吸附剂修饰铁基氧载体的氧化动力学研究

研究了吸附剂修饰合成Fe_2O_3/Al_2O_3的氧化动力学。其中,吸附剂(K_2O、Na_2O、CaO)用于控制化学链燃烧过程中有毒氯化物、硫化物以及重金属的排放。首先在热重分析仪(TGA)上利用合成气作为还原气氛使氧载体呈还原态(FeO/Al_2O_3),在空气气氛下进行了原FeO/Al_2O_3以及三种吸附剂修饰FeO/Al_2O_3的氧化实验,实验温度分别为850、875、900和925℃。通过八种等温动力学模型对900℃下原FeO/Al_2O_3的氧化过程进行了分析。结果表明,phase boundary-controlled(contracting cylinder)模型能够很好地描述其氧化过程(FeO向Fe_2O_3转化过程)。利用该模型分别计算了原FeO/Al_2O_3、K_2O修饰FeO/Al_2O_3、Na_2O修饰FeO/Al_2O_3和CaO修饰FeO/Al_2O_3的氧化动力学参数,其表观活化能分别为13.71、20.21、21.62和24.20 k J/mol。通过进行比较依据动力学参数计算得到的转化率随时间的函数以及实验获得的转化率随时间的函数,进一步证实了phase boundary-controlled(contracting cylinder)模型的可靠性以及相应动力学参数的准确性。     

铜基催化剂上甲酸甲酯的分解和加氢动力学

本文考察了常压,250℃下,Cu/ZnO/Al_2O_3催化剂上甲酸甲酯的分解和加氢反应动力学。分解产物甲醇、一氧化碳(包括二氧化碳)和氢的生成速率对甲酸甲酶的分压都近似为一级。加氢时,甲醇及一氧化碳的生成速率对甲酸甲酯的分压也为一级。甲酸甲酯的加氢比分解快得多,但二者平行发生。当接触时间τ趋近0时,甲酸甲酯分解产物中C_(CH_3OH)/C_(CO)趋近1.0。说明甲酸甲酯分解为H_2及CO 时甲醇为中间产物。对于甲醇分解为H_2及CO,当τ趋向0时2C_(HCOOCH_3)/C_(H_2)趋向约为0.1。说明甲醇大部分直接分解而并不以甲酸甲酯为中间产物。     

甲醇在几种甲醇合成催化剂上的分解

本工作考察了甲醇在Cu-Zn-Al、Zn-Cr和Pd/Al_2O_3催化剂上的分解反应。所用的条件范围是:LHSV~(?)0.3—3.Gh~(-1),温度230—100℃,压力0.5—8.0MPa。各催化剂在各自适宜的条件下都有很好的甲醇分解活性,但选择性差别较大。Cu-Zn-Al催化剂上的主要付产物是甲酸甲酯,其产量随温度和接触时间的增加而迅速下降,具有中间产物的特征。Pd/Al_2O_3明显地催化甲醇脱水,二甲醚选择性达30%以上。Zn-Cr催化剂于375℃使用时,在本工作所用的压力和空速范围内可保持99%左右的甲醇转化率,其中(H_2+CO)选择性80%以上,H_2/CO比接近2.0,付产一部分二甲醚。在三种催化剂上,CH_4及CO_2产量都很少,其顺序是Pd/Al_2O_3>Zn-Cr>Cu-Zn-Al。最后还将实验结果与用化学计最法计算的选择性作了对照验证。     

