HEM11 mode magnetically insulated transmission[2mm] line oscillator: simulation and experiment

A novel magnetically insulated transmission line oscillator (MILO) in which a modified HEM₁₁ mode is taken as its main interaction mode (HEM₁₁ mode MILO) is simulated and experimented in this paper. The excitation of the oscillation mode is made possible by carefully adjusting the arrangement of each resonant cavity in a two-dimensional slow wave structure. The special feature of such a device is that in the slow-wave-structure region, the interaction mode is HEM₁₁ mode which is a TM-like one that could interact with electron beams effectively; and in the coaxial output region, the microwave mode is TE₁₁ mode which has a favourable field density pattern to be directly radiated. Employing an electron beam of about 441 kV and 39.7 kA, HEM₁₁ mode MILO generates a high power microwave output of about 1.47 GW at 1.45 GHz in particle-in-cell simulation. The power conversion efficiency is about 8.4 % and the generated microwave is in a TE₁₁-like circular polarization mode. In a preliminary experiment investigation, high power microwave is detected from the device with a frequency of 1.46 GHz, an output energy of 43 J-47 J, and a pulse duration of 44 ns-49 ns when the input voltage is 430 kV-450 kV, and the diode current is 37 kA-39 kA.     

阶梯阴极型L波段MILO的实验研究

 对阶梯阴极型L波段磁绝缘线振荡器（MILO）进行了实验研究。介绍了测试方法与测试系统；开展了阴极电子发射实验，发现阴极电子发射不均匀是对称结构MILO产生非对称微波模式的最关键的因素之一；并对二极管屏蔽环尺寸、扼流片半径、提取间隙等进行了研究。在电子束电压约420 kV、电流33 kA的条件下，得到了阶梯阴极型L波段MILO的高功率微波辐射功率为1.22~1.47 GW，脉宽大于20 ns，频率为1.21 GHz，束波转换效率约为10%，器件产生微波模式为TM01模，经过模式转换器后的辐射模式为TE11模。     

HEM11模磁绝缘线振荡器的高频分析

作为小型化和紧凑型的高功率微波源,磁绝缘线振荡器(MILO)在过去十几年里得到了广泛的研究和发展.在大多数研究中,最低的对称模一直被当作器件的主模.然而,由于结构的对称性或者电子发射均匀度不理想等原因,很容易激励起非对称模式.计算了MILO同轴结构中同时包含对称模和非对称模的本征方程.在此基础上,通过对结构的优化设计,提出了一种HEM₁₁模工作的MILO,并开展了原理性实验.在二极管的电压为480kV,电流为39kA条件下得到了功率为1.2GW,脉冲宽度为40ns的微波输出,功率转换 关键词： 磁绝缘线振荡器 高频特性 11模')" href="#">HEM₁₁模 开放腔     

A Ku-band magnetically insulated transmission line oscillator with overmoded slow-wave-structure

In order to enhance the power capacity, an improved Ku-band magnetically insulated transmission line oscillator(MILO) with overmoded slow-wave-structure(SWS) is proposed and investigated numerically and experimentally. The analysis of the dispersion relationship and the resonant curve of the cold test indicate that the device can operate at the near π mode of the TM01 mode, which is useful for mode selection and control. In the particle simulation, the improved Ku-band MILO generates a microwave with a power of 1.5 GW and a frequency of 12.3 GHz under an input voltage of480 k V and input current of 42 k A. Finally, experimental investigation of the improved Ku-band MILO is carried out. A high-power microwave(HPM) with an average power of 800 MW, a frequency of 12.35 GHz, and pulse width of 35 ns is generated under a diode voltage of 500 k V and beam current of 43 k A. The consistency between the experimental and simulated far-field radiation pattern confirms that the operating mode of the improved Ku-band MILO is well controlled inπ mode of the TM01 mode.     

