硫堇与DNA分子作用机理的光谱研究

用紫外-可见吸收光谱、荧光光谱、圆二色谱和光电子能谱等光谱方法研究了硫堇(TH)与小牛胸腺DNA(CT-DNA)的作用机理。实验结果表明,在pH 7.2的磷酸盐缓冲溶液中, TH与CT-DNA之间的作用方式以嵌入作用为主,嵌入作用使TH的紫外最大吸收峰强度减小,且峰位发生红移。由紫外光谱实验结果线性拟合求得TH与CT-DNA的表观结合常数K＝1.45×104 L·mol-1。荧光光谱实验结果表明：TH与CT-DNA的嵌入作用使TH的荧光发生强烈猝灭,猝灭常数K_SV为1.01×104 L·mol-1。嵌入作用位点主要发生在CT-DNA的鸟嘌呤(G)-胞嘧啶(C)碱基序列富集区。通过对TH的光电子能谱中N,S原子的结合能变化分析,TH分子以杂环上S原子端与CT-DNA的G-C碱基对结合,两者的相互作用对CT-DNA的二级结构构象产生影响。     

吸收谱交迭的双组分混合液的荧光谱校正研究

荧光内滤效应以及样品池中荧光物质对激发光的吸收分布会直接影响荧光谱的强度和谱形,共同制约荧光分析法的应用。使用吸收谱及荧光谱存在交迭的双组分混合溶液,研究一种新的基于物理吸收模型的校正方法,以校正荧光内滤效应及吸收分布对荧光强度的影响。对三聚噻吩和五聚噻吩混合液的光谱研究表明,使用所述校正方法可以达到较为理想的校正效果, 误差小于5%。     

Applications of synchrotron X-ray nano-probes in the field of cultural heritage

Synchrotron-based techniques are increasingly used in the field of cultural heritage, and this review focuses notably on the application of nano-beams to access high-spatial-resolution information on fragments sampled in historical or model artworks. Depending on the targeted information, various nano-analytical techniques can be applied, providing both identification and localization of the various components. More precisely, nano-X-ray fluorescence probes elements, nano-X-ray diffraction identify crystalline phases, and nano X-ray absorption spectroscopy is sensitive to speciation. Furthermore, computed tomography-based techniques can provide useful information about the morphology and in particular the porosity of materials.     

X射线荧光光谱检测多层薄膜样品的增强效应研究

研究了X射线荧光光谱检测多层薄膜样品的增强效应。根据多层膜中的X荧光强度理论计算公式编写了计算机程序,并计算了Zn/Fe和Fe/Zn双层膜样品中不同薄膜厚度时Fe Kα的一次荧光强度、二次荧光强度、二次荧光与一次荧光强度比以及二次荧光在总荧光强度中比例。研究发现,在多层膜样品的X射线荧光分析中,激发条件不变的情况下,元素谱线的一次荧光相对强度、二次荧光相对强度和二次荧光在总荧光强度中所占比例都随薄膜厚度及位置的变化而变化。当Fe和Zn层厚度相同时,随厚度的变化,对于Fe/Zn样品,Fe Kα二次荧光强度占总荧光强度最高为9％,而对于Zn/Fe样品这一比例最高可达35％。     

HSA-磷钼杂多酸缔合纳米微粒体系荧光猝灭机理研究

在pH 7.40的Tris-HCl缓冲溶液中, 磷钼杂多酸(PMA)呈浅黄色,在可见光区没有明显的吸收峰;人血清白蛋白(HSA) 呈无色,在可见光区也没有明显的吸收峰,但在350 nm处有一荧光峰。当有PMA存在时,HSA与PMA形成缔合纳米微粒, HSA-PMA缔合纳米微粒的粒径约为80 nm。经研究发现HSA对PMA有增色和减色效应,PMA对HSA有荧光猝灭作用;PMA对色氨酸(Trp)和酪氨酸(Tyr)也有一定的荧光猝灭作用,但这两种荧光猝灭机理不同,且没有形成缔合纳米微粒。PMA对色氨酸(Trp)和酪氨酸的荧光猝灭作用主要是由于PMA 在发射波长范围内存在一定的分子吸收,即通常所报道过的能量转移所至。研究结果表明,HSA-PMA缔合纳米微粒和界面的形成是导致该体系的荧光猝灭、共振散射增强及增色和减色效应的根本原因。     

