2012年中考专题复习(1)——“数与式”

中考内容要求实数与代数式所考查的知识有:有理数,倒数,相反数,绝对值,数轴的运用,实数的大小比较,乘方,科学记数法,有效数字,二次根式,实数的估算,列代数式,解释代数式,求代数式的值,探求数与式的规律.     

借形解题应防止片面引起的失误

在中学,乃至大学的数学,都应该提倡“形数结合”,解析几何的诞生正是形数结合的光辉范例,在解析几何中,我们都知道,通过量(坐标)的演算,给许多几何问题提供了准确而又普遍的解法;反过来,给数与算式赋以适当的几何意义,又可借助图形的几何性质和直观形象,使困难的问题迎刃而解,同时,图形生动鲜明的形象,既便于理解又易于记忆,因此,这借几何直观解决问题的方法,倍受广大师生的青睐,近年来,出现了不少这方面的好文章,对数学的教学和传播起了很大的推动作用,然而,图形的描绘,显然不可能达到100％的精确,特别是较为复杂的图形;图形的多     

境由心生

在现实生活中,有人总是企盼没有的,却忘了现成的,追求遥远的,却无视身边的永无止境的物质追求,让人变得贪婪;盲目的攀比,让人抱怨生活的不公境由心生,心情不好,就会失去一次次微笑着感受人生的喜悦,就会失去不少在情绪乐观时可以获得成功的机会……其实,在这个纷繁复杂、充满诱惑的社会,不羡慕别人,不轻贱目己,过自己喜欢过的日子,就是最好的日子,活自己喜欢的活法,就是最好的活法,按自己的天性度过自己的时日,就是天堂般的日子!     

高考专题复习系列讲座——直线、平面和简单几何体

[考试内容及考试要求]考试内容:平面及其基本性质,平面图形直观图的画法,平行直线,直线和平面平行的判定与性质,直线和平面垂直的判定,三垂线定理及其逆定理,两个平面的位置关系,空间向量及其加法、减法与数乘.空间向量的坐标表示,空间向量的数量积,直线的方向向量,异面直线所成的角,异面直线的公垂线,异面直线的距离,直线和平面垂直的性质,平面的法向量,点到平面的距离,直线和平面所成的角,向量在平面内的射影,平行平面的判定和性质,平行平面间的距离,二面角及其平面角,两个平面垂直的判定和性质,多面体、正多面体、棱柱、棱锥、球.考试要…     

过程参数未知时的连续检验问题

对连续检验问题,Page(Page,1954）提出的累积和控制图（CUSUM）已被证明在检测小的漂移时效果很好,然而,当受控过程的参数未知时,CUSUM的应用受到限制,Quensenberyy（1991）提出用变换的方法将观测值中的未知参数消去,在原假设“过程保持一致”成立的条件下,变换得到的Q统计量为独立同分布的标准正态变量,这里有二个问题：问题之一是,如果过程中有一漂移发生,变换得到的Q统计量的分布就很复杂,漂移对Q统计量的均值的影响是非时间齐次的,随着过程的推移,漂移对Q的均值的影响越来越小,因此,基于Q统计量的检验问题与一般的连续检验问题是不同的,好的检验方法应将这种不同反映出来,因此,基一种基于Q的新的累积和检验统计量,模拟结果显示,这种统计量的效果是不错的,问题之二是,当过程方差未知时,Q统计量的值的计算很难,它需要计算t分布的分布函数和正态分布函数的逆函数,这在实际使用中几乎是做不到的,本文提出一种近似方法,它不需计算复杂的分布函数,而是给出近拟服从标准正态分布的统计量为作为检验统计量,模拟研究的结果显示,这种近似的效果很好,它的各项指标与精确方法的相应指标非常接近。     

正四面体中的几个定值

不难验证,选择适当的空间直角坐标系,正四面体的四个顶点的坐标就可以设为：（a,a,a）,（a,-a,-a）,（-a,a,-a）,（-a,-a,a）,其中a〉0． 利用距离公式得：正四面体的棱长为2√2a． 利用上述正四面体顶点坐标的巧妙设法,本文给出四面体中的几个有趣的定值,供参考．     

