NaOH-NaAl(OH)4-H2O溶液体系渗透系数的测定及离子作用模型

用等压法测定了在303.15 K时总碱质量摩尔浓度mNaOH(T)从0.61 mol/kg到5.72 mol/kg, 苛性比αK从1.98到7.04的NaOH-NaAl(OH)4-H2O溶液体系的等压平衡浓度和渗透系数, 并得到该溶液体系的水活度. 用Pitzer模型对实验结果进行了参数化研究, 拟合求得了离子相互作用参数. 用Pitzer模型计算的渗透系数值与实验结果一致. 用获得的参数计算了NaOH和NaAl(OH)4在NaOH-NaAl(OH)4-H2O溶液体系中的活度系数, 其值随总碱质量摩尔浓度的增加呈增加的趋势.     

混合溶剂中标准pH参考值的研究——KHPh(0.05 mol/kg)+KCl+异丙醇+水体系

应用电动势法在10%、14.93%和20%异丙醇+水混合溶剂中测定了0.05mol/kg邻苯二甲酸氢钾(KHPh)缓冲溶液在278.15～318.15K范围内的标准pH参考值,根据Pitzer理论,提出了确定各离子活度系数的新方法,计算了邻苯二甲酸的第二级热力学解离常数和相应的热力学量。     

稀散金属化合物水溶液热力学研究Ⅰ.HCl+GaCl3+H2O体系

在HCl+GaCl3+H2O体系中,恒定五个总离子强度I=0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0,1.5 mol/kg,控制混合电解质中氯化镓离子强度分数YB=0.0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7,并在278.15～318.15 K范围内测定了五个温度的无液接电池:Pt|H2 (101.325 kPa)| HCl (mA), GaCl3 (mB), H2O|AgCl|Ag的电动势.根据150个实验点的电动势数据,确定了HCl的活度系数及其随氯化镓浓度变化规律,结果发现HCl活度系数遵守Harned规则.同时本文在Pitzer电解质溶液理论基础上提出了一个确定氯化镓的Pitzer参数和活度系数的方法,指出了氯化镓在这个混合电解质溶液中遵守扩展的Harned规则.     

稀散金属化合物水溶液热力学研究 1: HCL+GaCl3+H2O体系

在HCl+GaCl3+H2O体系中,恒定五个总离子强度I=0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0,1.5mol/kg,控制混合电解质中氯化镓离子强度分数YB=0.0,0.1,0.3,0.5,0.7,并在278.15～318.15K范围内测定了五个温度的无液接电池：Pt|H2(101.325kPa)|HCl(mA),GaCl3(mB),H2O|AgCl|Ag的电动势。根据150个实验点的电动势数据,确定了HCl的活系数及其随氯化镓浓度变化规律,结果发现HCl活度系数遵守Harned规则。同时本文在Pitzer电解质溶液理论基础上提出一个确定氯化镓的pitzer参数和活度系数的方法,指出了氯化镓在这个混合电解质溶液中遵守扩展的Harned规则。     

稀散金属化合物水溶液热力学研究 1: HCL+GaCl3+H2O体系

在HCl+GaCl3+H2O体系中,恒定五个总离子强度I=0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0,1.5mol/kg,控制混合电解质中氯化镓离子强度分数YB=0.0,0.1,0.3,0.5,0.7,并在278.15～318.15K范围内测定了五个温度的无液接电池：Pt|H2(101.325kPa)|HCl(mA),GaCl3(mB),H2O|AgCl|Ag的电动势。根据150个实验点的电动势数据,确定了HCl的活系数及其随氯化镓浓度变化规律,结果发现HCl活度系数遵守Harned规则。同时本文在Pitzer电解质溶液理论基础上提出一个确定氯化镓的pitzer参数和活度系数的方法,指出了氯化镓在这个混合电解质溶液中遵守扩展的Harned规则。     

含锂水盐体系热力学性质研究:LiCl-MgCl~2-H~O体系渗透系数和活度系数的等压测定

25℃下,用等压法测定了单盐水溶液(浓度范围分别为0.5-19.8mol.kg^-1,0.3-6.0mol.kg^-1)以及混合水溶液(离子强度范围为0.6-19.4mol.kg^-1)的水活度和渗透系数,同时测定了LiCl的溶解度.该体系的实验等水活度线符合本工作推导出的Zdanovskii规则扩展式,用Gibbs-Duhem方程和改进的Mckay-perring方法计算了单盐和混合盐水溶液的活度系数.由本实验获得的渗透系数拟合了Pitzer单盐和混合作用参数,检验了Pitzer方程对该体系渗透系数、活度系数和溶解度预测的适用性.用Pitzer方程取本工作得到的参数计算的溶解度与文献实验值基本一致.     

