一种高功率返波管理论

对一种热阴极高功率返波管进行了理论研究,其具有寿命长稳定性好的特点。采用的热阴极发射电流密度为20 A/cm2,发射面积为100 cm2,发射总电流为2 kA。首先对该热阴极单阳极电子枪进行仿真研究,在确保不打火的情况下获得电子枪优化设计参数,再对整管进行粒子模拟研究,仿真结果表明,在工作频率为10.5 GHz时,该热阴极返波管的输出功率可以达到290 MW,换能效率为29%。     

W波段损耗介质加载回旋返波振荡器中模式竞争的研究

本文采用自洽非线性理论模型系统研究W波段基波TE₀₁模回旋返波振荡器 模式竞争的物理机理. 通过采用特殊渐变的非谐振互作用结构和加载损耗介质抑制互作用系统中竞争模式, 从而防止系统出现非稳态振荡现象. 通过系统优化的互作用结构可以抑制竞争模式,能够稳定工作在TE₀₁模的轴向基模上. 计算表明系统输出峰值功率105 kW, -3 dB调谐相对带宽为5.4%. 这为发展应用于电子对抗、无损探测、等离子体诊断、材料处理等领域 的宽带毫米回旋返波振荡器提供了理论基础, 具有借鉴意义.     

397 GHz斜注管互作用系统的设计模拟

斜注管是返波振荡器的一种，通过电子注的倾斜，电子距离慢波结构更近，高频场更强，耦合阻抗和互作用效率更高，显著增加输出功率。对带状注斜注管的互作用系统进行了设计，并首次将双排齿慢波结构应用于斜注管。利用电磁模拟软件和3D粒子模拟软件对设计的斜注管的色散曲线和场分布进行了分析，并对其注-波互作用进行了模拟，可以得到大于100 mW的输出功率以及50 GHz的调谐带宽。输出功率在370.5 GHz频点处处达到峰值2.3 W，电子注电压7.0 kV，注电流120 mA，聚焦磁场1.0 T。     

X波段多频相对论返波振荡器的粒子模拟

采用过模同轴波纹型返波管,其互作用区由2段周期不同的波纹慢波结构组成,利用粒子模拟软件MAGIC进行数值模拟,得到了X波段稳定的3个频率微波输出。粒子模拟的结果为:在强流电子束电压为570 kV,电流为11.4 kA,引导磁场为0.72 T的条件下,获得的3个频率分别为9.575,10.025和10.475GHz,总微波功率为1.0 GW,效率为15.4%。通过对电压的调节,进一步获得了4个频率的微波输出。     

S波段相对论Klystron双流放大器的粒子模拟

 相对论双流放大器是一种结构简单、高增益、高效率的高功率微波器件,它的主要作用机制是两个同心环形电子束之间的双流互作用。利用MAGIC粒子模拟程序,对S波段的相对论双流放大器进行了粒子模拟,研究了相对论双流放大器的双流互作用机制,进一步认识了作为相对论双流放大器的放大机制的双流不稳定性,为国内开展类似器件的研究打下了良好的基础。     

Efficiency enhancement in high power backward-wave oscillators

High power microwave (HPM) sources based on the backward-wave oscillator (BWO) have been investigated for the past two decades primarily because of their potential for very high efficiency (15 to 40%) operation. Several different effects have been proposed to explain this high efficiency compared to conventional BWOs. One of the major contributors to the high efficiency of the plasma-filled Pasotron HPM BWO source is the presence of optimally phased end reflections. The Pasotron uses a long-pulse (⩾100 μs) plasma-cathode electron-gun and plasma filled slow-wave structure to produce microwave pulses in the range of 1 to 10 MW without the use of externally produced magnetic fields. The efficiency of the Pasotron can be enhanced by up to a factor of two when the device is configured as a standing-wave oscillator in which properly phased reflections from the downstream collector end of the finite length SWS constructively interfere with the fundamental backward-wave modes and improve the coupling of the beam to the circuit. Operation in this configuration increases the efficiency up to 30% but causes the frequency to vary in discrete steps and the output power to change strongly with beam parameters and oscillation frequency     

相对论速调管放大器双间隙输出腔的粒子模拟

 用3维PIC程序对S波段强流相对论速调管放大器(RKA)双间隙输出腔内的微波提取情况进行了模拟，给出了产生微波的详细物理图像。模拟结果表明：采用双间隙输出腔能增加束波互作用长度，使提取到的微波功率和效率得到提高。模拟得到了输出微波功率随直流渡越角、随电子束外径与漂移管之间的距离、随基波调制深度以及耦合孔径向间距变化的规律。在电子束压580 kV、束流4 kA、基波调制深度80%、引导磁场1.5 T的条件下，模拟得到周期时间平均功率800 MW，频率约2.85 GHz，周期时间平均效率34.8%的微波。     

Frequency synthesizers up to 370 GHz

A new generation of frequency synthesizers up to 370 GHz is described. The main parts of them are microwave frequency synthesizer covering 11–15 GHz band, effective frequency multipliers-mixers using an opposite pair of planar Shottky diodes and a lock-in loop of a backward-wave oscillator tube covering millimeter and longer part of submillimeter wave bands with tens of milliwatts of output power. The ways of further increase in the operating frequency of such synthesizers are discussed.     