课堂讨论是开发智力的一种好形式

高中数学总复习课,若一味采取“老师讲、学生听”,“教师板书,同学照抄”,是一种因循守旧的作法,即使是高明的教师,在高考中,猜对题目,学生依样画葫芦,获得优良成绩,但对于解决实际问题,独立思考却是很差的,因而就出现了“高分低能”,也就是向高等学校输送了一些不完全合格的新生。为了在总复习阶段,不是“简单的重复再现”,我们采用了课堂讨论的形式,即在教师精心设计下,拟订提纲,出示题目,由学生独立完成,再各自发表意见,指出错误,比较优劣,获得正确答案。这样做,促使学生以主人翁的态度积极思考,而对于自己知识上的缺陷,也可     

例谈均值不等式应用中的待定系数法

众所周知,运用均值不等式解题的灵魂在于配凑,而配凑的精髓在于寻找不等式等号成立的条件,其过程往往巧妙无比,美轮美奂,或行云流水,一气呵成,或化整为零,各个击破,给人以美的享受.客观地说,运用均值不等式在处理一些难度较大的竞赛题中,往往配凑的技巧性过强,思维强度过大,不具有普遍性,既不符合学生的认识规律,又容易造成学生“只在此山中,云深不知处”的困惑.对此,笔者更青睐解题中的通性通法,借助     

一个偏微分方程和汎函分析的讨论会

去年暑期以前,在数学所的倡导下,建立了一个偏微分方程的讨论会,参加这个讨论会的人很广泛,例如清华大学,北京航空学院,北京钢铁学院,北京矿业学院,北京地质学院,中国科学院数学研究所等单位都有人参加,此外还有外地许多大学,如南开大学,山东大学,西北大学,浙江大学,沈阳农学院等,来数学研究所进修偏微分方程的人员也参加了这个讨论会。讨论会的地址是在清华园,时间是每星期四一次。讨论的内内是从学习苏联开始的,首先学习了C.Л.的工作:泛函分析在     

多个离散分布的信息差度量的渐近分布

本文中对于多信息源的信息差异性度量B,我们研究了B(u1,u2,…,us)的渐近分布,其中u1,u2,…us是某个概率分布的样本估计．在某些较弱的条件下,我们证明了nB(u1,u2,…,us)的极限分布是自由度为1的X2分布的加权和,其中n是样本容量,u1,u2,…,us不必相互独立．     

Some new nonlinear wave solutions and their convergence for the (2+1)‐dimensional Broer–Kau–Kupershmidt equation

We use the bifurcation method of dynamical systems to study the (2+1)‐dimensional Broer–Kau–Kupershmidt equation. We obtain some new nonlinear wave solutions, which contain solitary wave solutions, blow‐up wave solutions, periodic smooth wave solutions, periodic blow‐up wave solutions, and kink wave solutions. When the initial value vary, we also show the convergence of certain solutions, such as the solitary wave solutions converge to the kink wave solutions and the periodic blow‐up wave solutions converge to the solitary wave solutions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Periodic Wave Solutions and Their Limits for the Modified Kd V–KP Equations

In this paper, we use the bifurcation method of dynamical systems to study the periodic wave solutions and their limits for the modified Kd V–KP equations. Some explicit periodic wave solutions are obtained. These solutions contain smooth periodic wave solutions and periodic blow-up solutions. Their limits contain solitary wave solutions, periodic wave solutions, kink wave solutions and unbounded solutions.     

关于运输问题最优解的进一步讨论

首先给出了运输问题最优解的相关概念,将最优解扩展到广义范畴,提出狭义多重最优解和广义多重最优解的概念及其区别.然后给出了惟一最优解、多重最优解、广义有限多重最优解、广义无限多重最优解的判定定理及其证明过程.最后推导出了狭义有限多重最优解个数下限和广义有限多重最优解个数上限的计算公式,并举例验证了结论的正确性.     

