Cross Sections of Barium Isotopes in Interaction of 60 MeV／u ^18O with Natural Uranium

The reactions induced by heavy ions lower than 10 MeV/u have been studied widely. Their reaction mechanism has been also understood in more detail. The contribution to the reaction cross sections in the low energy reactions comes mainly from complex nuclei and deep inelastic process. Early studies mainly focused on the nuclear collisions of low and high energies. In the recent years, great attention has been paid on the intermediate energy heavy ion collisions. Among them measurements of the cross sections and recoiling properties for the target fragmentation products have been applied widely to study the mechanism of the nuclear reactions induced by the intermediate energy heavy ions. But there are a few papers on raodioehemieal studies in the intermediate energy region up to now.     

超重元素合成反应机制研究

回顾了超重元素研究的现状和超重元素合成反应机制研究的发展,指出目前超重元素合成研究中存在的困难和对超重余核鉴别的一些设想.对近对称反应系统的熔合反应机制进行了较深入的讨论,建议对这类反应生成复合核的截面进行理论和实验上的研究.The status and development of the studies on reaction mechanism for synthesis of superheavy elements has been reviewed. In this paper it is pointed out the difficulties existing in the studies and synthesis of superheavy elements and some conceives for measurement and identification of very heavy residues. The fusion of near symmetric reaction systems is discussed and proposed to do more investigations on the fusion cross sections of these reactions on both theory and experiment.     

Production of super-heavy nuclei in cold fusion reactions

A model for cold-fusion reactions related to the synthesis of super-heavy nuclei in collisions of heavy projectile-nuclei with a ²⁰⁸Pb target nucleus is discussed.In the framework of this model,the production of the com-pound nucleus by two paths,the di-nuclear system path and the fusion path,are taken into account simultaneously.The formation of the compound nucleus in the framework of the di-nuclear system is related to the transfer of nucle-ons from the light nucleus to the heavy one.The fusion path is linked to the sequential evolution of the nuclear shape from the system of contacting nuclei to the compound nucleus.It is shown that the compound nucleus is mainly formed by the fusion path in cold-fusion reactions.The landscape of the potential energy related to the fusion path is discussed in detail.This landscape for very heavy nucleus-nucleus systems has an intermediate state,which is linked to the formation of both the compound nucleus and the quasi-fission fragments.The decay of the intermediate state is taken into account in the calculation of the compound nucleus production cross sections and the quasi-fission cross sections.The values of the cold-fusion cross sections obtained in the model agree well with the experimental data.     

超重原子核与新元素研究

当前,原子核物理研究的一个重要前沿是探索原子核的电荷与质量极限,研究超重原子核与超重元素的性质,以及合成超重原子核。20世纪60年代,基于量子壳效应,理论预言质子数为114、中子数为184的原子核及其相邻核具有较长的寿命,甚至可能是稳定的,形成一个超重稳定岛。这个理论预言促进了重离子加速器及相关探测设备的建造,推动了重离子物理的发展。到目前,已经合成到了118号元素,填满了元素周期表的第7行。然而,合成更重的超重元素或包含更多中子的超重原子核面临着很多挑战,需要理论与实验密切结合,探索超重原子核的性质与合成机制,以登上超重稳定岛。文章概要评述超重原子核与新元素研究。首先介绍超重原子核与超重元素研究的背景及理论预言,包括超重核存在的根源、理论预言的概况等。之后简要给出实验合成超重核取得的主要进展和新元素命名情况。关于合成更重的超重元素面临的挑战,文章将针对利用重离子熔合蒸发反应合成超重核的截面低、所合成的超重核缺中子等情况展开讨论。最后评述近年来超重原子核结构性质、衰变、裂变与合成机制等方面的理论研究进展,包括超重核区的幻数和超重岛的位置,超重核的稳定性,利用重离子熔合蒸发反应合成超重核的三步过程及其复杂性,利用多核子转移合成超重核的探索,等等。The exploration of charge and mass limits of atomic nuclei and the synthesis of long-lived or stable superheavy nuclei (SHN) are at the frontier of modern nuclear physics. In the 1960s, based on the stability originating from quantum shell effects, the possible existence of an island of stability around 298114 was predicted. This prediction advanced the construction of heavy ion accelerators and detectors and the development of heavy ion physics. So far, superheavy elements (SHE) with Z up to 118 have been synthesized via heavy ion fusion reactions in laboratories. Recently the IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party (JWP) concluded that criteria for the discovery of new elements have been met for those with Z=113, 115, 117 and 118. Therefore the seventh period of the periodic table of elements is completed. To synthesize even heavier elements or more neutron-rich SHN by using heavy ion fusion reactions, one confronts many challenges. More efforts should be made to study the properties of SHN both experimentally and theoretically. In this short review on the study on SHN and SHE, we will first introduce the background and theoretical predictions of SHN, including the origin of the possible existence of SHN and the predicted island of stability of SHN, etc. Then we will present progresses made up to now concerning the synthesis of SHN and the naming of the four new elements. As for the challenges nuclear physicists confront in synthesizing even heavier SHEs, we will detail those connected with heavy ion fusion-evaporation reactions, namely, the tiny cross sections to produce SHN and the fact that only neutron-deficient SHNs can be synthesized. Finally we will discuss some theoretical progresses on the study of SHN, including the structure of SHN and proton and neutron magic numbers after 208Pb, the stability and the synthesis mechanism of SHN as well as what we should focus on in the future.     