含锂水盐体系热力学性质研究:LiCl-MgCl~2-H~O体系渗透系数和活度系数的等压测定

25℃下,用等压法测定了单盐水溶液(浓度范围分别为0.5-19.8mol.kg^-1,0.3-6.0mol.kg^-1)以及混合水溶液(离子强度范围为0.6-19.4mol.kg^-1)的水活度和渗透系数,同时测定了LiCl的溶解度.该体系的实验等水活度线符合本工作推导出的Zdanovskii规则扩展式,用Gibbs-Duhem方程和改进的Mckay-perring方法计算了单盐和混合盐水溶液的活度系数.由本实验获得的渗透系数拟合了Pitzer单盐和混合作用参数,检验了Pitzer方程对该体系渗透系数、活度系数和溶解度预测的适用性.用Pitzer方程取本工作得到的参数计算的溶解度与文献实验值基本一致.     

苯酚+环己酮固液平衡的热力学计算

对苯酚+环己酮低温固液平衡体系,直接由相图和基本热力学数据,计算体系热力学性质。使用Gibbs-Duhem方程和四参量GE方程,在220.00～241.00K区间,计算了8个温度的两组元活度系数和GE方程,在241.00K,x2=0.5、GE=783.69J/mol,SE=97.11/(mol.K),HE=24186.69J/mol。241.00K相合熔点化合物的离解平衡ΔrGm=1982.93J/mol,ΔrHm=5753.241J/mol,ΔrSm=15.65J/(mol.K)。体系偏离于规则溶液模型。在化合物存在相区,离解反应的反应焓变和熵变均可视之为常量。液相区不会存在稳定的化合物。     

Ca2+与乳清蛋白结合的亲和毛细管电泳研究

利用亲和毛细管电泳研究了Ca²⁺与α-人乳清蛋白(α-HLA)的结合情况.以恒定浓度α-HLA作为受体,运行缓冲溶液加入不同浓度的Ca²⁺作为配体,可观察到由于Ca²⁺的结合,α-HLA的电泳淌度发生了变化.通过Scatchard方程的淌度比(M)处理数据得到α-HLA与Ca²⁺的表观结合常数(K_app)为2.0×107(mol/L)^-1.同时考察了Ca²⁺对变性剂(尿素)和热诱导所引起的α-HLA去折叠的影响,结果表明,Ca²⁺的结合增强了α-HLA的稳定性,也即提高了α-HLA抗变性剂和热诱导的去折叠性能.     

NaOH-Na2H2SiO4-H2O体系渗透系数的等压法测定及离子作用模型

采用等压法测定了313.15 K下NaOH-Na₂H₂SiO₄-H₂O体系在0.5695～6.4775 mol•kg^－1的离子强度范围及0.1461～0.3158的模数(SiO₂与Na₂O的物质的量比)范围内的等压平衡浓度, 计算了该混合体系的渗透系数和水活度. 用Pitzer离子相互作用模型对实验结果进行了参数化研究, 拟合求取了Pitzer离子相互作用参数. 用Pitzer模型计算的渗透系数值与实验结果一致, 说明该模型能较好的描述NaOH-Na₂H₂SiO₄-H₂O体系的热力学性质. 用Pitzer模型计算得到了该体系的各组分平均活度系数随离子强度及模数的变化规律, 并与Mckay-Perring方程计算得到的NaOH的平均活度系数进行了比较, 指出Mckay-Perring方程的适用性.     

Activity coefficients of CaCl2 in (serine or proline + water) mixtures at T = 298.15 K

Activity coefficients for the (CaCl₂ + amino acid + water) system were determined at a temperature of 298.15 K using ion-selective electrodes. The range of molalities of CaCl₂ is (0.01 to 0.20) mol · kg^?1, and that of amino acids is (0.10 to 0.40) mol · kg^?1. The activity coefficients obtained from the Debye–Hückel extended equation and the Pitzer equation are in good agreement with each other. Results show that the interactions between CaCl₂ and amino acid are controlled mainly by the electrostatic interactions (attraction). Gibbs free energy interaction parameters (g_EA) and salting constants (k_S) are positive, indicating that these amino acids are salted out by CaCl₂. These results are discussed based on group additivity model.     