Several classes of exact solutions to the 1 + 1 Born–Infeld equation

We obtain closed-form exact solutions to the 1 + 1 Born–Infeld equation arising in nonlinear electrodynamics. In particular, we obtain general traveling wave solutions of one wave variable, solutions of two wave variables, similarity solutions, multiplicatively separable solutions, and additively separable solutions. Then, putting the Born–Infeld model into correspondence with the minimal surface equation using a Wick rotation, we are able to construct complex helicoid solutions, transformed catenoid solutions, and complex analogues of Scherk’s first and second surfaces. Some of the obtained solutions are new, whereas others are generalizations of solutions in the literature. These exact solutions demonstrate the fact that solutions to the Born–Infeld model can exhibit a variety of behaviors. Exploiting the integrability of the Born–Infeld equation, the solutions are constructed elegantly, without the need for complicated analytical algorithms.     

Solutions of the generalized Lennard-Jones system

In this paper, we study solution structures of the following generalized Lennard-Jones system in R~n,x=(-α/|x|~(α+2)+β/|x|~(β+2))x,with 0 α β. Considering periodic solutions with zero angular momentum, we prove that the corresponding problem degenerates to 1-dimensional and possesses infinitely many periodic solutions which must be oscillating line solutions or constant solutions. Considering solutions with non-zero angular momentum, we compute Morse indices of the circular solutions first, and then apply the mountain pass theorem to show the existence of non-circular solutions with non-zero topological degrees. We further prove that besides circular solutions the system possesses in fact countably many periodic solutions with arbitrarily large topological degree, infinitely many quasi-periodic solutions, and infinitely many asymptotic solutions.     

Scalarization and optimality conditions for vector equilibrium problems

In this paper, we investigated vector equilibrium problems and gave the scalarization results for weakly efficient solutions, Henig efficient solutions, and globally efficient solutions to the vector equilibrium problems without the convexity assumption. Using nonsmooth analysis and the scalarization results, we provided the necessary conditions for weakly efficient solutions, Henig efficient solutions, globally efficient solutions, and superefficient solutions to vector equilibrium problems. By the assumption of convexity, we gave sufficient conditions for those solutions. As applications, we gave the necessary and sufficient conditions for corresponding solutions to vector variational inequalities and vector optimization problems.     

Qualitative analysis and explicit traveling wave solutions for the Davey–Stewartson equation

In this paper, we use the bifurcation method of dynamical systems to study the traveling wave solutions for the Davey–Stewartson equation. A number of traveling wave solutions are obtained. Those solutions contain explicit periodic wave solutions, periodic blow‐up wave solutions, unbounded wave solutions, kink profile solitary wave solutions, and solitary wave solutions. Relations of the traveling wave solutions are given. Some previous results are extended. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A series of travelling wave solutions for two variant Boussinesq equations in shallow water waves

A new algebraic method is devised to uniformly construct a series of new travelling wave solutions for two variant Boussinesq equations. The solutions obtained in this paper include soliton solutions, rational solutions, triangular periodic solutions, Jacobi and Weierstrass doubly periodic wave solutions. Among them, the Jacobi elliptic periodic wave solutions exactly degenerate to the soliton solutions at a certain limit condition. Compared with most existing tanh methods, the proposed method gives new and more general solutions. More importantly, the method provides a guideline to classify the various types of the solution according to some parameters.     

Symbolic computation of exact solutions for a nonlinear evolution equation

In this paper, by means of the Jacobi elliptic function method, exact double periodic wave solutions and solitary wave solutions of a nonlinear evolution equation are presented. It can be shown that not only the obtained solitary wave solutions have the property of loop-shaped, cusp-shaped and hump-shaped for different values of parameters, but also different types of double periodic wave solutions are possible, namely periodic loop-shaped wave solutions, periodic hump-shaped wave solutions or periodic cusp-shaped wave solutions. Furthermore, periodic loop-shaped wave solutions will be degenerated to loop-shaped solitary wave solutions for the same values of parameters. So do cusp-shaped solutions and hump-shaped solutions. All these solutions are new and first reported here.     

Some new and general solutions to the compound KdV-Burgers system with nonlinear terms of any order

In this letter, a new Riccati equation expansion method is presented for constructing exact travelling-wave solutions of nonlinear partial differential equations. The main idea of this method is to take full advantage of the solutions of the Riccati equation to construct exact travelling-wave solutions of nonlinear partial differential equations. As a result, some more generalized solutions, which contain triangular periodic solutions, exp function solutions and the soliton-like solutions, are obtained.