微重力准稳态池沸腾中的气泡动力学研究

本文实验研究了微重力条件下的准稳态核态池沸腾现象中的气泡动力学特征及其对传热特性的影响,发现在低过冷度沸腾中,聚合汽泡表面的强烈振荡促进了整个加热面上的核化过程与核态沸腾传热;而高过冷沸腾中,聚合气泡在表面张力作用下呈球状,难以覆盖整个加热表面,导致核态沸腾向膜态沸腾的过度过程表现为"核态沸腾+局部的干斑扩展"现象,相应的传热曲线没有明显转折.微重力条件下池沸腾临界热流随过冷度和压力的增加而升高,与地面结果定性相符.     

不锈钢棒材形状对淬冷沸腾的影响研究

对平底和圆底两种不同形状不锈钢圆柱棒在不同过冷度下的淬冷沸腾进行了可视化实验研究。结合导热反问题实验方法处理,对比分析了棒材形状和过冷度对淬冷沸腾过程气膜演变和最小膜态沸腾温度的影响,结果表明：相对于平底,圆底棒材底部圆滑使气膜不易破裂,延长了淬冷沸腾的时间;随着过冷度的增加,壁面冷却速率增大,膜态沸腾时间缩短,最小膜态沸腾温度升高,临界热流密度增大,促进了淬冷沸腾的进行。最终建立了最小膜态沸腾温度与过冷度的关系式。     

竖直平壁上双组分混合液膜态沸腾换热解析研究

本文应用近似解析方法对双组分混合液在竖直平壁上的膜态沸腾换热进行了理论分析,得到了其平均膜态换热系数的解析计算式,并通过三种典型的双组分混合液例证了传质过程对换热的影响。     

流态化固体颗粒对对流沸腾传热的强化

在对流沸腾系统中引入固体颗粒,固体颗粒在液体中呈流态化,从而形成气液固三相对流沸腾过程。对气液固三相流对流沸腾过程的传热特性进行了实验研究,结果表明流态化固体颗粒对液体的对流沸腾传热具有显著的强化作用。基于固体颗粒撞击沸腾气泡时的受力分析,获得了固体颗粒穿透气泡并使气泡破碎的条件,分析了流态化固体颗粒强化沸腾传热的机理。实验结果与理论分析符合良好。     

混合悬浮液中纳米颗粒对核化形态的影响

均相沸腾活化核心的形成靠液体分子(或密度)脉动形成,低过热温度下临界活化核心比纳米颗粒本身粒径要大很多,颗粒添加的影响相对很小,依旧保持为均相沸腾。随着液体过热温度的增加至临界活化核心与颗粒尺寸可比时,颗粒才有可能成为新的活化核心,液体内部的均相沸腾也转变为非均相沸腾,但在考虑颗粒吸附的情况下,颗粒的吸附会使表面部分核化中心失去活性,弱化了原有非均相核化。     

VOSET方法计算膜态沸腾的不同流态

本文在VOSET界面捕捉方法的基础上对控制方程进行修正,使其能够计算带相变的两相流问题,然后用这种方法计算水平壁面上的膜态沸腾。模拟得到的平均Nu数与Klimenko的关联式的计算结果基本一致。计算结果表明,在较低的壁面过热度下,膜态沸腾呈现气泡状流动;在较高的壁面过热度下,膜态沸腾呈现气带状流动。     

粗糙度对铁铬铝在骤冷过程中沸腾传热影响的实验研究

铁铬铝作为事故容错燃料包壳的主要候选材料,能够抑制反应堆在严重事故下产氢释能的风险,提高反应堆的事故耐受能力。本文基于可视化方法研究了不同粗糙度的铁铬铝在骤冷过程中沸腾传热行为,通过一维导热反问题求解计算铁铬铝的表面热流密度和温度,分析了液体过冷度和粗糙度对铁铬铝骤冷行为的影响。研究结果表明随着过冷度的增大,铁铬铝的骤冷时间减小,最小膜态沸腾温度增大。铁铬铝表面的膜态沸腾换热与粗糙度无关,最小膜态沸腾温度受表面亲水性影响显著。     

