC_x的含量相对较高;而活性测试结果表明,FeMnNa催化剂拥有最好的CO转化率（96.2%）和低碳烯烃选择性（30.5%,摩尔分数）.     

Bio-methanol from Bio-oil Reforming Syngas Using Dual-reactor

A dual-reactor, assembled with the on-line syngas conditioning and methanol synthesis, was successfully applied for high efficient conversion of rich CO₂ bio-oil derived syngas to bio-methanol. In the forepart catalyst bed reactor, the catalytic conversion can effectively adjust the rich-CO₂crude bio-syngas into the CO-containing bio-syngas using the CuZnAlZr catalyst. After the on-line syngas conditioning at 450 oC, the CO₂/CO ratio in the bio-syngas significantly decreased from 6.3 to 1.2. In the rearward catalyst bed reactor, the conversion of the conditioned bio-syngas to bio-methanol shows the maximum yield about 1.21 kg/(kg_catal·h) MeOH with a methanol selectivity of 97.9% at 260 oC and 5.05 MPa using conventional CuZnAl catalyst, which is close to the level typically obtained in the conventional methanol synthesis process using natural gas. The influences of temperature, pressure and space velocity on the bio-methanol synthesis were also investigated in detail.     

Effect of methane co-feeding on the selectivity of ethylene produced from oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane with CO2 over a Ni-La/SiO2 catalyst

A Ni-La/SiO₂ catalyst was prepared through the incipient wetness impregnation method and tested in the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane (ODHE) with CO₂. The fresh and used catalysts were characterized by XRD and SEM techniques. The Ni-La/SiO₂ catalyst exhibited catalytic activity for the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane, but with low ethylene selectivity in the absence of methane. The selectivity to ethylene increased with increasing molar ratio of methane in the feed. The carbon deposited on the catalyst surface in the sole ODHE with CO₂ was mainly inert carbon, while much more filamentous carbon was formed in the presence of methane. The filamentous carbon was easy to be removed by CO₂, which might play a role in improving the conversion of ethane to ethylene. The introduction of methane might affect the equilibrium of the CO₂ reforming of ethane and the ODHE with CO₂. As a consequence, the synthesis gas produced from CO₂ reforming of methane partly inhibited the reaction of ethane and promoted the ODHE with CO₂, thus increasing the selectivity of ethylene.     

CO/CO2一步法制备航空煤油的研究进展

CO/CO₂一步法制备航空煤油技术是石油基航空煤油重要的替代手段之一。目前,CO一步法制备航空煤油技术存在的主要问题是航空煤油组分C₈~C₁₆选择性不高。CO₂一步法制备航空煤油存在的问题是CO₂转化率低和C₈~C₁₆选择性不高。综述了近五年CO/CO₂一步法制备航空煤油用催化剂的研究进展。催化剂研究的重点在于主催化剂、载体和助催化剂。调变主催化剂、载体和助催化剂,有望得到理想的航空煤油组分。     

非负载型铁催化剂上二氧化碳加氢制低碳烯烃

研究了非负载型铁催化剂上CO₂加氢制低碳烯烃反应.结果显示,添加碱金属可显著提高铁催化剂上的CO₂转化率和烯烃选择性.在经K和Rb修饰的Fe催化剂上,CO₂转化率可达约40%,烯烃选择性达到50%以上,其中C₂~C₄烯烃收率超过10%.催化剂表征结果表明,碱金属促进了催化剂中碳化铁的生成,这可能是催化剂性能提高的一个关键原因.随着K含量由1 wt%增加至5 wt%,CO₂转化率及烯烃选择性均升高.但K含量过高时,催化剂活性降低.这可能是由于催化剂比表面积和CO₂化学吸附量降低所致.当K含量为5%~10%时,K-Fe催化剂上烯烃收率较高; 进一步添加适量的硼可进一步提高烯烃选择性,且CO₂转化率下降不大.     