原子核的大质量转移反应和丰中子超重核的产生(英文)

迄今为止,人们合成的超重核都是缺中子的,无论是熔合-裂变反应还是碎化过程都无法使产物达到周期表的“东北区域”。而重核之间(如U核之间) 的近垒大质量转移反应则可能是目前生成丰中子超重核和达到未知丰中子重核区域的唯一途径。在改进的量子分子动力学(ImQMD) 模型结合统计模型框架内,研究了U+U等反应体系的大质量转移反应,计算了反应产生的初生态碎片的质量和电荷分布,并成功再现了产物的终态质量和电荷分布。通过比较3 个反应136Xe+248Cm,48Ca+248Cm和238U+248Cm 产生的106号元素的截面大小,揭示了U+U等重核大质量转移反应对产生丰中子超重核是非常有利的。For elements with Z > 100 only neutron deficient isotopes have been synthesized so far. The “northeast area” of the nuclear map can be reached neither in fusion-fission reactions nor in fragmentation processes.The large mass transfer reactions in near barrier collisions of heavy (U-like) ions seem to be the only reaction mechanism allowing us to produce neutron rich heavy nuclei including those located at the superheavy(SH) island of stability and unexplored area of heavy neutron-rich nuclides. This study is extremely important for nuclear astrophysical investigations and, in particular, for the understanding of the r process. In this paper within the Improved Quantum Molecular Dynamics (ImQMD) model combining with the statistical-evaporation model, the large mass transfer reactions, like 238U+238U have been studied. The charge and mass distributions of transiently formed primary fragments are investigated within the ImQMD model and de-excitation processes of those primary fragments are described by the statistical decay model. The mass distribution of the final products in 238U+238U collisions is obtained and compared with the recent experimental data. Through compared the formation cross sections of transfermium element 106 by three reactions of 136Xe+248Cm, 48Ca+248Cm and 238U+248Cm, it is explored that the large mass transfer reactions, like U+U are very benefit for the production of SH nuclei.     

超重核合成的同位素依赖探讨

利用二参量Smoluchowski方程计算了54Fe+204Pb,56Fe+206Pb,58Fe+208Pb冷熔合和32,34,36S+238U热熔合的复合核形成截面和蒸发残余截面, 结果清楚地显示出超重核合成截面随同位素的变化。 由于较低的入射道库仑位垒、 较低的不对称裂变谷中的条件鞍点和较小的中子分离能, 一般地说, 丰中子同位素的超重核形成截面明显增强。 The cross sections of the compound nucleus formation and e vaporation residue for the 54Fe+204Pb, 56Fe+206Pb, 58Fe+208Pb cold fusion and 32,34, 36S+238U hot fusion have been calculated by using a two parameter Smoluchowski equation. Our results clearly show the isotope dependence of superheavy nucleus production. The formation cross sections of the neutron rich isotope are, generally speaking, obviously enhanced due to the lower Coloumb barrier , lower height of the conditional saddle point, and smaller neutron separation energy.     

超重核研究实验方法的历史和现状简介

简单介绍了超重核合成的历史,详细讨论了目前超重核合成最成功的技术路线,包括产生方法、分离手段以及探测技术,并就各种技术的优缺点进行了比较.探讨了目前超重核研究所面临的困难以及介绍了国际上几个主要相关实验室的研究动态,并对超重核研究的发展趋势做了简单展望. The history of the synthesis of the transuranium nuclei is briefly introduced. The most successful techniques currently used for synthesizing super heavy nuclei are surveyed and discussed in detail. The drawbacks and the problems for reaching the stability island of super heavy nuclei with the techniques currently used are discussed. The present status and perspectives of the super heavy nuclei research at different laboratories are also introduced. Finally, a brief prospect on the trends...     

近代物理研究所超重核研究现状及计划

简单描述了超重核合成的历史与国际现状， 详细地介绍了近代物理研究所已经开展的研究工作及取得的成果， 并对近代物理研究所未来在超重核研究方面的研究计划进行了介绍。 The history and the international status of the super heavy nuclei synthesis are briefly described. The related research work carried out at the Institute of Modern Physics (IMP) has been reviewed. The prospect of the super heavy nuclei research at IMP has been introduced.     

Transfer Ionization of Isocharge Sequence Ion and Ar Collisions

The study of multi-electron process has been a very active area of atomic physics research. The simultaneous electron emission and electron transfer is one of the most interesting two-electron processes in the study Of ionatom collisions, In last decade much experimental and theoretical attention has been devoted to the process, named transfer ionization (TI). This process is normally considered as the successive process of the single electron capture and the ionization of the second or more target electrons. The studies of transfer ionization are motivated by the understanding of the role of the electron correlation in ion-atom collisions which is of great interest in basic atomic physics and may provide important information for the applications both in astrophysics and fusion plasmas researches. Different authors have investigated the transfer ionization process by measuring the angular distribution of the emitted electrons. Up to now, the systematic study of the transfer ionization and the dependences of these processes on the collision parameters for the low energy ion-atom collisions are still rarely reported in the literatures.     