L波段硬管磁绝缘线振荡器的研制

 对L波段磁绝缘线振荡器(MILO)的二极管进行了研究，优化了器件的设计，以及辐射天线一体化的设计，研制出了L波段硬管 MILO。硬管MILO的实验结果是：在电压为450 kV、电流为35 kA的条件下，L波段硬管 MILO的输出微波频率为1.22 GHz，功率大于1.5 GW，微波脉宽半高宽约20 ns，功率效率约10%；硬管MILO的保真空时间超过了5 h。     

Investigation of an X-band magnetically insulated transmission line oscillator

An X-band magnetically insulated transmission line oscillator （MILO） is designed and investigated numerically and experimentally for the first time. The X-band MILO is optimized in detail with KARAT code. In simulation, the X-band MILO, driven by a 720 kV, 53 kA electron beam, comes to a nonlinear steady state in 4.0 ns. High-power microwaves （HPM） of TEM mode is generated with an average power of 4.1 GW, a frequency of 9.3 GHz, and power conversion efficiency of 10.870 in durations of 0-40 ns. The device is fabricated according to the simulation results. In experiments, when the voltage is 400 kV and the current is 50 kA, the radiated microwave power reaches about 110 MW and the dominating frequency is 9.7GHz. Because the surfaces of the cathode end and the beam dump are destroyed, the diode voltage cannot increase continuously. However, when the diode voltage is 400 kV, the average power output is obtained to be 700 MW in simulation. The impedance of the device is clearly smaller than the simulation prediction. Moreover, the duration of the microwave pulse is obviously shorter than that of the current pulse. The experimental results are greatly different from the simulation predictions. The preliminary analyses show that the generations of the anode plasma, the cathode flare and the anode flare are the essential cause for the remarkable deviation of the experimental results from the simulation predictions.     

Experimental investigation of a compact relativistic magnetron with axial TE₁₁ mode radiation

As one of the relativistic electron tubes having compact configuration and high efficient output,the relativistic magnetron with direct axial radiation is very attractive in pulsed power and high power microwave fields for industrial and military applications.In this paper,the experimental investigation of a relativistic magnetron with axial TE 11 mode radiation is reported.Under a total length of ～ 0.3 m,volume of ～ 0.014 m 3,working at an applied voltage of 508 kV and a magnetic field of ～ 0.31 T,the relativistic magnetron radiates a microwave of 540 MW with the TE 11 mode at 2.35 GHz in the axial direction.The power conversion efficiency is 15.0%.After a lot of shots,the detected amplitudes of microwaves are nearly the same.The fluctuations of wave amplitudes are less than 0.3 dB.     

带高阶模谐振腔反射器的过模高功率毫米波源

针对过模系数为2.3的高功率毫米波发生器设计了工作于高次模的谐振腔反射器。谐振腔反射器工作模式为TM035模式,在58~62 GHz频带内对TM01模式的反射系数大于0.9。运用2.5维全电磁粒子程序模拟分析了器件中束波相互作用过程,通过调整慢波结构与谐振腔反射器间的漂移段长度得到了器件在570 kV,6.0 kA电子注量驱动下,在引导磁场为4 T时,能辐射出功率1.06 GW、频率为60.2 GHz的毫米波,主要工作模式为TM01模,效率约为31%,起振时间为3.3 ns。     

单频多模磁绝缘线振荡器的3维数值模拟

 为解决实验中经常遇到的输出微波频率不纯问题,提出一种新型磁绝缘线振荡器,采用2维周期慢波结构,使对称模式和低阶非对称模的工作频率相同,在模式竞争条件下得到纯频微波输出。利用3维电磁场软件计算表明,新型磁绝缘线振荡器的慢波结构的对称模式和低阶非对称模的π模谐振频率相同;3维粒子模拟计算表明,在450 kV,40 kA输入条件下,微波输出平均功率由2.4 GW提升至2.8 GW,输出模式为多种模式混合,频率为单一的1.22 GHz。     