The influence of La2O3 and TiO2 on NiO/MgO/α-Al2O3

Summary The effect of La₂O₃ and TiO₂ on product selectivity, methane conversion and coke formation over NiO/MgO/ α -Al₂O₃ catalyst were studied in a simultaneous steam and CO₂ reforming of methane to syngas. La₂O₃ and TiO₂ were added to the catalyst via incipient wetness impregnation and bulk precipitation techniques and catalyst activity was tested in a fixed bed quartz reactor. Results reveal that although the addition of these oxides has no effect on the product selectivity and methane conversion, but can reduce coke formation on the surface of the catalysts as it can enhance the mobility of lattice oxygen anions. The results further show that the catalysts prepared by bulk precipitation technique decrease the coke formation more effectively.     

High‐Quality Gasoline Directly from Syngas by Dual Metal Oxide–Zeolite (OX‐ZEO) Catalysis

Despite significant efforts towards the direct conversion of syngas into liquid fuels, the selectivity remains a challenge, particularly with regard to high‐quality gasoline with a high octane number and a low content of aromatic compounds. Herein, we show that zeolites with 1D ten‐membered‐ring (10‐MR) channel structures such as SAPO‐11 and ZSM‐22 in combination with zinc‐ and manganese‐based metal oxides (Zn_aMn_bO_x) enable the selective synthesis of gasoline‐range hydrocarbons C₅–C₁₁ directly from syngas. The gasoline selectivity reached 76.7 % among hydrocarbons, with only 2.3 % CH₄ at 20.3 % CO conversion. The ratio of isoparaffins to n‐paraffins was as high as 15, and the research octane number was estimated to be 92. Furthermore, the content of aromatic compounds in the gasoline was as low as 16 %. The composition and structure of Zn_aMn_bO_x play an important role in determining the overall activity. This process constitutes a potential technology for the one‐step synthesis of environmentally friendly gasoline with a high octane number from a variety of carbon resources via syngas.     

Synthesis of Higher Alcohols via Syngas on Cu/Zn/Si Catalysts. Effect of Polyethylene Glycol Content

Cu/Zn/Si catalysts with different polyethylene glycol (PEG) content were prepared by a complete liquid-phase method, and characterized by XRD, H₂-TPR, N₂-adsorption, and XPS. The influence of PEG content on the higher alcohols synthesis from syngas was investigated. The results showed that addition of PEG can influence the texture and surface properties of the catalysts, and therefore affect their activity and product distribution. With an increase in PEG content, BET surface area, Cu crystallite size and surface active ingredient content of the catalysts first increased and then decreased, the CO conversion had similar variation tendency. However, the pore volume and pore diameter of the catalyst increased, and the binding energy of the active component and the content of Cu₂O decreased, which resulted in higher catalyst selectivity towards higher alcohols. The highest C²⁺OH selectivity in total alcohols was 60.6 wt %.     

Reduced SnO2 Porous Nanowires with a High Density of Grain Boundaries as Catalysts for Efficient Electrochemical CO2‐into‐HCOOH Conversion

Electrochemical conversion of CO₂ into energy‐dense liquids, such as formic acid, is desirable as a hydrogen carrier and a chemical feedstock. SnO_x is one of the few catalysts that reduce CO₂ into formic acid with high selectivity but at high overpotential and low current density. We show that an electrochemically reduced SnO₂ porous nanowire catalyst (Sn‐pNWs) with a high density of grain boundaries (GBs) exhibits an energy conversion efficiency of CO₂‐into‐HCOOH higher than analogous catalysts. HCOOH formation begins at lower overpotential (350 mV) and reaches a steady Faradaic efficiency of ca. 80 % at only −0.8 V vs. RHE. A comparison with commercial SnO₂ nanoparticles confirms that the improved CO₂ reduction performance of Sn‐pNWs is due to the density of GBs within the porous structure, which introduce new catalytically active sites. Produced with a scalable plasma synthesis technology, the catalysts have potential for application in the CO₂ conversion industry.     

