A Particle-in-cell scheme of the RFQ in the SSC-Linac

A 52 MHz Radio Frequency Quadrupole(RFQ)linear accelerator(linac)is designed to serve as an initial structure for the SSC-Linac system(injector into Separated Sector Cyclotron).The designed injection and output energy are 3.5 keV/u and 143 keV/u,respectively.The beam dynamics in this RFQ have been studied using a three-dimensional Particle-In-Cell(PIC)code BEAMPATH.Simulation results show that this RFQ structure is characterized by stable values of beam transmission efficiency(at least 95%)for both zerocurrent mode and the space charge dominated regime.The beam accelerated in the RFQ has good quality in both transverse and longitudinal directions,and could easily be accepted by Drift Tube Linac(DTL).The effect of the vane error and that of the space charge on the beam parameters have been studied as well to define the engineering tolerance for RFQ vane machining and alignment.     

IH型漂移管直线加速器的束流动力学研究（英文）

为了提高兰州重离子加速器冷却储存环（HIRFL-CSR）的运行效率、改善加速器输出束流品质,并实现几个加速装置分时供束,提高整个重离子加速装置的利用率,特为（HIRFL-CSR）增建一台新的注入器--CSRLINAC。在108.48 MHz的RFQ之后的CSR-LINAC主加速段,主要由一台108.48 MHz和两台216.96 MHz的IH型漂移管直线加速器组成,用于加速荷质比为1/8.5~1/3之间的重离子,其最大的束流流强为3 mA,并将粒子从0.3 MeV/u加速到3.71 MeV/u。运用KONUS动力学原理,在满足设计指标的情况下,首先利用TraceWin程序进行中能束线MEBT设计,后针对高频腔体设计和束流匹配的基本参数的系列讨论,特别是对CSR-LINAC的中能束流匹配线、参数选择和IH型KONUS结构的漂移管直线加速器进行设计模拟优化。最终得出,在保证腔体设计指标和95.3%的传输效率的情况下,该紧凑型直线加速结构经过三个腔体的加速后,束流的纵向归一化均方根发射度增长仅有25%;同时发现,当流强达到3 mA时,存在空间电荷效应,导致其纵向相宽增长约25%,最大横向包络也存在16.5%的涨落。In order to improve the operation efficiency of the Cooling Storage Ring of Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL-CSR), a heavy ion linac (linear accelerator) was proposed and designed as a new injector for HIRFL-CSR. Following the 108.48 MHz Radio-Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ), three tanks in total with Interdigital H-mode drift tube linac (IH-DTL) structure are installed to boost the beam energy from 0.3 to 3.71 MeV/u, and the beam current of ions with charge-to-mass ratio from 1/8.5 to 1/3 can reach to 3 mA. The first tank operatesat the same frequency as the RFQ, and the rest two operate at 216.96 MHz. The “Combined Zero-Degree Synchronous Particle Structure” (KONUS) beam dynamics was used in the beam dynamics design. The overview of the physics design on the main accelerating components, including RF design and beam dynamics design are introduced in this paper. The optimized structure design, fabrication status and simulation results are presented in this contribution. It shows that under the condition of assurance of 95.3% transmission efficiency, the normalized rms emittance is about 25%. When the beam current is up to 3 mA, owing to the space charge effect, the increase of longitudinal phase spread and transverse envelope are about 25% and 16.3%, respectively.     

Analysis of the triode gun and the beam dynamics of a standing waveelectron linac

The charge-density integral method is used to analyse a triode gun which will inject electrons into a standing wave electron linac. The effect of space charge on the gun output beam parameters is estimated. The beam dynamics of the entire linac system is studied. The energy spectrum, beam size and divergence at the end of the linac are evaluated neglecting space charge     

直线加速器中的非线性空间电荷效应和发射度增长

直线加速器中束团的非线性空间电荷效应是引起发射度增长的重要原因之一．根据计算在屏蔽筒中非均匀分布京团的空间电荷效应的普遍方法，推导了直线加速器圆波导中几种非均匀分布束团的非线性场能公式，并给出数值计算结果．讨论了由非线性所引起发射度增长．     

