喷气式Z箍缩等离子体装置中离子束能谱的测量

利用新研制的紧凑型汤姆生离子能谱仪（ＴｈｏｍｓｏｎＩｏｎＥｎｅｒｇｙＡｎａｌｙｚｅｒ），对喷气式Ｚ－箍缩等离子体装置中离子能谱进行了测量，在ＣＲ－３９上得到了清晰的Ａｒ＋，Ａｒ２＋，Ａｒ３＋离子抛物线轨迹，通过分析计算结果表明：离子的最大能量在１ＭｅＶ左右，离子能谱分布曲线都随其能量增加而单调下降。     

“阳”加速器上的Z箍缩诊断技术

概述了为开展Z箍缩实验物理研究而建立的一些诊断技术和方法。这些诊断技术已成功应用于"阳"加速器(负载电流1.2 MA,上升时间85 ns)喷气和丝阵Z箍缩物理研究中,其中软X光8通道Dante谱仪和软X光闪烁体功率计主要用于软X光能段的辐射功率、能量和低能辐射能谱测量;椭圆弯晶谱仪、凸圆柱晶体谱仪和透射光栅谱主要用于X光辐射线谱和连续谱的测量,以获取等离子体密度、电子和离子温度等信息;X光八分幅针孔相机、分能段6通道X光掠入射针孔积分相机和激光差分干涉测量系统主要用于研究Z箍缩内爆动力学过程及等离子体参数等,并给出了这些诊断系统获取的典型实验结果,包括X光辐射功率、辐射能谱、等离子体内爆图像和密度分布等。     

基于等离子体粒子模拟的喷气Z箍缩过程物理研究

给出了喷气Z箍缩动力学过程在二维柱坐标系下的等离子体粒子模拟物理模型,编写了相应的程序.对低电流驱动下的稀薄喷气Z箍缩动力学过程进行了验证性的等离子体粒子模拟,得到了许多微观的Z箍缩物理信息,如负载中的电流(密度)、电磁场、粒子位置和密度的时空演化,以及总的z箍缩拖尾质量和拖尾电流等信息.发现在Z箍缩过程中,模拟得到的等离子体电流随时间的变化反映出了等离子体箍缩到心和反弹的过程特征,磁场随径向的变化与长直导线电流给出的磁场很接近;电子所受到的电场力和磁场力(洛伦兹力)是相当的,而离子所受到的力主要是电场力;电子首先在z方向加速,然后在自身运动产生电流的磁场的作用下向轴心箍缩,而离子是在电子和离子电荷分离所产生的电场力的作用下向轴心运动;在压缩到轴心附近时,电子首先因静电排斥而飞散,而离子则在惯性的作用下继续向轴心箍缩,而后滞止飞散.Z箍缩等离子体的拖尾质量在20%左右,拖尾电流最大时在7%左右.     

Z箍缩等离子体K壳层X射线自辐射单色成像

采用针孔配接对数螺线柱面晶体方案,研制了一种小型、靶室内置X射线单色成像器,用于获取Z箍缩等离子体K壳层自辐射单色图像。在阳加速器上对该成像器进行了测试,成功地获取了铝丝阵负载Z箍缩等离子体K壳层自辐射的类氢线与类氦线单色图像。实验结果表明:该成像器具有优异的单色性（能谱带宽小于1 eV）,适合于中低原子序数Z箍缩内爆负载的特征谱线单色图像诊断。     

氩气Z箍缩内爆动力学过程实验研究

在太瓦级脉冲功率装置“阳”加速器上开展了一系列氩气Z箍缩内爆实验研究.利用了高时空分辨的X射线纳秒分幅相机、可见光高速扫描相机、激光剪切差分干涉系统、X射线针孔相机和软X射线功率谱仪对内爆动力学过程进行了诊断.观测到了内爆中的“拉链”效应、“颈缩”效应、腊肠不稳定性等现象，获得了等离子体温度变化和内爆速度变化等典型结果，并分析了电流上升时间等因素对等离子体内爆过程的影响，给出了相关结论. 关键词： Z箍缩 等离子体 “拉链"效应 腊肠不稳定性     

Z������������X���߷������׵�һ�ֹ���

针对实验室等离子体的辐射物理条件和等离子体箍缩三温的数值模型,提出一种定量计算Z箍缩等离子体辐射能谱的近似方法。在给出计算能谱结构的理论方法之后,再将这种近似计算方法编入到Kr喷气Z箍缩等离子体X射线辐射的二维三温辐射磁流体力学模型中,得出典型Kr喷气Z箍缩X射线辐射的能谱分布。对照"强光一号"加速器Kr喷气箍缩实验测量得到的辐射能谱分布,分析了理论与实测结果之间存在的偏差。     