Direct and Highly Selective Conversion of Synthesis Gas into Lower Olefins: Design of a Bifunctional Catalyst Combining Methanol Synthesis and Carbon–Carbon Coupling

The direct synthesis of lower (C₂ to C₄) olefins, key building‐block chemicals, from syngas (H₂ /CO), which can be derived from various nonpetroleum carbon resources, is highly attractive, but the selectivity for lower olefins is low because of the limitation of the Anderson–Schulz–Flory distribution. We report that the coupling of methanol‐synthesis and methanol‐to‐olefins reactions with a bifunctional catalyst can realize the direct conversion of syngas to lower olefins with exceptionally high selectivity. We demonstrate that the choice of two active components and the integration manner of the components are crucial to lower olefin selectivity. The combination of a Zr–Zn binary oxide, which alone shows higher selectivity for methanol and dimethyl ether even at 673 K, and SAPO‐34 with decreased acidity offers around 70 % selectivity for C₂–C₄ olefins at about 10 % CO conversion. The micro‐ to nanoscale proximity of the components favors the lower olefin selectivity.     

用于F—T合成的超细粒子催化剂及其制备化学

为提高F-T过程的汽油收率,本研究开发了一种新型工艺过程,即由合成气先转化为低碳烯烃,再将烯烃在HZSM-5分子筛上转化为高辛烷值汽油。利用超细粒子并选用适当的助剂提高了F-T过程的反应活性,选择性和热稳定性。考察了几种前躯物及助剂Mn,Zn,Mg对F-T合成的影响。由实验结果确认采用Fe/Mn草酸复盐作前躯物,经超细化处理后制得的8805催化剂活性高,选择性好,几项主要指标均已超过国内外同类催化剂水平。     

Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis by Carbon Dioxide Hydrogenation on Fe-Based Catalysts

Impregnated and co-precipitated, promoted and unpromoted, bulk and supported iron catalysts were prepared, characterized, and subjected to hydrogenation of CO₂ at various pressures (1–2 MPa) and temperatures (573–673 K). Potassium, as an important promoter, enhanced the CO₂ uptake and selectivity towards olefins and long-chain hydrocarbons. Al₂O₃, when added as a structural promoter during co-precipitation, increased CO₂ conversion as well as selectivity to C₂₊ hydrocarbons. Among V, Cr, Mn and Zn promoters, Zn offered the highest selectivity to C₂–C₄ alkenes. The different episodes involved in the transformation of the catalyst before it reached steady-state were identified, on the co-precipitated catalyst. Using a biomass derived syngas (CO/CO₂/H₂), CO alone took part in hydrogenation. When enriched with H₂, CO₂ was also converted to hydrocarbons. The deactivation of impregnated Fe–K/Al₂O₃ catalyst was found to be due to carbon deposition, whereas that for the precipitated catalyst was due to increase in crystallinity of iron species. The suitability of SiO₂, TiO₂, Al₂O₃, HY and ion exchanged NaY as supports was examined for obtaining high activity and selectivity towards light olefins and C₂₊ hydrocarbons and found Al₂O₃ to be the best support. A comparative study with Co catalysts revealed the advantages of Fe catalysts for hydrocarbon production by F–T synthesis.     

Efficient Ni-based catalysts for low-temperature reverse water-gas shift (RWGS) reaction

CO₂ hydrogenation for syngas can alleviate the pressure of un-controlled emissions of CO₂ and bring enormous economic benefits. Advantageous Ni-catalysts have good CO₂ hydrogenation activity and high CO selectivity merely over 700 °C. Herein, we introduced Cu into Ni catalysts, which were evaluated by H₂-TPR, XRD, BET, in-situ XPS and CO₂-TPD, and their CO₂ hydrogenation activity and CO selectivity were significantly affected by the Ni/Cu ratios, which was rationalized by the synergistic effect of bimetallic catalysts. In addition, the reduction temperatures of studied catalysts apparently affected the CO₂ hydrogenation, which were caused by the number and dispersion of the active species. It's found that the Ni₁Cu₁-400 had good stability, high CO selectivity (up to 90%), and fast formation rate (1.81×10⁻⁵ mol/g_cat/s) at 400 °C, which demonstrated a good potential as a superior catalyst for reverse water-gas shift (RWGS) reaction.     