CIAE重离子加速器物理研究平台

中国原子能科学研究院正在规划中的重离子加速器物理研究平台的基本方案是在 现有的HI-13串列加速器的后端新建一台能量增益为18MeV/q的重离子超导直线加速器.超导直线加速器包括: 36个铜铌溅射型四分之一波长(QWR)谐振腔; 9个恒温柜, 及一系列等时性消色散束流传输系统. 同时配套建设一条与现有的HI-13串列加速器相并列的重离子四杆型射频四极加速器——RFQ和交叉手指型漂移管直线加速器IH-DTL接受来自ISOL的正离子束,然后直接注入到超导直线加速器.     

PIC mode simulation of solenoid collimation channel

A new SSC(Separated Sector Cyclotron)-Linac is being designed to serve as an injector for the SSC at the HIRFL(Heavy Ion Research Facility Lanzhou).The beam intensity at the LEBT(Low Energy Beam Transport)for the heavy ions after the selection is typically low and the space charge effects are inconspicuous.The space charge effects become obvious when the beam current increases to a few hundred microamperes.The emittance growth deriving from the space charge effects may be particularly troublesome for the following linac and cyclotron.An optical system containing three solenoids has been designed for the LEBT to limit the beam emittance and to avoid the unnecessary beam loss in the cyclotron,as well as for the purpose of immunizing the LEBT emittance growth due to the space charge effects.The results of the PIC(Particle-In-Cell)mode simulation illustrate that this channel could limit the beam emittance growth and increase the beam brightness.     

CRRFA-30L波段射频加速器

 主要介绍CRRFA-30L波段射频加速器结构和性能，论述了热阴极射频腔注入器、束流加速系统、微波功率源和控制等结构中主要技术及其研究进展，给出了加速器输出束流参数测量与测量结果分析，达到设计应用要求。     

Registration of accelerated multiply charged ions from the cathode jet of a vacuum discharge

The parameters of Cuⁿ⁺ and Taⁿ⁺ ions from the plasma of a vacuum spark with a voltage up to 2.5 kV and a current rise rate up to 2 × 10¹⁰ A/s are studied using the time-of-flight method. At the initial stage of the discharge, bursts of beams of accelerated multiply charged ions from the cathode flame have been detected. It is established that the charge state distribution and energy of a beam are controlled by the initial voltage U ₀ of the capacitor. Upon an increase in this voltage, the average charge of copper ions attains the value +9, and the average charge of tantalum ions can be as high as +20, while the energy attains values of 150 and 350 keV, respectively. It is found that the average energy of ions with charge Z increases in proportion to the charge and is close to the energy eZU ₀ which would have been acquired by ions accelerated in the electric field of the discharge gap.     

CARIBU: a new facility for the study of neutron-rich isotopes

The Californium Rare Ion Breeder Upgrade (CARIBU) to the ATLAS superconducting linac facility is currently being commissioned. It provides low-energy and re-accelerated beams of neutron-rich isotopes obtained from ²⁵²Cf fission. The fission products from a ²⁵²Cf source are stopped in a large high-intensity gas catcher, thermalized and extracted through an RFQ cooler, accelerated to 50 kV and mass separated in a high-resolution separator before being sent to either an ECR charge breeder for post-acceleration through the ATLAS linac or to a low-energy experimental area. This approach gives access to beams of very neutron-rich isotopes, many of which have not been available at low or Coulomb barrier energies previously. These beams provide unique opportunities for measurements along the r-process path. To take advantage of these unique possibility, the reaccelerated beams from CARIBU will be made available at the experimental stations of ATLAS to serve equipment such as Gammasphere, HELIOS and the reaction spectrometers. In addition, the Canadian Penning Trap (CPT) mass spectrometer has been moved to the CARIBU low-energy experimental area and a new injection line has been built. The new injection line consists of a RFQ buncher sitting on a 50 kV high-voltage platform that will accumulate the mass separated 50 kV radioactive beams, cool and extract them as a pulsed beam of 3 keV. This beam can be sent either to a tape station for diagnostics and tuning, or a cryogenic linear trap for preparation before transfer to the high-precision Penning trap where the mass measurements will take place. Initial CARIBU commissioning is proceeding with a 2 mCi source that will be replaced by a 100 mCi source as the commissioning proceeds. Final operation will use a 1 Ci source and attain yield in excess of 10⁷ ions/sec for the most intense beams at low energy, an order of magnitude less for reaccelerated beams.     