Plasmas as an exotic target for heavy ion physics and spectroscopy

Following a short introduction of heavy ion collision physics relevant to fusion plasma researches and related to fusion technology, some exotic features of plasmas as a target for heavy ion collisions and spectroscopy have been discussed.     

Photoproduction of top quarks in peripheral heavy ion collisions

In relativistic heavy ion collisions, top quarks can be produced by photon-gluon fusion when a photon from the Weizs?cker-Williams virtual photon field of one nucleus interacts with a gluon in the other nucleus. Photoproduction with heavy ions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will be the first accessible non-hadronic top production channel. We calculate the photoproduction cross sections, pair mass and top quark rapidity distributions in peripheral lead-lead and oxygen-oxygen collisions. The cross sections are sensitive to the top quark charge and the large- gluon distribution in the nucleus. We find a cross section of 15 pb in oxygen-oxygen collisions, leading to 210 pairs in a one month ( s) LHC run. In pA collisions, the rate is higher, 1100 pairs per month for pO. A comparison of the AA and pA data might allow for a study of gluon shadowing at high Q . Received: 18 May 2001 / Revised version: 13 June 2001 / Published online: 24 August 2001     

Intermediate Energy Reactions Versus Heavy-Ion Fusion: Light Particle Emission and Post-Saddle Friction in the Presence of Deformation Effects *

A decaying nucleus undergoes a change in deformation when it fissions. This affects the particle emission in the fission process. Using the dynamical Langevin model, we investigate the role of deformation in the sensitivity of post-saddle neutrons and light charged particles (LCPs) to the post-saddle friction strength ($\beta$) for heavy nuclei $^{240}$Am produced with different initial conditions: (i) a low excitation energy $E^*$ and a large spin $\ell$ (provided via a fusion mechanism) and (ii) a high $E^*$ and a large $\ell$ as well as a higher $E^*$ but a small $\ell$ (provided in peripheral and near-central intermediate energy heavy-ion reactions, respectively). It is shown that deformation obviously enhances the sensitivity of post-saddle neutrons to $\beta$ at intermediate-energy peripheral collisions and that for case (i), the drop of LCPs emission due to deformation makes post-saddle LCPs to be almost insensitive to $\beta$, but for case (ii) LCPs still have a significant change with $\beta$. Furthermore, we find that post-saddle LCPs display a greater sensitivity to $\beta$ for near-central collisions than for peripheral collisions. These results suggest that given the deformation effects, to better probe post-saddle dissipation properties with neutrons (LCPs) in experiments, it is best to choose those excited heavy nuclear systems populated in peripheral (near-central) collisions at intermediate energies.     

Quantum calculations of Coulomb reorientation for sub-barrier fusion

Classical mechanics and time dependent Hartree-Fock (TDHF) calculations of heavy ions collisions are performed to study the rotation of a deformed nucleus in the Coulomb field of its partner. This reorientation is shown to be independent of the charges and relative energy of the partners. It only depends upon the deformations and inertias. TDHF calculations predict an increase by 30% of the induced rotation due to quantum effects while the nuclear contribution seems negligible. This reorientation modifies strongly the fusion cross section around the barrier for light deformed nuclei on heavy collision partners. For such nuclei a hindrance of the sub-barrier fusion is predicted.     

双核系统核子交换势能面

实验证实,用重离子碰撞合成超重原子核时,准裂变对熔合的抑制是非常重要的.碰撞中双核系统间核子转移所形成的势能面称之为驱动势,它制约核子转移,因而决定熔合与准裂变的竞争.双核系统势能面还提供重离子碰撞合成超重原子核的最佳激发能和最佳弹靶组合的信息.     

Fast fission phenomenon

We review some experimental results which cannot be understood within the usual concepts of dissipative collisions. We present a dynamical model in which fast fission phenomenon appears in a natural way if certain conditions are fulfilled. Two kinds of fast fission are described, according to the size of the system. An extended notion of the so called fusion process is proposed and calculations of fusion cross sections are compared with experimental data. The fluctuations associated with the collective variables which are involved during fast fission and compound nucleus fission are treated within the framework of the linear response theory. The study of mass distributions supports the existence of fast fission with medium systems as an intermediate mechanism between the deep inelastic collisions and the compound nucleus formation.     

几何构型不同的Na团簇碰撞动力学研究

采用距离相关紧密束缚的分子动力学模型,在不同碰撞能量以及不同的碰撞参数下,研究了两种构型的Na6(2D),Na6(3D)与Na8团簇间的碰撞.讨论了反应机制的变化,即全融合、深度非弹、非弹性碰撞过程.结果表明:构型不同的团簇与相同的靶碰撞显示了不同的特征.低能时Na6(3D)易融合;DIC反应时,易于形成大的团簇 关键词： Na团簇 原子团簇碰撞 紧束缚模型