基于VOF方法的带相变的自由界面的计算

对于气液自由界面上存在相变(蒸发、沸腾或凝结)的情况,由于此时不仅物性分布是不连续的,速度场也发生了不连续,这无论对于捕捉或追踪自由界面的算法本身还是流场的求解都带来了一定的困难.本文提出一种基于VOF方法的计算带相变的自由界面的算法,对这种情况下的关键问题一速度场的不连续性给出了解决方法.并用编制的二维程序计算了水平壁面上的膜态沸腾,并将计算结果与理论公式进行了比较.     

VOSET方法计算膜态沸腾的不同流态

本文在VOSET界面捕捉方法的基础上对控制方程进行修正,使其能够计算带相变的两相流问题,然后用这种方法计算水平壁面上的膜态沸腾。模拟得到的平均Nu数与Klimenko的关联式的计算结果基本一致。计算结果表明,在较低的壁面过热度下,膜态沸腾呈现气泡状流动;在较高的壁面过热度下,膜态沸腾呈现气带状流动。     

电场作用下锥翅表面强化池沸腾换热的介观数值方法

采用耦合电场模型的相变格子Boltzmann模型,数值研究了电场作用下锥翅结构表面的饱和池沸腾换热.为了定量分析电场对锥翅结构表面沸腾换热影响的机理,首先在无电场作用下对比调查了平滑表面和锥翅表面的沸腾换热现象.发现锥翅结构在核态沸腾阶段有更多的成核点,沸腾换热性能增强,临界热流密度(critical heat flux,CHF)提高.而在过渡沸腾阶段以及膜态沸腾阶段,由于锥翅结构增加了锥翅表面流体的流动阻力,阻碍了气液交换,换热性能低于平滑表面.基于以上发现,通过对锥翅表面池沸腾过程施加电场,进一步强化了锥翅表面沸腾换热.结果表明,在起始核态沸腾阶段,电场的存在稍微延后了气泡开始成核时间,气泡尺寸减小,沸腾轻微被抑制;充分核态沸腾阶段,由于电场力的作用以及电场与锥翅结构协同表现出的尖端效应,阻止了加热表面干斑的扩散和蔓延,促进沸腾换热;过渡沸腾以及膜态沸腾阶段,尖端效应更加明显,逐渐增大的电场强度使沸腾在更高过热度下处于核态沸腾状态,沸腾换热性能大幅度提高,且CHF逐渐提高.     

粗糙表面池沸腾的介观数值研究

用Gong-Cheng格子Boltzmann方法汽液相变模型数值研究了具有单个和多个微孔的粗糙表面上的池沸腾传热,通过数值模拟得到了含有多个微孔的粗糙加热面上从自然对流区直至膜态沸腾区的池沸腾曲线。模拟结果表明亲水微孔和疏水微孔中存在不同的汽泡成核和生长形态。存在一个临界微孔深度,使得汽泡脱离频率在该处跃升,从而提高沸腾传热量。在粗糙表面上,汽-液-固三相接触线处具有最低的局部温度和最高的局部热流密度。     

液滴撞击热壁面的相变行为研究

本文基于格子Boltzmann方法建立了液滴撞击热壁面的数学模型,研究了撞击过程液滴相变传热机制,重点分析了壁面温度与We数的影响规律.结果表明,随着壁面温度升高,液滴撞击壁面出现接触沸腾、膜态沸腾相变模式.接触沸腾过程中液滴内部与壁面接触的三相线附近出现最大局部热流.当壁面温度超过Leidenfrost点后,撞击液滴因界面蒸发产生的气膜托举作用而与壁面无接触地铺展、回缩直至完全反弹形成膜态沸腾,这一阶段液滴所能达到的最大铺展因子与液滴We数呈幂次关系(指数为0.313).     

气流床气化炉壁面熔渣行为模拟

本文对气流床煤气化炉内高温合成气和壁面渣层的流动与传热传质过程进行了分析,建立了渣层流动、传热传质和相变数理模型,采用VOF方法对渣层和气体之间自由界面进行追踪,采用射线追踪方法(DTRM)计算辐射换热,采用焓法计算渣层相变,熔融态渣滴在渣层表面的沉积通过源项引入.应用所建立的数学模型对实验室规模的Texaco煤气化炉进行了模拟.结果表明:气化炉壁面换热系数从上到下先增加再减少最后再增加;炉膛温度升高,固态渣层厚度减少;壁面温度升高,固态渣层厚度减少.     