The ISAC post-accelerator

The acceleration chain of the ISAC facility boosts the energy of both radioactive and stable light and heavy ions for beam delivery to both a medium energy area in ISAC-I and a high energy area in ISAC-II. The post-accelerator comprises a 35.4 MHz RFQ to accelerate beams of A/q ≤ 30 from 2 keV/u to 150 keV/u and a post stripper, 106.1 MHz variable energy drift tube linac (DTL) to accelerate ions of A/q ≤ 6 to a final energy between 0.15 MeV/u to 1.5 MeV/u. A 40 MV superconducting linac further accelerates beam from 1.5 MeV/u to energies above the Coulomb barrier. All linacs operate cw to preserve beam intensity.     

Experimental study of the influence of the processes in the ion-beam drift space on beam current measurements

A method is proposed for separate measurements of the current produced by slow charge-exchange ions and that produced by the ions generated due to gas ionization by the beam ions and fast secondary electrons in the beam drift space. The method is based on an analysis of the current distribution over the electrodes of a modified Faraday cup with nonequipotential electrodes and allows one to determine the coefficient of ion-induced electron emission from the ion collector and the charge-exchange cross section of the accelerated ions. The method has been employed to measure the current of an argon ion beam with an ion energy from a few electronvolts to several tens of kiloelectronvolts and to study the processes in the beam drift space at pressures of 0.03–0.15 Pa.     

Design of a 10 MeV normal conducting CW proton linac based on equidistant multi-gap CH cavities

Continuous wave(CW) high current proton linacs have wide applications as the front end of high power proton machines. The low energy part of such a linac is the most difficult and there is currently no widely accepted solution. Based on the analysis of the focusing properties of the CW low energy proton linac, a 10 Me V low energy normal conducting proton linac based on equidistant seven-gap Cross-bar H-type(CH) cavities is proposed. The linac is composed of ten 7-gap CH cavities and the transverse focusing is maintained by quadrupole doublets located between the cavities. The total length of the linac is less than 6 meters and the average acceleration gradient is about1.2 Me V/m. The electromagnetic properties of the cavities are investigated by Microwave Studio. At the nominal acceleration gradient the maximum surface electric field in the cavities is less than 1.3 times the Kilpatrick limit,and the Ohmic loss of each cavity is less than 35 k W. Multi-particle beam dynamics simulations are performed with Tracewin code, and the results show that the beam dynamics of the linac are quite stable, the linac has the capability to accelerate up to 30 m A beam with acceptable dynamics behavior.     

BEPCⅡ直线加速器的双脉冲加速研究

 为了将BEPCⅡ直线加速器的正电子注入速率提高到单脉冲运行时的两倍左右, 提出了双脉冲产生和加速的方案。对BEPCⅡ直线加速器双脉冲加速的束流动力学进行了模拟, 首次给出了双脉冲的模拟方法。此外, 还在BEPCⅡ直线加速器上进行了双脉冲加速的初步实验研究, 为以后BEPCⅡ直线加速器的进一步改造提供了参考。     

束流传输管道孔径变化引起的束团场能差

由直线加速器提供的用于自由电子激光(FEL)的电子束团,在其传输过程中常会遇到传输管道孔径变化的情况.本文在电荷密度均匀分布假定下,应用直线加速器中空间电荷束团的有限长柱模型,推导得到了束流传输管道孔径变化引起的束团场能变化及场能差公式.数值计算结果表明,它与国外以往所采用的以连续束流来代表直线加速器中电荷束团而得到的结果,有很大的差别,并且是更符合直线加速器中的电荷束团的实际情况,因而是更精确和可靠的.     