Atomic‐Scale Observation of the Metal–Promoter Interaction in Rh‐Based Syngas‐Upgrading Catalysts

The direct conversion of syngas to ethanol, typically using promoted Rh catalysts, is a cornerstone reaction in CO₂ utilization and hydrogen storage technologies. A rational catalyst development requires a detailed structural understanding of the activated catalyst and the role of promoters in driving chemoselectivity. Herein, we report a comprehensive atomic‐scale study of metal–promoter interactions in silica‐supported Rh, Rh–Mn, and Rh–Mn–Fe catalysts by aberration‐corrected (AC) TEM. While the catalytic reaction leads to the formation of a Rh carbide phase in the Rh–Mn/SiO₂ catalyst, the addition of Fe results in the formation of bimetallic Rh–Fe alloys, which further improves the selectivity and prevents the carbide formation. In all promoted catalysts, Mn is present as an oxide decorating the metal particles. Based on the atomic insight obtained, structural and electronic modifications induced by promoters are revealed and a basis for refined theoretical models is provided.     

Synergistic effects of potassium promoter and carbon fibers on direct synthesis of isobutanol from syngas over Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalysts obtained from hydrotalcite-like compounds

The Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃ catalysts (CuZnAl) can be utilized to directly synthesize higher alcohols from syngas under mild conditions. Carbon fibers (CFs) are widely used as a catalyst supporter, and potassium is usually used as a good electron assistant for charge transfer to the active phase of the catalyst. However, little is known about the combined effects of CFs and potassium on Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃ catalysts. In this work, the CuZnAl catalysts supported on activated carbon fibers (ACFs) were prepared by a co-precipitation method, and then the catalysts were modified by potassium. The catalytic performances of K-modified CuZnAl and composites containing ACFs and CuZnAl were evaluated. Addition of ACFs and/or potassium increased CO conversion and selectivity for isobutanol compared with pure CuZnAl. All the samples were characterized by BET, XRD, SEM–EDS, CO–TPD, and Raman spectroscopy to further disclose the reason for better catalytic performance of the catalysts with ACFs and/or potassium. We found that addition of ACFs or potassium promotes moderate CO adsorption and formation of the active phase (CuO/ZnO solid solution) during alcohol synthesis, which facilitates synthesis of higher alcohols and CO conversion. As a result, ACFs and potassium exhibited synergistic effects on improvement of CO conversion and selectivity for isobutanol.     

Highly Selective Production of Ethylene by the Electroreduction of Carbon Monoxide

Conversion of carbon monoxide to high value‐added ethylene with high selectivity by traditional syngas conversion process is challenging because of the limitation of Anderson‐Schulz–Flory distribution. Herein we report a direct electrocatalytic process for highly selective ethylene production from CO reduction with water over Cu catalysts at room temperature and ambient pressure. An unprecedented 52.7 % Faradaic efficiency of ethylene formation is achieved through optimization of cathode structure to facilitate CO diffusion at the surface of the electrode and Cu catalysts to enhance the C?C bond coupling. The highly selective ethylene production is almost without other carbon‐based byproducts (e.g. C₁–C₄ hydrocarbons and CO₂) and avoids the drawbacks of the traditional Fischer–Tropsch process that always delivers undesired products. This study provides a new and promising strategy for highly selective production of ethylene from the abundant industrial CO.     

Syngas conversion beyond chemical equilibrium by in situ bimolecular reaction

An in situ bimolecular reaction, in which syngas is fed with toluene as a secondary reactant (hereafter Tol in situ methylation), was studied over bifunctional catalysts comprised of methanol synthesis catalyst and H-ZSM-5 in a fixed-bed down-flow reactor at 460 psig. When physically mixed with H-ZSM-5 to form bifunctional catalysts, CrZ_HZ (Cr₂O₃/ZnO + HZSM-5) catalyst showed much higher activity than CZA_HZ (CuO/ZnO/Al₂O₃ + H-ZSM-5) in the Tol in situ methylation, while CrZ catalyst exhibited substantially lower activity than CZA in methanol synthesis. CO conversion to methanol in the Tol in situ methylation was estimated by Bz in situ methylation. The CO conversion to methanol was calculated to be in the range of 11–27 %, while that in methanol synthesis over CrZ was about 5 % at most due to chemical equilibrium limitation. By employing a silicalite-coated H-ZSM-5 (Sil/HZ) in bifunctional catalyst, xylene selectivity and para-xylene yield were much improved in the Tol in situ methylation.     