L波段双频磁绝缘线振荡器的设计与粒子模拟

 提出了利用角向分区来产生双频高功率微波的思想,并根据常规磁绝缘线振荡器的互作用主要在轴向而与角向无关的物理机制,通过在常规磁绝缘线振荡器内设置谐振腔深度的角向分区,建立了L波段双频磁绝缘线振荡器的模型,并利用电磁模拟软件,优化设计了L波段双频磁绝缘线振荡器。粒子模拟的结果为：在电子束电压为530 kV,电流为45.5 kA的条件下,得到了稳定的双频高功率微波输出,其微波频率分别为1.28 GHz和1.50 GHz,周期平均功率约为2.65 GW,功率效率约为11%,两个频率的频谱幅度相差约0.4 dB。     

L波段高阶模抑制型磁绝缘线振荡器研究

根据磁绝缘线振荡器(magnetically insulated transmission line oscillator, MILO)中基模(TM₀₀模)与临近高阶模(HEM₁₁模)高频场分布的区别,采用破坏各腔之间HEM₁₁模π 模谐振条件的方式抑制器件中高阶模产生的方法,提出了高阶模抑制型MILO. 运用三维全电磁粒子模拟软件对高阶模抑制型L波段MILO器件进行模拟研究, 数值模拟结果表面该方法能够抑制器件中HEM₁₁模的产生.在此基础上对器件进行了对比性实验研究, 实验结果表明高阶模抑制型器件能够抑制HEM₁₁模的产生,稳定工作在基模.     

L波段双阶梯阴极磁绝缘线振荡器的粒子模拟与实验研究

对L波段双阶梯阴极磁绝缘线振荡器(MILO)进行了粒子模拟,在输入电压710 kV,电流56.6kA条件下,得到微波输出功率为4.8 GW,微波频率1.22 GHz。根据模拟结果设计MILO实验装置并开展实验研究,介绍了测试方法与测试系统,并对辐射微波功率、频率和模式进行了测量。在二极管电压740 kV,电流61 kA条件下,测得辐射微波功率为3.57 GW,微波脉宽46 ns,微波频率1.23 GHz,功率转换效率8%,辐射微波模式为TM01模。     

轴向分区双频磁绝缘线振荡器的数值模拟

 为了便于模式变换器的设计,达到双频微波都能集中辐射的目的,提出一种轴向分区的双频磁绝缘线振荡器,该器件束波互作用区为中间隔开、两端不同周期、不同深度的慢波结构,使电子在上下游与不同频率特性的慢波结构进行束波互作用,得到稳定的双频微波输出。使用2.5维全电磁粒子模拟软件进行数值模拟,在工作电压450 kV,电流40 kA条件下输出微波功率为1.4 GW,功率效率约为7%,输出的微波频率分别为1.25 GHz和1.65 GHz,两者频谱幅度相差约为1.5 dB,模式为TEM模。     

同轴虚阴极谐振效应研究

中国工程物理研究院应用电子学研究所的一些实验表明由阳极反射板、阳极网和阴极发射的电子束形成的环状虚阴极围成的准谐振腔是决定同轴虚阴极输出微波功率和传输模式的关键所在. 在二极管电压350kV，电流23kA条件下，获得了500MW的微波输出功率，能量转换效率约6.2％，工作频率3.3GHz，输出微波主要由TM₀₁模式和TE₁₁模式组成. 对同轴虚阴极的谐振效应进行了分析. 关键词： 高功率微波 同轴虚阴极 谐振腔 模式竞争     

C波段磁绝缘线振荡器的理论设计与实验

 通过理论分析与计算，设计加工了一个C波段磁绝缘线振荡器（MILO），并进行了实验研究。在二极管电压为437～464 kV、二极管电流为36～39 kA的条件下，从实验上获得了功率为1.60～1.68 GW、频率为3.60～3.66 GHz、脉宽为33～38 ns的TEM模高功率微波辐射，功率转换效率大于9%。     

Magnetically insulated transmission line oscillator oscillated in a modified HEM11 mode

This paper puts forward a novel magnetically insulated transmission line oscillator (MILO) for the first time which takes a modified HEM11 mode as its main interaction mode. The excitation of the oscillation mode is made possible by carefully adjusting the arrangements of each resonant cavity in a two-dimensional (2-D) slow wave structure. The high frequency characteristics are analyzed and a PIC simulation is carried out; the detailed results are discussed to get a better understanding of this new MILO. Employing an electron beam of about 441 kV and 39.7 kA, it finds that the modified HEM11 mode MILO generates a high power microwave output of about 1.47 GW at 1.45 GHz. The power conversion efficiency is about 8.4% and the generated microwave is in a TE11-like circularly polarized mode; its polarization direction is decided by the rotation direction of the SWS.     