Physics design of a 10 MeV, 6 kW travelling wave electron linac for industrial applications

We present the physics design of a 10 MeV, 6 kW S-band (2856 MHz) electron linear accelerator (linac), which has been recently built and successfully operated at Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore. The accelerating structure is a 2π/3 mode constant impedance travelling wave structure, which comprises travelling wave buncher cells, followed by regular accelerating cells. The structure is designed to accelerate 50 keV electron beam from the electron gun to 10 MeV. This paper describes the details of electromagnetic design simulations to fix the mechanical dimensions and tolerances, as well as heat loss calculations in the structure. Results of design simulations have been compared with those obtained using approximate analytical formulae. The beam dynamics simulation with space charge is performed and the required magnetic field profile for keeping the beam focussed in the linac has been evaluated and discussed. An important feature of a travelling wave linac (in contrast with standing wave linac) is that it accepts the RF power over a band of frequencies. Three-dimensional transient simulations of the accelerating structure along with the input and output couplers have been performed using the software CST-MWS to explicitly demonstrate this feature.     

Design study for a 500 MeV proton synchrotron with CSNS linac as an injector

Using the China Spallation Neutron Source(CSNS) linac as the injector, a 500 MeV proton synchrotron is proposed for multidisciplinary applications, such as biology, material science and proton therapy. The synchrotron will deliver proton beam with energy from 80 MeV to 500 MeV. A compact lattice design has been worked out, and all the important beam dynamics issues have been investigated. The 80 MeV H-beam is stripped and injected into the synchrotron by using multi-turn injection. In order to continuously extraction the proton with small beam loss,an achromatic structure is proposed and a slow extraction method with RF knock-out is adopted and optimized.     

ISAC基于ECR离子源的离子注入式电离

An ECR ion source for charge breeding of radioactive ions from the ISAC facility at TRIUMF has been set up at a test stand.It has been operated with different ion sources for the injection of singly charged ions and the efficiency,breeding time and emittance have been determined for several elements.A maximum efficiency of more than 6% for the breeding of Kr~(12 ) has been achieved so far.Additionally the charge exchange of Rb and Cs ions in the range of 10 to 23 with residual gas molecules in the transport beam lines has been investigated.The absolute values for the cross sections at 10—15 q keV agree with predictions extrapolated from lower charge states but the strong dependence on the ionization energy of the gas molecules could not be verified.     

BEPCⅡ Positron Source

BEPCⅡ— an upgrade project of the Beijing Electron Positron Collider (BEPC) is a factory type of e^＋e^－ collider. The fundamental requirements for its injector linac are the beam energy of 1.89GeV for on-energy injection and a 40mA positron beam current at the linac end with a low beam emittance of 1.6μm and a low energy spread of ±0.5% so as to guarantee a higher injection rate (≥50mA/min) to the storage ring. Since the positron flux is proportional to the primary electron beam power on the target, we will increase the electron gun current from 4A to 10A by using a new electron gun system and increase the primary electron energy from 120MeV to 240MeV. The positron source itself is an extremely important system for producing more positrons, including a positron converter target chamber, a 12kA flux modulator, the 7m focusing module with DC power supplies and the support. The new positron production linac from the electron gun to the positron source has been installed into the tunnel. In what follows, we will emphasize the positron source design, manufacture and tests.     

褶皱管束流能量稳定器(英文)

输出脉冲稳定性的需求对驱动自由电子激光产生的电子直线加速器装置束流稳定性提出了严格的要求,包括电子束平均能量、峰值流强、束团到达时间抖动和横向位置抖动等参数。基于正在建设的大连相干光源用户装置,探讨了最近提出的褶皱管用作能量稳定器的可行性。采用解析计算和数值模拟结合的方法,结合大连相干光源直线加速器的设计,在设计参数条件下能量稳定性至少提升10%。同时提供了褶皱管尾场设计的一般步骤。     

汤姆逊散射X射线源初步实验中电子束参数测量及其对X射线性能影响的研究

为了准确计算和分析汤姆逊散射X射线源初步实验中产生的X射线参数, 对实验中所用的16MeV返波行波加速器产生的电子束参数进行了测量. 并通过模拟程序计算和分析了在该参数下初步实验中产生的X射线的参数.