Synthesis of Higher Alcohols from Syngas over Alkali Promoted K-Co-Mo Catalysts Supported on Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes

A series of carbon nanotubes-supported K-Co-Mo catalysts were prepared by a sol-gel method combined with incipient wetness impregnation.The catalyst structures were characterized by X-ray diffraction,N₂ adsorption-desorption,transmission electron microscopy and H₂-TPD,and its catalytic performance toward the synthesis of higher alcohols from syngas was investigated.The as-prepared catalyst particles had a low crystallization degree and high dispersion on the outer and inner surface of CNTs.The uniform mesoporous structure of CNTs increased the diffusion rate of reactants and products,thus promoting the reaction conversion.Furthermore,the incorporation of CNTs support led to a high capability of hydrogen absorption and spillover and promoted the formation of alkyl group,which served as the key intermediate for the alcohol formation and carbon chain growth.Benefiting from these characteristics,the CNTs supported Mo-based catalyst showed the excellent catalytic performance for the higher alcohols synthesis as compared to the unsupported catalyst and activated carbon supported catalyst.     

Characterization and catalytic behavior of EDTA modified silica nanosprings (NS)-supported cobalt catalyst for Fischer-Tropsch CO-hydrogenation

The effect of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid(EDTA) modification on the physico-chemical properties and catalytic performance of silica nanosprings(NS) supported cobalt(Co) catalyst was investigated in the conversion of syngas(H~(2+) CO) to hydrocarbons by Fischer-Tropsch synthesis(FTS). The unmodified Co/NS and modified Co/NS-EDTA catalysts were synthesized via an impregnation method. The prepared Co/NS and Co/NS-EDTA catalysts were characterized before the FTS reaction by BET surface area,X-ray diffraction(XRD),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),temperature programmed reduction(TPR),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),differential thermal analysis(DTA) and thermogravimetric analysis(TGA) in order to find correlations between physico-chemical properties of catalysts and catalytic performance. FTS was carried out in a quartz fixedbed microreactor(H_2/CO of 2 ∶1,230 ℃ and atmospheric pressure) and the products trapped and analyzed by GC-TCD and GC-MS to determine CO conversion and reaction selectivity. The experimental results indicated that the modified Co/NS-EDTA catalyst displayed a more-dispersed phase of Co_3O_4 nanoparticles(10.9%) and the Co_3O_4 average crystallite size was about 12.4 nm. The EDTA modified catalyst showed relatively higher CO conversion(70.3%) and selectivity toward C_(6-18)(JP-8,Jet A and diesel) than the Co/NS catalyst(C_(6-14))(JP-4).     

C−C Bond Formation in Syngas Conversion over Zinc Sites Grafted on ZSM‐5 Zeolite

Despite significant progress achieved in Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) technology, control of product selectivity remains a challenge in syngas conversion. Herein, we demonstrate that Zn²⁺‐ion exchanged ZSM‐5 zeolite steers syngas conversion selectively to ethane with its selectivity reaching as high as 86 % among hydrocarbons (excluding CO₂) at 20 % CO conversion. NMR spectroscopy, X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, and X‐ray fluorescence indicate that this is likely attributed to the highly dispersed Zn sites grafted on ZSM‐5. Quasi‐in‐situ solid‐state NMR, obtained by quenching the reaction in liquid N₂, detects C₂ species such as acetyl (‐COCH₃) bonding with an oxygen, ethyl (‐CH₂CH₃) bonding with a Zn site, and epoxyethane molecules adsorbing on a Zn site and a Brønsted acid site of the catalyst, respectively. These species could provide insight into C?C bond formation during ethane formation. Interestingly, this selective reaction pathway toward ethane appears to be general because a series of other Zn²⁺‐ion exchanged aluminosilicate zeolites with different topologies (for example, SSZ‐13, MCM‐22, and ZSM‐12) all give ethane predominantly. By contrast, a physical mixture of ZnO‐ZSM‐5 favors formation of hydrocarbons beyond C₃₊. These results provide an important guide for tuning the product selectivity in syngas conversion.