用电势法测定混合电解质NaCl-Me4NCl-H2O体系在298．15K的活度系数

用电势法测定混合电解质ＮａＣｌ－Ｍｅ_４ＮＣｌ－Ｈ_２Ｏ体系在２９８．１５Ｋ的活度系数阎卫东,姚加,韩世钧,徐奕瑾（浙江大学化学系,杭州,３１００２７）关键词含季铵盐混合电解质,活度系数,渗透系数作为电解质溶液热力学研究工作［１］的继续,本文选择了含季...     

Thermodynamic studies of drug-alpha-cyclodextrin interactions in water at 298.15 K: promazine hydrochloride/chlorpromazine hydrochloride + alpha-cyclodextrin + H(2)O systems

Data on osmotic coefficients have been obtained for a binary aqueous solution of two drugs, namely, promazine hydrochloride (PZ) and chlorpromazine hydrochloride (CPZ) using a vapor pressure osmometer at 298.15 K. The observed critical micelle concentration (cmc) agrees excellently with the available literature data. The measurements are extended to aqueous ternary solutions containing fixed a concentration of alpha-cyclodextrin (alpha-CD) of 0.1 mol kg(-1) and varied concentrations (approximately 0.005-0.2 mol kg(-1)) of drugs at 298.15 K. It has been found that the cmc values increase by the addition of alpha-CD. The mean molal activity coefficients of the ions and the activity coefficient of alpha-CD in binary as well as ternary solutions were obtained, which have been further used to calculate the excess Gibbs free energies and transfer Gibbs free energies. The lowering of the activity coefficients of ions and of alpha-CD is attributed to the existence of host-guest (inclusion)-type complex equilibria. It is suggested that CPZ forms 2:1 and 1:1 complexed species with alpha-CD, while PZ forms only 1:1 complexed species. The salting constant (ks) values are determined at 298.15 K for promazine-alpha-CD and chlorpromazine-alpha-CD complexes, respectively, by following the method based on the application of the McMillan-Mayer theory of virial coefficients to transfer free energy data. It is noted that the presence of chlorine in the drug molecule imparts better complexing capacity, the effect of which gets attenuated as a result of hydrophobic interaction. The results are discussed from the point of view of associative equilibria before the cmc and complexed equilibria for binary and ternary solutions, respectively.     

Effect of Tryptophan and Asparagine Structure on the Enthalpic Characteristics of Their Dissolution in Aqueous Solutions of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate

The integral enthalpies of dissolution of L-tryptophan and L-asparagine in aqueous solutions of sodium dodecyl sulfate (surfactant) at surfactant concentrations of up to 0.05 mol/kg of the solvent are determined and estimated calorimetrically. Standard values of the enthalpies of dissolution and transfer of amino acids from water to a mixed solvent are calculated. The calculated enthalpy coefficients of pair interactions between amino acids and surfactant molecules have positive values. Hydrophobic interactions between amino acids and surfactants have the dominant effect on the enthalpy characteristics of the interaction in a three-component solution.     

Activity coefficients of CaCl2 in (maltose + water) and (lactose + water) mixtures at 298.15 K

Activity coefficients of CaCl₂ in disaccharide {(maltose, lactose) + water} mixtures at 298.15 K were determined by cell potentials. The molalities of CaCl₂ ranged from about 0.01 mol · kg^?1 to 0.20 mol · kg^?1, the mass fractions of maltose from 0.05 to 0.25, and those of lactose from 0.025 to 0.125. The cell potentials were analyzed by using the Debye–Hückel extended equation and the Pitzer equation. The activity coefficients obtained from the two theoretical models are in good agreement with each other. Gibbs free energy interaction parameters (g_ES) and salting constants (k_S) were also obtained. These were discussed in terms of the stereo-chemistry of saccharide molecules and the structural interaction model.     