双波段相对论返波振荡器模拟研究

 提出了一种采用单电子束实现C波段和X波段微波同时输出的新型相对论返波振荡器,该器件的束波作用区为中间用渐变段隔开的两段盘荷结构。使用Karat软件进行了2.5维全电磁粒子数值模拟,在工作电压为1 MV,电流为8 kA,导引磁场为3 T的条件下,输出微波功率大于1 GW,功率效率约为15%,输出的微波频率分别为5.42 GHz和9.58 GHz,二者频谱幅度相差2.17 dB,模式为TEM模。     

波纹内导体返波振荡器的热腔特性

 导出了波纹内导体同轴慢波结构热腔色散方程，研究了周期波纹深度、电子注平均半径、电子注电流及加速电压对波纹内导体慢波结构的高频场时间增长率的影响。结果表明：慢波结构周期减小、波纹深度加深、电子注平均半径减小、电子注电流增大、加速电压增大均会使高频场时间增长率增大。建立了粒子模型并应用PIC粒子模拟软件进行仿真，对各影响参数进行优化，结果表明：当加速电压为0.5 MV、电子束电流85 kA、波纹周期长度4.4 cm、波纹幅度为0.23 cm、内轴平均半径为2.9 mm和外壁内径为4.4 cm时，可获得10 GHz，1.1 GW效率约25%的单频微波输出。     

相对论返波管中击穿现象粒子模拟

随着相对论返波管(RBWO)输出功率的提高,RBWO内部击穿问题日益突出。击穿过程中产生的等离子体,会降低输出功率并导致脉冲缩短,大大限制了RBWO的输出单脉冲能量。采用3维粒子模拟,在反射器、慢波结构、提取腔局部区域产生等离子体,建立了RBWO单点击穿及多点击穿模型,获得了等离子体产生的区域和密度对微波输出性能的影响规律。模拟结果表明,输出微波功率随等离子体密度增加而迅速降低,多点击穿相对于单点击穿情况更容易引起输出微波脉冲提前终止,且发射器击穿产生的等离子体效应更为明显。     

HEM₁₁ mode magnetically insulated transmission line oscillator:Simulation and experiment

A novel magnetically insulated transmission line oscillator(MILO) in which a modified HEM 11 mode is taken as its main interaction mode(HEM 11 mode MILO) is simulated and experimented in this paper.The excitation of the oscillation mode is made possible by carefully adjusting the arrangement of each resonant cavity in a two-dimensional slow wave structure.The special feature of such a device is that in the slow-wave-structure region,the interaction mode is HEM 11 mode which is a TM-like one that could interact with electron beams effectively;and in the coaxial output region,the microwave mode is TE 11 mode which has a favourable field density pattern to be directly radiated.Employing an electron beam of about 441 kV and 39.7 kA,the HEM 11 mode MILO generates a high power microwave output of about 1.47 GW at 1.45 GHz in particle-in-cell simulation.The power conversion efficiency is about 8.4 % and the generated microwave is in a TE 11-like circular polarization mode.In a preliminary experiment investigation,high power microwave is detected from the device with a frequency of 1.46 GHz,an output energy of 43 J-47 J,and a pulse duration of 44 ns-49 ns when the input voltage is 430 kV-450 kV,and the diode current is 37 kA-39 kA.     

具有双电子束结构的双波段相对论返波振荡器粒子模拟研究北大核心CSCD

研究了一种能够同时产生C波段和X波段微波、具有双电子束结构的相对论返波振荡器,采用嵌套式的高频结构将两个波段的束-波相互作用空间隔离开来,从而使两个波段的束-波相互过程互不影响。当二极管电压为650kV、内外环形电子束流分别为5.4,6.4kA、导引磁场为2.2T时,两个波段微波的频率分别为4.625,8.450GHz,模拟产生的微波功率分别为920,600MW,转换效率约为21.8%,17.1%。并采用粒子模拟法研究了导引磁场、二极管电压及两个束-波相互作用区关键结构参数对器件运行的影响,给出了双波段微波功率、频率随导引磁场、二极管电压等参数的变化曲线。     

Excitation of the chaotic oscillations in millimeter BWO

In the paper the characteristic properties of the chaotic oscillation excitation in millimeter Backward-Wave Oscillators are investigated. To enhance the interaction efficiency and provide the strong nonlinear working regimes of the oscillator the weak-resonant oscillatory system with large electrical length is proposed to use. It is shown, that in this case the oscillation automodulation with complicated power spectrum are developed for the smaller values of the working current to starting current ratio in comparison with BWO having matched oscillatory system. This allows to oscillate with high efficiency the continuous millimeter chaotic (noise) signals which have a wide enough power spectrum and integral power of about several watts.     