实时单发测量的汤姆逊离子谱仪

介绍一种使用闪烁体耦合电子倍增电荷耦合器件(EMCCD)的方式对离子进行记录的汤姆逊能谱仪,可实现对离子能谱的实时单发测量。同时,该谱仪利用倾斜电极板对离子进行偏转,可减少由于离子打在电极板上产生的电磁噪声,能够提高实验结果的信噪比。该谱仪在北京大学4.5 MV静电加速器和2×6MV串列加速器上进行了标定实验,测量了闪烁体将离子转化成光子后的探测效率,实验结果也验证了该谱仪的可行性和稳定性。该汤姆逊谱仪将用于北京大学激光加速器CLAPA对离子束流的测量研究。     

应用于PTS装置的多通道X射线二极管阵列谱仪

介绍了用于PTS（初级实验平台）装置上Z箍缩内爆物理实验诊断的多通道X射线二极管（XRD）阵列谱仪原理、性能及主要参数,给出了根据实验结果回推光源辐射能谱的解谱算法。在PTS装置上开展的首轮物理实验中,使用多通道XRD阵列谱仪对Z箍缩产生的等离子体源辐射的软X射线能谱、功率、能量进行测量,给出了测量结果及分析,并与其他参试设备测量结果进行了比较。关键词: Abstract: Key words: ;     

喷气式Z箍缩等离子体辐射软X射线能谱的研究

研制了一台五通道ROSS-FILTER-PIN软X射线能谱仪，能谱范围为0.28—1.56keV.它由5个连续能段组成，每个能段的起止边由罗斯滤片对(ROSS-FILTERS)的L或K吸收边确定.罗斯滤片对的厚度通过优化计算得到，为了使每个通道的灵敏区外响应(即所测能段外响应)与通道总响应之比最小，在滤片对的第二滤片上镀上了一定厚度的第一滤片材料；为了缩减滤片表面积以增强低能滤片的抗冲击能力及方便滤片加工，能谱仪采用了小探测面积的PIN探测器(1mm²).借助此能谱仪，测量得到了喷气式Z箍缩(Z-pinch)等离子体辐射软X射线能谱的分布，并研究了软X射线产额随箍缩状况的变化趋势. 关键词： Z箍缩等离子体 罗斯滤片 软X射线能谱     

时间分辨晶体谱仪在Z箍缩等离子体中的应用

在装置阳加速器上,使用椭圆弯晶谱仪对Al丝阵Z箍缩实验的X射线辐射特性进行了研究。在谱仪结构中,使用椭圆面的晶体作为分光元件,采用PIN阵列作为记录元件实现时间分辨测量,同时用成像板记录时间积分结果。在Al丝阵Ｚ箍缩实验中,获得了时间分辨的Al等离子体Ｋ壳层辐射谱,用基于碰撞-辐射模型的K壳层线辐射谱分析程序对Al丝阵Z箍缩的实验数据进行了分析,获得了Al丝阵等离子体的时间分辨的电子温度和时空平均的电子数密度参数。     

Application of CR-39 detectors for study of corpuscular emission from Prague capillary pinch

The paper describes experimental studies of the corpuscular emission from fast Z-pinch discharges, which were performed within the CAPEX capillary pinch facility in Prague, Czech Republic. Time-integrated measurements were carried out with an ion pinhole camera equipped with CR-39 nuclear track detectors. Irradiated detectors were etched at the standard conditions, and developed tracks were analysed with an optical microscope coupled with a CCD camera. It was found that the fast capillary discharges emit strong corpuscular streams. On the basis of the optical analysis of the etched detectors it was estimated that the time-integrated particle flux, at the distance of 20 cm from the collimator outlet, was about 3.5×10⁷ particles/cm²/pulse. Particular attention was paid to analysis of ion-track photos, which were obtained by means of an electron microscope. Details of the ion micro-craters have been observed in the photos of fractures of the CR-39 detectors after their 7 h etching.     

用于测量Z箍缩铝等离子体K层辐射的邻苯二甲酸氢铊弯晶摄谱仪

 基于邻苯二甲酸氢铊(TAP)弯晶和软X射线分幅相机建立了一套4通道的时空分辨弯晶摄谱仪,测谱范围1 500～2 300 eV,时间分辨约2 ns。分析了谱仪各环节的信号传递和转换过程对系统谱响应的影响。利用该谱仪在“强光一号”加速器(约1.5 MA, 80～100 ns)Al丝阵Z箍缩实验中获得了时间分辨及时间积分的Al等离子体K层辐射谱,记录到了类H、类He离子主要共振线及类Li、类He离子双电子复合伴线。将摄谱结果与分能区X射线图像进行了比较。时间分辨的发射谱相对强度与积分结果有明显不同,反映了等离子体在5～10 ns时间尺度上的电子温度和离子布居变化。     

Calibration of CR-39 with atomic force microscope for the measurement of short range tracks from proton-induced target fragmentation reactions