浸没在多孔介质中的竖直管沸腾换热实验研究

本文对竖直管外填充固体颗粒情况下，蒸馏水和无水乙醇两种工质的池沸腾换热现象进行了实验研究，分析了颗粒直径以及工质热物性对竖直管液池沸腾换热特性，包括沸腾滞后的影响规律，证明了在填充固体颗粒条件下，竖直管的池沸腾换热可以得到一定程度的强化，在低热负荷区，强化效果尤为明显。大颗粒对沸腾滞后现象有较好的缓解作用。在高热负荷区，由于气膜的出现，沸腾机理将有所改变。     

使用界面追踪对膜态沸腾的数值研究

提出一种计算带相变的自由界面的数值算法.基于分段线性界面重构(PLIC)的VOF(volume-of-fluid)方法用于追踪自由界面,并对汽液交界面上的相变导致的不连续速度场给出处理方法.此方法容易实施且被证明是有效的.流场的求解使用SIMPLE方法,表面张力使用连续表面力模型(CSF)进行计算.在三维直角坐标系下,模拟了水平壁面上的膜态沸腾,在二维适体坐标系下,模拟了竖直圆头柱体表面的自然对流膜态沸腾.计算结果与理论关系式符合较好.     

沸腾核化的异相扰动与叠加模型

本文提出沸腾核化的异相扰动与叠加模型,讨论各种扰动特性及对核化的作用。应用新的模型,可定性分析解释不同非均匀核化的物理过程与机制,进一步充实对微小尺度液体提出“汽化空间”与“拟沸腾”两个新概念的内涵并给出更明确的物理含意。     

COUNTERCURRENT FLOODING IN VERTICAL-TO-INCLINED PIPES

Countercurrent flooding data have been obtained using air and water for vertical-to-downwardly inclined pipes containing elbows of varying angles. Experiments were performed with six different test sections, all having an inner diameter of 51 mm and a 1-m-tong vertical tube connected to an inclined or horizontal tube

The flooding data for 112.5° and 135° elbow angles were almost identical and showed that these geometries required the largest gas flow rates for flooding among all the geometries tested. The flooding gas velocities for the 157.5° elbow were slightly less than those of the 112.5° and 135° elbows but greater than those of the vertical pipe without any elbow and vertical-to-horizontal pipes at low to moderate liquid flow rates

In all vertical-to-inclined pipes, flooding was initiated in the inclined section at about 15 to 50 cm downstream of the elbow. Due to the countercurrent flow of gas, the liquid stream just downstream of the elbow became highly agitated and a frothy mixture was carried upstream by gas at flooding. At moderate to high liquid flow rates, the liquid was deflected off at the elbow to form a turbulent, jetlike stream that partially broke up into droplets, These droplets were, at the onset of flooding, entrained and carried over by the gas stream

Comparison of the data with the slugging correlation at low liquid flow rates and with the liquid entrainment/carryover model at high liquid flow rates suggested that these mechanisms are likely responsible for flooding in vertical-to-inclined pipes.     

微重力池沸腾实验研究

本文利用我国第22颗返回式卫星开展了微重力条件下过冷池沸腾传热实验研究.实验中采用桥式自反馈电路控制加热面温度,加热元件为长30 mm、直径60 μm的铂丝,实验工质为0.1 MPa压力下过冷度为26℃的R113.实验发现,沸腾起始温度不受重力水平影响,而微重力核态沸腾传热略有增强,汽泡脱落行为也有着不同的特征.     