等离子体填充0.14 THz相对论返波管模拟

模拟了0.14 THz相对论返波管中电子束与氩气相互作用产生等离子体的过程, 研究了在不同气压条件下, 等离子体对相对论返波管的输出功率、频率以及起振时间的影响. 模拟结果表明, 等离子体背景能引起太赫兹波段真空电子器件脉冲缩短, 并出现新的频率分量; 适当地注入等离子体能减少0.14 THz相对论返波管的起振时间, 提高器件的输出功率. 关键词： 太赫兹 相对论返波管 粒子模拟 等离子体     

The development of nonradiative dielectric waveguide transmitting front-end in Ka-band

The operating theory,design method and experimental results of the nonradiative dielectric waveguide (NRD-guide) transmitting front-end in millimeter wave band are related in details in this paper. As a kind of dielectric waveguide,the NRD-guide possesses fine transmission performances, and it can be used to fabricate the millimeter wave hyterodyne integrated circuits. The two kinds NRD-guide transmitting front-ends substantiated in the paper, the voltage controlling oscillator(VCO) and twin-Gunn-diode power-combiner,have very similar structures to each other and possess compact sizes, fine machinery and electric performances.For the VCO front-end in Ka-band, the frequency modulation band is greater than 150MHz, the output power is larger than 20mW.For the power-combiner, the output power is larger than 40mW,the combination efficiency is better than 90%,the frequency stabilization reaches 1.68×10^–5. Combined with the receiving front-end reported before,the transmitter and receiver can be composed to a dielectric waveguide R/T module to be applied in some millimeter wave sub-systems.     

Experimental study of a Ka-band gyrotron backward-waveoscillator

A gyrotron backward-wave oscillator (gyro-BWO) has been operated and magnetically tuned over the frequency range 27-32 GHz. Tuning by varying the electron beam voltage was effective over a smaller frequency range (Δf~1 GHz). Output power was as large as 7 kW, corresponding to a device efficiency of 19%. This large efficiency value was unexpected, and related analysis indicates it may be associated with the nonuniform magnetic field profile in the interaction region     

引导磁场对收集极中电子能量沉积的影响

理论分析了引导磁场对收集极材料中电子运动的约束作用,推导了引导磁场作用下二次电子的逃逸条件,利用蒙特卡罗方法计算了引导磁场作用下电子束在收集极中的能量沉积规律。研究结果表明:引导磁场对电子在材料内部的运动约束作用很弱,对二次电子有强约束作用;大部分二次电子经拉莫回旋再次轰击在收集极上被收集,逃逸的二次电子沿引导磁场方向进入束波作用区;增大电子的入射角度时,束流密度的降低和二次电子的再次入射降低了收集极中电子的最大沉积能量密度,提高了收集极的耐电子轰击能力。     

Broadband Orotron Operation at Millimeter and Submillimeter Waves

Due to high selectivity of open cavity, wider electron beams with higher current can be used in orotron as compared with other Cherenkov devices. It provides important advantages at short millimeter and submillimeter waves. Theory and preliminary experiments in the short part of millimeter and long part of submillimeter wavelength range show that orotron with operating voltage of few kV can generate significantly higher output power than existing BWOs. Combined electronic and mechanical frequency tuning in the band of about of octave has been obtained.     

Backward-wave interaction using step periodic structures

Periodicities introduced into hollow waveguides with step and turn symmetry are shown to have characteristics useful for backward-wave interaction in microwave electron tubes. Using Floquet's theorem, it is shown that the modes of a hollow waveguide can be shifted in phase over one period of the structure. Interaction with the shifted backward-wave mode is then possible over a range of frequencies. A gyrotron backward-wave oscillator is particularly suited to this structure; the interaction could be magnetically tuned over a range of frequencies, while a low phase constant is maintained. A lower phase constant allows the electron beam to interact coherently with the backward wave over longer distances, since any velocity spread in the electron beam forces some of the electrons to be out of step with the backward wave, thus reducing efficiency. A solid waveguide has the added advantages of being easily built for high frequencies and rugged for high temperatures.