We studied the track response of CR-39 plastic nuclear track detectors (PNTD) for low (<6 MeV/n) and high (>100 MeV/n) energy heavy ions using the atomic force microscope (AFM). CR-39 PNTD was exposed to several heavy ion beams of different energy at HIMAC (Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator in Chiba). For AFM measurement, the amount of bulk etch was controlled to be ∼2 μm in order to avoid etching away of short range tracks. The response data obtained by AFM for ∼2 μm bulk etch was in good agreement with data obtained by the conventional optical microscope analysis for larger bulk etch. The response data from low energy beams (stopping near the surface) was also consistent with the data from high energy beams (penetrating the detector) as a function of REL (restricted energy loss) with the δ-ray cut off energy of ω₀ = 200 eV. We experimentally verified that REL (ω₀ = 200 eV) gives a universal function for wide energy range in CR-39 PNTD. This work has been done as part of a basic study in the measurement of secondary short range tracks produced by target fragmentation reactions in proton cancer therapy fields.     

软X光Dante谱仪的平滑解谱算法及其在Z箍缩诊断中的应用

 针对自行研制的8通道Dante谱仪,提出了一种使用B样条曲线进行平滑解谱的算法,并用黑体谱对其进行了验证。计算结果表明：新算法与使用矩形函数解谱的算法相比,对能谱轮廓与总辐射强度的反演精度均有明显提高。给出了“阳”加速器氩气喷气Z箍缩实验的测量波形,由8通道Dante谱仪的测量结果解谱得到的软X光峰值辐射功率和总能量分别为40.5 GW和851 J,与软X光功率计经修正后的测量结果相一致。     

Generation of fast protons in moderate-intensity laser－plasma interaction from rear sheath

Forward fast protons are generated by the moderate-intensity laser--foil interaction. Protons with maximum energy 190~keV are measured by using magnetic spectrometer and CR-39 solid state track detectors along the direction normal to the rear surface. The experimental results are also modeled by the particle-in-cell method, investigating the time-varying electron temperature and the rear sheath field. The temporal and spatial structure of the sheath electrical field, revealed in the simulation, suggests that these protons are accelerated by target normal sheath acceleration (TNSA) mechanism.     

A micro Z-pinch as a spark of an axial detonation

Summary In order that a Z-pinch in a DT plasma could spark off an axial nuclear detonation wave severe conditions on space and time concentration of electromagnetic energy must be satisfied. Such energy compression could be achieved by a magnetic-field compressor (MFC) in which a fast liner compresses an azimuthal field (B _φ) of a micro Z-pinch. The driver of the MFC could be either a heavy-ion beam or an explosive magnetic-field generator (EMG) destroyed at each shot. In conclusion, some of the major problems associated with this approach to ICF are outlined.     

Application of solid-state nuclear track detectors for studies of fast ion beams within PF-1000 and other plasma-focus facilities

The paper presents results of studies of the fast ion emission from two plasma facilities: PF-1000 and PF-II. The measurements were carried out mainly with solid-state nuclear track detectors (SSNTDs). To register ion mass- and energy-spectra, obtained when primary ion beams are deflected by magnetic and electric fields of a Thomson-type spectrometer, the SSNTDs plates were installed inside the analyzer. To measure ion angular distributions the SSNTDs were located within the main discharge chamber, at different angles to the electrode axis. The SSNTDs were also applied to register ion beam images formed within an ion pinhole camera, and to determine a spatial location of the fast ion sources.     

Track measurements of fast particle streams in pulsed discharge explosive plasma

This paper reports results of track registration for fast particles from the hot spot sparked inside a metal target. CR-39 track detectors placed in the ion pinhole camera, a magnetic analyzer, and Thomson-type mass-spectrometer in order were used to obtain images of the hot spot and to determine spectra of the fast particles. Using track detectors in the pinhole camera, we have obtained specific split images. The “average etch rate ratio versus track length” locus for track sample groups is depicted by means of squared diameters asymptotic method. Our analysis shows the majority of tracks belong to hydrogen nuclei. The track loci for the detectors from the pinhole or analyzers turn out to be split into two parallel streaks that have been interpreted as a proton–deuteron doublet. Data obtained using the Thomson analyzer clearly demonstrate the equal numbers of protons and deuterons for some parallel parabola sections.     

Low-energy ion measurements by means of CR-39 nuclear track detectors

The paper presents an additional acceleration system, used to shift up an ion energy spectrum by 20 keV, and some examples of the ion parabolas registered by means of a Thomson-type spectrometer within the rod plasma injector (RPI-60) facility, designed for plasma physics and application studies. The use of the described acceleration system and CR-39 track detectors has enabled the registration of ions of energy above 20 keV to be performed. It made possible to measure the ion (e.g. deuteron) energy spectrum more exactly in the low-energy range, what is important for the determination of ion emission characteristics.