毛细管聚焦的X射线荧光光谱拟合软件的开发及应用

基于Python语言设计了一款毛细管聚焦的X射线荧光光谱拟合软件QMXRS（quantitative analysis of micro-energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectra）并实现其在毛细管聚焦的X射线荧光光谱拟合方面的应用。QMXRS具有小波降噪、本底扣除、能量刻度、元素特征峰的识别、分峰和拟合、能谱的批处理和元素分布成像等功能。毛细管聚焦的X射线荧光分析技术采用毛细管X光透镜对X射线源激发出的X射线束进行聚焦导致X射线荧光光谱分布发生改变。这一变化影响了毛细管聚焦的X射线荧光光谱本底分布。因此QMXRS利用本底预估模型对毛细管聚焦的X荧光光谱本底进行本底分布的修正;同时在全谱拟合过程中,利用半高宽与能量的关系对高斯峰半高宽进行约束,减少高斯峰模型中变量,在保证全谱拟合收敛的同时提高了拟合速度。为验证上述方法的可行性,分别利用QMXRS,PyMca(python multichannel analyzer)和QXAS(quantitative X-ray analysis system)三款软件分析NIST 610标准样品的毛细管聚焦的微束X射线荧光光谱,并对比三款软件的元素特征峰拟合结果。结果表明,相较于QXAS和PyMca采用的非最小二乘法拟合,QMXRS采用约束化的非线性最小二乘法进行拟合能有效的减少能谱拟合过程中带来的误差,提高分析数据的准确度。     

Algorithm of fundamental parameters for the SEICXRF method

An algorithm based on fundamental parameters and applied to the SEICXRF method, developed by one of the authors, is presented. The methodology used in the calculation is similar to the Rousseau fundamental parameters method, but the main difference is the considerations about the x‐ray secondary fluorescence. In the new experimental method, the fluorescence yield by photons corresponding to the absorption edges with energies greater than the absorption edge energy of analyte does not occur. This secondary fluorescence appears in the calculation of the total fluorescence as a consequence of the integral count of the fluorescent emission from the sample. It is created by the primary fluorescence yield of the atoms whose absorption edge energies are less than the primary fluorescence energy of the analyte. The algorithm also considers the effect of the decrease of the sample fluorescent background just at the jump, originated by the change of the absorption coefficient at the absorption edge energy of the element of interest. Considering these two effects, including the primary fluorescence in the calculation, allows one to obtain the net fluorescence originated by the analyte at its own absorption edge. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

X射线光谱技术在生物与生态环境中的应用进展

环境样品中元素的浓度、空间分布和赋存形态等是认识元素的生物功能和环境行为的关键。本文对近年来X射线光谱技术在生物与生态环境中的应用研究进展进行了评述,发现X射线荧光光谱技术可以提供活体植物中元素迁移与分布的定量数据,且微区X射线荧光光谱和X射线吸收谱技术的联用可深入认识生物与元素的相互作用,尤其是生物对元素的吸收、转运、贮存和细胞解毒机制,同时也能够揭示典型环境样品中元素的来源、演化和归趋等环境行为。然而,由于生物和环境样品基质的复杂性和多样性,仍存在一些技术难点与挑战,如X射线荧光自吸收效应的克服、低丰度（5%~10%）的元素形态的准确鉴定,以及对活体细胞中短暂的元素氧化还原反应的捕捉等。     

准波导结构染料薄膜中荧光和放大自发辐射的泄漏模特性

通过理论分析和实验测量,研究准波导结构染料薄膜中荧光和放大自发辐射（ASE）的泄漏模特性。理论上,考虑薄膜传输损耗及染料吸收损耗对准波导结构中泄漏模特性的影响,通过计算准波导结构中泄漏模的光强分布,给出了相应的物理机制分析;实验上,以棱镜为衬底制备染料薄膜,根据棱镜耦合法测量不同出射角对应的泄漏模的荧光与ASE光谱,验证理论的正确性。此外,采用光束分析仪探测各泄漏模式对应的荧光及ASE的光强分布,研究了准波导结构中ASE的激励特性。结果证明,荧光峰及ASE峰的红移以及泄漏模的激发是界面反射率、薄膜传输损耗及染料吸收损耗等共同作用的结果,而界面反射率对ASE泄漏模激发特性有重要影响,染料的自吸收是荧光峰及ASE峰产生红移的主要因素。     