PLIC方法在浮法成型模拟中的应用

通过分析浮法玻璃生产工艺,建立了玻璃液流动的数学模型,引入连续表面力模型(CSF)计算玻璃液运动界面上的表面张力,并使用连续变化处理模型(CTT)对界面物性间断进行连续性处理,提高了数值计算的鲁棒性。在此基础上,采用分段线性方法(PLIC)重构玻璃液、锡液、保护气体之间的自由界面,追踪玻璃液的运动。对不同唇砖坡度的皮尔金顿锡槽入口端进行了模拟,结果表明:PLIC方法能获得具有较高精细性的自由界面,玻璃液进入锡槽后,存在部分玻璃液向后流动的情况,形成滞流,这部分玻璃液由于在高温区停留时间较长,容易造成玻璃质量缺陷,为了避免玻璃液与耐火砖接触,需提供足够滞流区。     

金属钨熔化过程的分子动力学模拟

本文使用分子动力学方法对金属钨的熔化过程进行了数值模拟,分析了钨在熔化过程中的结构、系统内能变化以及表面熔化过程固-液界面变化情况,初步分析了表面熔化现象的机理。模拟过程采用嵌入原子模型(EAM)描述原子间相互作用,模拟结果表明,嵌入原子模型适合于计算固-液相变过程,表面熔化过程是由表面处最外层原子的不稳定性触发的。对于均匀熔化过程,晶体在4700 K下发生固-液相变;对于表面熔化过程,计算获得了不同温度(3800～4800 K)下的熔化速度,拟合出熔化速度公式,得到的表面熔化热力学熔点与已有实验结果基本符合。     

粗糙度对铁铬铝在骤冷过程中沸腾传热影响的实验研究

铁铬铝作为事故容错燃料包壳的主要候选材料,能够抑制反应堆在严重事故下产氢释能的风险,提高反应堆的事故耐受能力。本文基于可视化方法研究了不同粗糙度的铁铬铝在骤冷过程中沸腾传热行为,通过一维导热反问题求解计算铁铬铝的表面热流密度和温度,分析了液体过冷度和粗糙度对铁铬铝骤冷行为的影响。研究结果表明随着过冷度的增大,铁铬铝的骤冷时间减小,最小膜态沸腾温度增大。铁铬铝表面的膜态沸腾换热与粗糙度无关,最小膜态沸腾温度受表面亲水性影响显著。     

格子Boltzmann方法模拟气泡生长脱离

格子Boltzmann方法具有微介观的特性,能够自动捕捉和追踪界面,在多相流领域有广阔的应用前景。对于伴有气液相变的传热问题,格子Boltzmann方法已有模型较少,其中有一部分是通过质量变化间接反映相变过程,不能真实反映温度场的演化和影响。本文采用了模拟多相流动和分离的自由能模型,结合基于Stefan边界的相变传热模型,考虑壁面自由能对流体与壁面间润湿性的影响,模拟了静态接触角、过热壁面的气泡生长和脱离,并进行了更接近真实沸腾过程的随机生成气泡的模拟,以及流动沸腾的气泡生长和脱离的模拟。     

The influence of an electric field on the heat transfer rate during film boiling of stagnant fluids

This paper describes the influence of an electric field on the heat transfer rate during film boiling of stagnant fluids (pool boiling) on a horizontal surface. Modelling the influence of an electric field on the heat transfer during film boiling requires the knowledge of the equilibrium shape of the liquid-vapour interface. This equilibrium shape is calculated using an iterative solution technique. In each iteration step a fourth order Runge-Kutta technique is used to calculate the shape of the interface and a boundary element method is used to calculate the electric field. It is shown that the vapour bubbles formed on this interface become elongated in the presence of an electric field. This effect is accounted for in the existing heat transfer models in order to describe the influence of the electric field on the heat transfer coefficient during film boiling.     

A Volume of Fluid Based Method for Fluid Flows with Phase Change

This paper presents a numerical method directed towards the simulation of flows with mass transfer due to changes of phase. We use a volume of fluid (VOF) based interface tracking method in conjunction with a mass transfer model and a model for surface tension. The bulk fluids are viscous, conducting, and incompressible. A one-dimensional test problem is developed with the feature that a thin thermal layer propagates with the moving phase interface. This test problem isolates the ability of a method to accurately calculate the thermal layers responsible for driving the mass transfer in boiling flows. The numerical method is tested on this problem and then is used in simulations of horizontal film boiling.     

Modeling Three-Dimensional Multiphase Flow Using a Level Contour Reconstruction Method for Front Tracking without Connectivity

Three-dimensional multiphase flow and flow with phase change are simulated using a simplified method of tracking and reconstructing the phase interface. The new level contour reconstruction technique presented here enables front tracking methods to naturally, automatically, and robustly model the merging and breakup of interfaces in three-dimensional flows. The method is designed so that the phase surface is treated as a collection of physically linked but not logically connected surface elements. Eliminating the need to bookkeep logical connections between neighboring surface elements greatly simplifies the Lagrangian tracking of interfaces, particularly for 3D flows exhibiting topology change. The motivation for this new method is the modeling of complex three-dimensional boiling flows where repeated merging and breakup are inherent features of the interface dynamics. Results of 3D film boiling simulations with multiple interacting bubbles are presented. The capabilities of the new interface reconstruction method are also tested in a variety of two-phase flows without phase change. Three-dimensional simulations of bubble merging and droplet collision, coalescence, and breakup demonstrate the new method's ability to easily handle topology change by film rupture or filamentary breakup. Validation tests are conducted for drop oscillation and bubble rise. The susceptibility of the numerical method to parasitic currents is also thoroughly assessed.     