光管及窄环隙流道池沸腾换热实验研究

本文在常压下以水为工质,对管外及窄环隙流道池沸腾换热进行了可视化实验,结果表明：汽泡扰动并不是沸腾换热系数高的主要原因,液体过冷使核沸腾的换热能力降低,窄隙流道内的沸腾换热机理与普通的大容积沸腾没有明显区别。文中还根据观察和测量到的结果对一些换热现象重新进行了解释。     

微尺度水平单管内流动沸腾特性实验研究

对非共沸混合工质R134a/R32(75/25)在水平微尺度管道内的流动沸腾换热实验结果进行了分析和讨论,以探究微细通道内流动沸腾换热的主导机制。对影响其换热的多种因素(热流密度、质量流量和质量干度)进行了分析,实验得出,当质量干度较低时,热流密度和质量流量共同控制着微尺度管内的换热方式,当热流密度的影响占主导地位时,管道内的换热以核态沸腾为主;当质量流量的影响占主导地位时,管道内的换热以强制对流为主。     

NUCLEATE POOL BOILING HEAT TRANSFER OF BINARY MIXTURES WITH DIFFERENT BOILING RANGES

The nucleate pool boiling heat transfer data on a smooth flat surface were measured for three binary mixtures of HC600a/HFC134a, HC600a/HC290, and HC600a/HFC23. Much effort was made to investigate the influence of the boiling range on the pool-boiling heat transfer performance. From the experimental results, the HC600a/HFC23 mixture with a wide boiling range showed lower heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) than the mixture with a narrow boiling range such as HC600a/HFC134a and HC600a/HC290 systems. The measured data were also compared with the results predicted by five well-known correlations. It can be found that the average deviation is less than 25% for mixtures with narrow boiling ranges, but a larger deviation for mixtures with wide boiling ranges.     

The effect of oxide layer in case of novel coolant spray at very high initial surface temperature

The significant reduction of Leidenfrost effect during the cooling of high carbon steel plate by different potential cooling methodologies does not assure their successful implementation in the fast quenching of high carbon steel plate due to the formation of oxide layer of comparatively low thermal conductivity on the quenching surface. Therefore, the role of oxide layer in case of different potential cooling methodologies needs to be addressed. In the present study, the effect of oxide layer on heat transfer rate in case of upward, downward, and both upward and downward facing spray with additives has been investigated by conducting and comparing the heat transfer cooling data of an AISI 1020 plate with the AISI 304 plate. The comparison clearly depicts that the formation of oxide layer during cooling significantly hinders the heat transfer rate in nucleate boiling regime; however, the reverse phenomenon is observed in transition boiling regime. Among all the coolants, the least effect of oxide layer on enhancement is obtained in case of NaCl (0.4 M)-added water spray due to the deposition of salt on the evaporating surface. The X-ray diffraction analysis and the thickness of the formed oxide layer clearly assert that the coolant depicting minimum oxidation characteristic is preferred.

Abbreviations: AISI: American iron and steel institute; OES: Optical emission spectrophotometer; CHF: Critical heat flux, MW/m²; IHF: Initial heat flux, MW/m²; T_CHF: Temperature at which CHF is achieved, °C; Fps: Frames per second; XRD: X-Ray diffraction; k₁: Thermal conductivity of steel plate, W/m °C; k₂: Thermal conductivity of oxide layer, W/m °C; k₃: Thermal conductivity of coolant, W/m °C; X: x-axis, mm; Y: y-axis, mm; Z: z-axis, mm     

PTFE疏水修饰法消除多孔表面的沸腾迟滞现象

微纳多孔结构表面在提高沸腾传热性能的同时,通常也会伴随着沸腾迟滞现象出现.以底部树林状阵列结构、上部蜂窝状微纳双尺度多孔结构为基础的双层多孔表面在展示出良好性能的同时,也出现了沸腾迟滞现象。本文通过电泳沉积PTFE修饰的方法,降低多孔表面成核壁面过热度,从而基本消除双层多孔表面的沸腾迟滞效应。另外,修饰后的双层多孔表面的CHF和最大HTC与未修饰的双层多孔表面相比提高了20%和19%;和光滑铜表面相比,CHF提高了97%,HTC提高了400%,展现出优异的沸腾传热性能.     

微槽结构和工质对槽内流动沸腾的影响

本文报道实验测试甲醇等低沸点工质在微槽内流动沸腾特性的结果，并对所呈现的起始沸腾区有明显壁温回落等现象作出分析，从而在一定程度上揭示出微型槽道和工质本身特性对流动沸腾特性的影响。