混合溶剂中多组分电解质溶液热力学性质的研究Ⅱ. HCl+NaCl+2-propanol+H2O体系15～45 ℃

本文在恒定异丙醇摩尔分数x=0.05的条件下, 应用电动势法测定无液体接界电池(A)和电池(B)的电动势:Pt, H_2(latm)|HCl(m), 2-propanol(x), H_2O(1-x)|Agcl-Ag (A)和Pt, H_2(latm)|HCl(m_A), NaCl(m_B), 2-propanol(x), H_2O(1-x)|AgCl-Ag (B)根据电池(A)电动势确定混合溶剂中的Ag-AgCl电极的标准电极电势, 讨论了HCl的迁移性质; 利用电池(B)电动势确定HCl在该体系中的活度系数γ_A, 在恒定总离子强度下, HCl的活度系数遵守Harned规则。在溶液组成恒定时, logγ_A是温度倒数1/T的线性函数, 讨论了混合物中HCl的相对偏摩尔焓, 计算了HCl的一级、二级和总介质效应。     

醋酸离子液体[C2mim][OAc]水溶液的摩尔表面Gibbs自由能

在288.15-318.15 K温度范围内测定了不同浓度离子液体1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑醋酸盐([C₂mim][OAc])水溶液的表面张力和密度;在改进李以圭等人的溶液表面张力模型基础上,提出摩尔表面Gibbs自由能新概念,建立了摩尔表面Gibbs自由能随溶液浓度变化的线性经验方程,利用这个经验方程估算了[C₂mim][OAc]水溶液的摩尔表面Gibbs自由能,并进一步预测了该溶液的表面张力,其预测值与相应的表面张力实验值高度相关并非常相似。由此可见,摩尔表面Gibbs自由能与等张比容极其类似,可能成为预测离子液体及其溶液性质的一种新的半经验方法。在指定溶液浓度下,根据溶液的摩尔表面Gibbs自由能随温度呈线性变化的规律,得到了新的Eötvös方程,与传统的Eötvös方程相比,新Eötvös方程的每一个参数都有明确的物理意义:斜率的负值是摩尔表面熵,截距是摩尔表面焓,在指定浓度的溶液中摩尔表面焓几乎不随温度变化。     

Freezing points and enthalpies of dilute aqueous solutions of tetrahydropyran, 1,3-dioxane, 1,4-dioxane,and 1,3,5-trioxane. Free energies and enthalpies of solute-solute interactions

The enthalpies of dilute aqueous solutions of tetrahydropyran, 1,3-dioxane, 1,4-dioxane, 1,2,5-trioxane, and an equimolal mixture of tetrahydropyran and 1,3,5-trioxane were measured at 25°C and at molalities from about 0.1 to 1.0 mol kg¹. The freezing points of the same aqueous solutions (except for 1,3-dioxane) were measured over a similar molality range. The results were used to calculate the enthalpies and Gibbs free energies of the pair-wise interactions of the above solutes in dilute aqueous solutions at 25°C. From these results, the additivity principle proposed by Savage and Wood was used to get the Gibbs free energy and enthalpies of interaction for the ether-ether and ether-methylene groups. Because of the limited number of measurements, the interaction parameters were not determined with great precision. Nevertheless, the standard errors for the predicted enthalpies and Gibbs free energies are quite reasonable. The signs and magnitudes are similiar to those determined for other polar groups.     

乙二醇和水混合溶剂多组分电解质热力学

在乙二醇和水混合溶剂中恒定乙二醇质量分数w=0.1的条件下，应用经典的电动势方法测定无液体接界电池的电动势: Pt，H2 (105 Pa )│HCl (质量摩尔浓度m)， C2H6O2 (w), H2O (1－w)│AgCl-Ag (A) Pt，H2 (105 Pa )│HCl (mA), NaCl(mB), C2H6O2 (w), H2O (1－w)│AgCl-Ag (B) 根据测得电池(A)的电动势，确定混合溶剂中AgCl-Ag电极的标准电极电势，讨论了HCl的迁移性质.利用电池（B）的电动势，计算出HCl的活度系数γA.结果表明，在溶液中总离子强度保持恒定， HCl的活度系数服从Harned规则.在溶液组成恒定时， lgγA是温度倒数1/T的线性函数. 进一步讨论了混合物中HCl的相对偏摩尔焓和介质效应.     

特丁醇和水混合溶剂多组分电解质热力学HCI-NaCI-tert.-C~4H~9OH-H~2O体系(5-45℃)

本文在恒定特丁醇质量分数x=0.10的条件下, 应用电动势法测定了无液接界电池(A)和电池(B)的电动势:Pt,H~2(1.013×10^5Pa)|HCI(m),tert.-C~4H~9OH(x),H~2O(1-x)|AgCI-Ag (A)Pt,H~2(1.013×10^5Pa)|HCI(m),NaCI(m~B),tert.-C~4H~9OH(x),H~2O(1-x)|AgCI-Ag (B)