HL—2A磁面位形的计算机绘图软件包的开发与研制

HL－2A是在原德国ASDEX基础上改进的大型托卡马克装置,该装置带有上下两组偏滤器线圈。从目前的HL－2A的改进方案看,其几何尺寸、磁场位形和物理参数大体和ASDEX相似,只是环向磁场、等离子体电流及拉长比稍有不同。由于未来的HL－2A装置上带有偏滤器,而我们以前的位形计算大多在没有偏滤器位形的HL－1及HL－1M上进行的,所以开展有关HL－2A位形的物理研究及相关的数值计算和程序设计是很重要的工作。     

HL-2A装置主机改造的初步方案

HL-2A装置自2003年首次实现等离子体单零偏滤器位形以来，运行参数逐步提高。目前获得了纵场2．7T，等离子体电流厶为410kA的结果，基本达到装置常规运行的指标。由于装置是封闭式偏滤器结构，不能形成拉长的等离子体截面，等离子体参数的进一步提高受到了限制。为了开展更深入的实验研究，装置的升级改造是非常必要的。     

HL-2A装置器壁硅化实验

中国环流器2A（HL-2A）是我国第一个运行于偏滤器位形的托卡马克装置，为在较高等离子体参数下深入开展改善约束、大功率二级加热和电流驱动和加料等国际前沿工程与物理课题的实验研究，其第一壁将覆盖大面积的石墨材料和碳纤维保护瓦。因此，HL-2A装置器壁原位处理技术的应用和发展，涂层与等离子体相互作用特性的研究对有效控制杂质的产生，改善等离子体约束性能，提高装置实验运行参数都具有重要的意义。     

HL-2A托卡马克装置真空系统

介绍了HL 2A装置真空系统研制。它由真空主抽气系统、抽气偏滤器、直流辉光放电清洗系统组成。主抽气系统提供了装置真空室从大气到高真空、烘烤除气、直流辉光放电清洗所需要的抽气能力。抽气偏滤器初步实现了托卡马克放电过程中边缘粒子的抽运与控制;直流辉光放电清洗系统保证了装置良好的真空器壁条件。介绍了这些系统的初步运行情况,并给出了其测试结果。HL 2A装置首轮物理实验运行时真空室极限真空度达到4.6×10-6Pa,12h总漏放气率为1.8×10-5Pa·m3·s-1。     

HL-2A装置超声分子束注入初步结果

HL-2A装置是我国第一个带偏滤器的托卡马克装置，于2002年投入运行。该装置的主要参数为：R=1．65m，n=0．4m，BT=2．8T，Ip=0．48MA，带有上、下对称的封闭式偏滤器。目前，HL-2A装置运行下单零偏滤器，为下一步改进偏滤器位形进行基础性研究。带有液氮冷阱的超声分子束注入系统首次安装并运行于2004年。初步实验结果是，多脉冲分子束注入用于封闭式偏滤器功能的演示和检验；多脉冲分子束注入HL-2A等离子体引起冷脉冲和密度扰动向中心传播。     

HL-1装置的物理调试(1985)

自1985年4月起正式开展HL-1装置的物理调试,其目的是获得平衡、稳定和比较干净的等离子体,并在此基础上开展初步的物理实验研究。在纵向磁场2.3T下获得等离子体电流135kA,平顶时间150-200ms。等离子体电流的持续时间出乎意料地长达1s,其详细的物理原因尚待深入研究。其它等离子体参数的初步结果为n_e≈ 2.8×10~(13)cm~(-3),T_e≈350-500eV,τ_E≈10ms。     

HL-2A装置送气和加料的脱靶特性

HL-2A装置辐射偏滤器实验采用边缘补充送气和分子束加料等方法来提高主等离子体密度,降低边缘等离子体温度、增加辐射功率分额,获得脱靶等离子体。偏滤器室内进行主动补充送气或者注入惰性气体杂质,降低偏滤器等离子体温度,获得脱靶等离子体,并首次获得了超声分子束注入产生脱靶等离子体的实验结果。利用HL-2A装置偏滤器同一极向截面内外中性化板上安装的嵌入式探针阵列和偏滤器室安装的电动探针系统,测量了偏滤器靶板上和偏滤器室的等离子体参数及其分布,并进行了相关分析和改善约束以及偏滤器脱靶等离子体运行模式下等离子体行为的研究。     

“荧光-1”实验装置研制与调试

荧光-1是一套分时放电的大电流脉冲功率实验装置,主要用于反场构形预加热磁化等离子体靶（FRC）形成的物理过程、高温高密度磁化等离子体约束特性等研究,未来可作为磁化靶聚变研究的等离子体注入器。主要介绍该实验装置的构成及其调试实验结果,并简要描述在该装置上开展的FRC等离子体靶初步物理实验进展。调试实验结果表明,荧光-1实验装置初始磁场、磁镜、气体电离、箍缩分系统的放电电流/磁场或感应电场可分别达到110 kA/0.3 T,10 kA/1.2 T,400 kA/0.25 kV/cm,1.7 MA/3.4 T。初步物理实验获得的FRC等离子体靶参数为:靶分界面半径约4 cm、等离子体密度3.51016 cm-3、等离子体温度约200 eV、靶寿命约3 s,同时清晰地观察到了FRC靶形成物理过程。分幅相机获取图像与二维磁流体程序计算图像基本吻合,验证了该装置的物理设计思路,也展示了该装置具备的物理实验能力。     

HL-2A装置改造方案磁流体平衡的数值模拟

对HL-2A装置的改造方案进行数值模拟,获得了放电初始阶段零场区域设计的最佳方案、等离子体限制器平衡位形、单零偏滤器平衡位形和双零偏滤器平衡位形以及从气体击穿到等离子体电流平顶的等离子体平衡位形的演化过程。计算结果表明,该装置设计方案能够满足装置预期的设计参数要求。     

HL-2A单零偏滤器的位形特征

利用积分方法对多种电流剖面下HL2A装置单零偏滤器位形特征进行了计算研究。积分方法的优点是可以在任意电流剖面下求解具有X-点的自由边界的Grad-Shafranov方程。对HL2A装置而言,大体上可以在合理设定的分界面形状下,经几次叠代计算出各组极向场线圈(垂直场,三对多极场和多极补偿场以及水平场)中的电流。HL-2A的单零偏滤器位形基本上是圆截面加上在X-点附近的局部形变。对刮离区和偏滤器靶板区磁力线特性进行了分析以确定偏滤器的品质。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Research on beamforming method for dual-line array with space mismatch between the two line arrays

The performance of port/starboard discrimination of dual-line array will be seriously degraded when the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. The directivity function of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is deduced and the port/starboard discrimination of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is also studied both under the ideal status and the status under which the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. Analysis results show the delay-subtract beamforming has better performance of port/starboard discrimination. At last, the sea trial results demonstrate the theoretical results.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.