紧凑型L波段磁绝缘线振荡器的实验研究

 设计加工了一个紧凑型L波段磁绝缘线振荡器(MILO)并进行了实验研究。该MILO具有一个新型收集极和一个新型模式转换器，射频扼流腔减为一个，同时将阴极杆设计成变阻抗结构，该MILO由一台自建的600kV,8Ω，100ns加速器SPARK01驱动。在二极管电压为515～538kV, 二极管电流为58～61kA的条件下, 该MILO在实验中获得了1.76～1.78GHz， 2.2～2.5GW的TM₀₁模高功率微波辐射, 功转换效率为7.3%～7.9%。在30ns的有效电压脉宽下，实验中测得微波脉冲半高宽为15ns。实验结果与模拟结果符合得较好。     

双阶梯阴极型磁绝缘线振荡器设计与模拟

 结合负载限制型磁绝缘线振荡器（MILO）和渐变型MILO的特点,提出了一种新型双阶梯阴极型MILO。该器件前2个叶片为扼流片，中间3个叶片为主作用叶片,后面1个为提取叶片，在电流发射区与慢波结构径向相对的阴极部分分为3段，形成双阶梯阴极结构。根据Maxwell方程和Floquet定理导出其色散方程，并对其振荡主频作了理论分析。2.5维粒子模拟表明，器件工作频率为1.21 GHz，与理论预测相符，双阶梯的引入，对器件阻抗和振荡频率影响较小。在工作电压458 kV、电流40.5 kA条件下，双阶梯阴极结构将MILO输出功率从2.20 GW提高到2.88 GW，功率转换效率从12.0%提高到15.5%。     

L波段端面发射高效率磁绝缘线振荡器

 建立了磁绝缘线振荡器自磁绝缘的理论模型,给出了磁绝缘电流计算公式。然后给出了非线性稳态的最大轮辐电流计算公式,并据此分析了负载限制型磁绝缘线振荡器的最大效率。提出一种新型的端面发射型磁绝缘线振荡器,在二极管电压590 kV,二极管电流为55.47 kA情况下,粒子模拟得到周期平均功率6.1 GW左右,工作主频为1.24 GHz,束波转换效率18.64%左右。端面发射型磁绝缘线振荡器的效率比负载限制型磁绝缘线振荡器的最大效率提高6%左右。端面发射的电流不参与束波互作用,由于端面发射的电流比较小,在总电流不变的情况下参与束波互作用的电流增多,从而提高了效率。最后分析了角向磁场的分布以及自磁绝缘的情况。     

P波段混合型MILO的粒子模拟

 结合负载限制型磁绝缘线振荡器(MILO)和渐变型MILO的特点提出并设计了P波段混合型MILO的结构，主要以负载限制型MILO结构作为雏形，将其内部仅含有的1根提取叶片用3根长度渐变的慢波叶片组成的渐变段替换。该结构可更好地实现束波相互作用，并使提取间隙电场与MILO输出同轴结构处的电场达到更好的匹配，增加微波输出功率。器件纵向总长度为47 cm，外筒直径为44 cm。优化后的2.5维全电磁粒子模拟结果表明：在二极管工作电压550 keV、电流约57 kA的情况下，输出微波的中心频率为640 MHz，平均功率为4.27 GW，束波转换效率为13.6％，器件4 ns时起振，6 ns达到饱和，且微波输出功率十分稳定，最终输出微波模式为TEM模。