便携式EDXRF分析仪测定土壤中镍元素的含量预测模型研究

论述了便携式能量色散X射线荧光分析仪在土壤重金属元素镍测定过程中,基体效应对测量结果的影响,提出以样品散射的X管的标识靶线(钨靶L_α1线)作为比较标准的特散比校正模型,并在此基础上结合吸收元素校正法对基体效应进行校正,以此建立的含量预测模型,相关系数为0.999,剩余标准差为2.541。利用该模型对土壤标样中镍含量进行测量,与标准值比较,其平均相对误差为3.90%,且精确度较高。     

X射线荧光光谱中散射效应对荧光强度的贡献研究

采用理论计算和实验测定的方法研究了在纯元素样品、BaB二元样品及熔融片样品中三种散射效应对荧光强度的贡献(包括相干散射X射线激发的荧光强度、非相干散射X射线激发的荧光强度以及其他方向的一次荧光X射线被散射进探测方向的强度)大小及其变化规律。研究结果表明,三种散射效应对荧光强度的贡献大小与所研究元素原子特征谱线的能量及样品的基体有关,元素原子的特征谱线能量越高,散射效应对荧光强度的贡献越大;轻基体样品中散射效应对荧光的贡献比重基体样品大。实验证明,将散射效应包括在基本参数法的理论计算中可以有效地提高理论计算的准确度。     

Structure and reactivity of environmental interfaces: Application of grazing angle X-ray spectroscopy and long-period X-ray standing waves

Chemical processes occurring at environmental interfaces (e.g. mineral–fluid, mineral–organic matter and mineral–biofilm interfaces) have a profound impact on the environmental fate and bioavailability of aqueous metals and other contaminant species. However, the direct analysis of molecular scale structure and properties of environmental interfaces, particularly under “high-pressure” or “wet” conditions is highly challenging. Synchrotron based X-ray scattering and spectroscopic approaches offer numerous advantages, such as the high penetrating power and molecular scale information inherent to X-ray techniques. Yet, the ability to localize information content to environmental interfaces requires challenging experimental configurations. Here, the application of grazing angle X-ray fluorescence techniques is reviewed, including the presentation of a model formalism that allows for quantitative analysis of fluorescent yield profiles and discussion of the experimental setup. Illustrative examples are discussed, particularly in the context of combining results of GI measurements with the results of other complementary interface probes such as crystal truncation rod diffraction and X-ray microprobe spectroscopic studies.     

基于密度泛函的甲醇和乙醇荧光特性研究

使用英国爱丁堡FLS920P荧光光谱仪,对甲醇、乙醇的紫外吸收光谱和荧光光谱进行实验检测,得到二者的光谱特征参数。分别采用密度泛函理论(DFT)和单激发组态相互作用(CIS)对二者分子的基态和激发态结构进行优化,并比较两种分子在不同能态下的差异。应用含时密度泛函理论(TD-DFT)的不同泛函结合极化连续介质模型(PCM)在6-31++G(d, p)水平上分别计算了二者的紫外吸收光谱和荧光光谱,与实验结果吻合。分析了甲醇、乙醇荧光产生机理,同时分析了不同泛函对于计算光谱的影响。结果表明：甲醇、乙醇在紫外波段有微弱吸收,在紫外激发下能产生拉曼峰和微弱的荧光峰。甲醇、乙醇的吸收光谱是由里德堡激发产生,产生荧光的轨道跃迁为σ*→π*。泛函OLYP能够较好地重现实验吸收能,而泛函MPWK能够较好地重现实验发射能,并且发现不同的纯泛函计算跃迁能也具有差异性。结果可为醇类分子的分子特性研究提供参考。     

Pressure and scattering regime influence on the EDS profile resolution at a composite interface in environmental SEM

Gas impact on the EDS profile resolution at the interface of composite interface resin/Al was investigated with two gaseous environments: helium and water vapor. Two main components of the global profile at the interface were investigated: the contrast of the profile and the spatial resolution. A complementary approach was developed by comparing gas nature impact versus the pressure and versus the scattering regime. The results show that the unscattered electron beam mainly governs EDS profile spatial resolution as long as the scattering regime is single or oligo scattering. Then for plural scattering, spatial resolution is dramatically degraded. In addition, the contrast is degraded since a gas is introduced, whatever the gas, the pressure and so the scattering regime. This approach would enable to better understand the respective contributions of the unscattered beam and the skirt and the influence of the gases nature on them.     