超疏水纳米结构表面池沸腾特性

本文通过采用物理气相沉积法于TiO2纳米管阵列表面修饰一层聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)纳米颗粒,得到超疏水表面,并研究此超疏水纳米结构表面的池沸腾特性.研究表明,超疏水纳米结构表面沸腾特性类似于膜沸腾,沸腾工质难以浸润该表面,其沸腾传热系数及临界热流密度均较低.分析表明,固液处于Cassie-Baxter接触状态,纳米结构表...     

A hybrid level set-volume constraint method for incompressible two-phase flow

A second-order hybrid level set-volume constraint method (HLSVC) for numerically simulating deforming boundaries is presented. We combine the HLSVC interface advection algorithm with a two phase flow solver in order to numerically capture deforming bubbles and drops whose actual volume (s) fluctuate about fixed “target” volume (s). Three novel developments are described: (1) a new method for enforcing a volume constraint in which the number of bubbles and drops can change due to merging or splitting, (2) a new, second order, semi-lagrangian narrow band level set reinitialization algorithm, and (3) validation of a two-phase flow numerical method by comparison with linear stability analysis results for a co-flowing liquid jet in gas. The new interface capturing method is tested on benchmark problems in which the velocity is prescribed (passive advection of interfaces) and in which the velocity is determined by the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations for two-phase flow. The error in interface position when using the hybrid level set-volume constraint method is reported for many benchmark problems in polar coordinates, cylindrical coordinates, and on an adaptive grid in which one criteria of adaptivity is the magnitude of the interface curvature.     

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介绍了过冷沸腾换热的数值模拟方法以及在EAST第一壁组件冷却系统中的应用.采用双流体模型,系统分析了过冷沸腾壁面换热过程中存在的各种换热模式,给出了Fluent软件封闭关系式中所需的质量、动量以及能量的交换项的形式.采用用户自定义函数(UDF)模拟壁面沸腾气化过程,对提出的模拟方法与已发表的实验数据对比进行了校核,得出合理的结论.最后分析了过冷沸腾两相流在EAST第一壁中的工程应用,模拟了热沉冷却结构的沸腾换热现象.为EAST PFCs的冷却结构优化提供了依据.     

TeSeIn相变记录薄膜的微观特性研究

TeSeIn是一种可逆光存贮介质.分别用单源热蒸发和磁控溅射制备TeSeIn膜.利用透射电镜(TEM)研究了膜的结构和微观形貌.利用俄歇剖面技术(AES-PRO)给出了膜的组分深度剖面,分析了TeSeIn记录介质膜与ZnS保护膜界面间的互扩散大小.利用X光电子能谱(XPS)分析了组元深能级结合能的化学位移.最后根据上面实验结果简要讨论了制备稳定的多元记录介质膜的方法.     

ELECTRIC FIELD EFFECTS ON FILM BOILING ON A WIRE

Experimental results concerning pool film boiling on a wire under the action of an externally imposed electric field are reported. The working fluid was saturated R113 at atmospheric pressure, the heaters were platinum wires of 0.2, 0.3, and 0.6 mm diameter. An electrostatic field of cylindrical geometry was created around the wire by means of a 60-mm-diameter cylindrical cage in order to assess electrohydrodynamic (EHD) effects on boiling. Voltages up to 15 kV d.c. were applied. The results showed that two different film boiling regimes, separated by an additional boiling crisis, can exist in the presence of an electric field. The first regime, at low wire superheat, is strongly influenced by the electric field, showing a remarkable heat transfer enhancement with increasing voltage. The second one, at higher superheat, is weakly dependent on the field strength and almost coincident with the zero field one. The two film boiling regimes are separated by a transition characterized by a hysteresis cycle, similar to the one between nucleate boiling and first film boiling regime.     

多孔介质流动沸腾微观模型实验研究

多孔通道内流动沸腾广泛应用于热管、高效换热器、航天热防护等领域,认识孔隙尺度相变典型行为及特点有助于理解多孔介质内沸腾传热机理,进而改进多孔介质内部流体相变模型。基于此,本文搭建了二维多孔介质内流动沸腾实验台,对微米级多孔通道内部流动沸腾现象及气泡行为进行研究。实验发现在毛细力、黏性力和惯性力的共同作用下,多孔介质内的流动沸腾形态显著区别于直通道内的沸腾,存在局部气泡堵塞、合并和液膜蒸干、再润湿等行为。该研究有助于增强对相变过程的理解,并为多孔结构优化设计提供指导。