光谱学方法对钝顶螺旋藻异藻蓝蛋白活性构象研究(英文)

采用羟基磷灰石层析和离子交换层系的方法从钝顶螺旋藻(Spirulina platensis)中分离纯化出异藻蓝蛋白。对异藻蓝蛋白光谱性质受溶液pH变化的影响做了研究。异藻蓝蛋白吸收光谱峰值在650 nm,在620 nm处有1个肩峰,荧光激发光谱的最大发射波长在660 nm。以紫外-可见光吸收光谱表征异藻蓝蛋白对光能的吸收能力,以荧光光谱表征其光能传递能力,以圆二色谱表征其二级结构变化。光谱分析结果表明异藻蓝蛋白在pH为4 ～10的范围之内,其光能吸收和传递的能力保持在一个相对较稳定的范围内,同时异藻蓝蛋白维持三聚体的形式,而其二级结构则会发生一定程度扰动。在pH值低于4或高于10的范围内,异藻蓝蛋白三聚体发生解聚,二级结构发生剧烈变化,其光能吸收和传递能力迅速被破坏。     

X-ray standing waves in a multi-trilayer system with linearly varying period

Generation of X-ray standing waves in a multi-trilayer system with a varying periodicity along its depth is described. Microstructures of a synthetic 15-period Pt/Ni/C multilayer, which has such a varying periodicity, are investigated using X-ray reflectivity (XRR) and X-ray standing wave (XSW) analysis. Microstructural parameters, e.g., thicknesses and electron densities of individual layers, interface roughnesses, varying periodicity along the depth, etc. are precisely determined by the XRR technique. The variation of period is essentially introduced in multilayer fabrication by varying the thickness of the C-layer as a function of depth. The linear increase in C-layer thickness from the bottom of the multilayer towards the surface of the multilayer structure is found by simulating the XRR data with a depth-graded multilayer model. Intensity of the XSW field is computed as a function of depth over the first order Bragg peak. Integrated intensities over the Pt- and the Ni-layers are computed and compared with the measured fluorescence yield from Pt and Ni. Sensitivity for the detection of inter-atomic diffusion across the interfaces in comparison to multi-bilayer systems, such as Pt/C multilayer, is discussed.     

芳羧酸功能化的聚苯乙烯与Tb(Ⅲ)离子形成的 高分子-稀土配合物的荧光发射性能

通过大分子反应将苯甲酸(BA)键合在聚苯乙烯(PS)侧链, 制得芳羧酸功能化的聚苯乙烯PSBA。以PSBA为大分子配基, 以邻菲啰啉(Phen)为小分子配体, 与Tb(Ⅲ)离子配位, 分别制备了二元配合物PS-(BA)₃-Tb(Ⅲ)与三元配合物PS-(BA)₁-Tb(Ⅲ)-(Phen)₂及PS-(BA)₁-Tb(Ⅲ)-(Phen)₃,采用红外光谱(FTIR)和紫外吸收光谱(UV) 对配合物进行了表征, 深入研究了配合物(溶液与薄膜)的荧光发射性能。 研究结果表明, 大分子配基PSBA与Tb(Ⅲ)离子所形成的二元或三元高分子-稀土配合物均能发射出很强的Tb(Ⅲ)离子特征荧光, 即键合在PSBA侧链的配基BA能有效地敏化Tb(Ⅲ)离子的荧光发射。与二元配合物相比较, 以小分子Phen为第二配体所形成的两种三元配合物具有强度更高的荧光发射。     

水体中溶解有机物激光诱导荧光光谱分析方法

讨论了用激光诱导荧光(LIF)的方法分析水体中溶解有机物(DOM)的含量,利用拉曼散射信号对荧光光谱进行归一化处理,消除激发光强度和水体对荧光的二次吸收和接收条件等因素的影响,并给出了理论依据,由此依据得出了非线性浓度校准的数学模型。利用这个数学模型对实验数据进行非线性拟合,拟合的相关系数高于0.99。该浓度校准的数学模型,考虑到了水体对荧光信号的二次吸收以及溶液浓度的变化对二次吸收的影响,结果表明它可作为不同水体的通用浓度校准的数学模型对水体中的DOM进行定量分析。     

白云鄂博天然钕独居石的振动光谱研究(英文)

Raman, infrared and energy dispersive X-ray spectra of monazites have been measured and discussed. The result shows that the mineral is enriched in cerium, lanthanum,neodymium and praseodymium (Ce＞La＞Nd＞Pr)， The monazites have marked spectral characteristics, especially their v1, V3 Raman bands and v1, v4 infrared absorption bands. The characteristics can distinguish between monazite and other phosphate minerals. In addition, based on EDS and infrared absorption spectra, a small amount of fluoro-carbonate is found in the monazites.