Eu掺杂对γ-Ce2S3合成温度及抗氧化性能的影响

本文以CeCl_3·7H_2O、Eu_2O_3、C_2H_2O_4·2H_2O为原料,制备了铈铕草酸盐沉淀,该沉淀经高温煅烧获得铈铕氧化物前驱体;以Ar气为载气、CS_2为硫源对铈铕氧化物前驱体进行硫化合成了Eu~(2+)掺杂的γ-Ce_2S_3。Eu~(2+)掺杂能够明显降低γ-Ce2S3的合成温度,Eu~(2+)/Ce~(3+)为0. 03时,在900℃硫化150min即可获得纯相的γ-Ce_2S_3,与不掺杂时合成γ-Ce_2S_3的温度相比降低了300℃左右;同时,Eu~(2+)掺杂能够提升γ-Ce_2S_3的抗氧化能力,氧化气氛下,Eu~(2+)/Ce~(3+)比例为0. 03的样品其氧化放热峰温度由不掺杂时的490. 6℃提高至553. 3℃。     

燃烧法合成Sr_2Al_3O_6:Eu~(2+),Dy~(3+)发光材料的物相组成研究

提出采用燃烧法合成Sr_3Al_2O_6:Eu~(2+),Dy~(3+)红色长余辉发光材料,旨在通过工艺优化合成出单相的铝酸锶基质,为制备发光性能良好的红色发光材料打下基础。通过对样品进行XRD衍射分析,分别探讨了燃烧温度、尿素添加量以及二次还原工序的引入对样品的物相组成的影响。结果表明:仅调节燃烧温度和尿素添加量不能得到单相Sr_3Al_2O_6基质,产物中往往存在SrAl_2O_4,Sr_4Al_2O_7等杂质相,然而当尿素添加量增加时,虽导致产生大量SrCO_3,但同时也抑制了很难排除的杂质相SrAl_2O_4,Sr_4Al_2O_7的生成。如将该样品在1200℃下还原煅烧则可使SrCO_3分解继而反应生成目标产物Sr_3Al_2O_6,由此获得接近纯相的Sr_3Al_2O_6基质。最终确定较优化的工艺条件为:燃烧温度为850℃,尿素添加量为硝酸盐的2倍,燃烧后在1200℃下进行二次还原煅烧。     

生活垃圾流化床热处置中重金属迁移分布研究

在流化床实验装置上研究模拟生活垃圾热解、气化、焚烧等热处置过程中重金属Cd、Pb、Zn及Cu的迁移转化,分析氧化还原气氛及温度对重金属挥发特性的影响。结果表明,高温及还原性条件促进了Cd、Pb及Zn的挥发;而氧化性气氛有利于Cu的迁移。热力学平衡模拟结果表明,金属在氧化和还原气氛下的转化途径不同。在还原性气氛下,金属主要以元素态单质或硫化物的形式存在,其熔沸点高低决定了金属挥发程度。反之,CuCl_3等氯化物的生成促进了Cu在氧化性气氛下的挥发。金属基反应在氧化性气氛下得到加强,提高了Cd、Pb及Zn向气相产物转化的起始温度。进一步考察重金属在不同组分的分布及富集规律,大部分以气相形式挥发的重金属易在降温过程中冷凝并富集于飞灰。气流夹带亦是导致重金属迁移的重要原因,流化床的高气速特性对重金属分布有显著影响。     

负载Ni催化剂上1,4-丁炔二醇加氢反应的载体效应研究

制备了Ni负载量为15%的3种催化剂Ni/Al_2O_3、Ni/SiO_2、Ni/ZrO_2,考察了其在1,4-丁炔二醇加氢反应中的催化性能,结合XRD、H_2-TPR、H_2-TPD、N_2物理吸附等表征,研究了载体性质对催化剂1,4-丁炔二醇加氢性能的影响.结果表明,Ni/SiO_2催化剂上,由于Ni与SiO_2间弱的相互作用,Ni物种主要以大晶粒形式存在,产生大量弱吸附H_2物种,有利于低温下1,4-丁炔二醇加氢,在温度50℃,氢气压力1 MPa时,反应2 h可实现1,4-丁炔二醇的完全转化,1,4-丁烯二醇和1,4-丁二醇选择性分别达到68.1%与18.2%.Ni/Al_2O_3中Ni与载体间具有强相互作用,主要存在Ni-Al_2O_3界面或溢流到Al_2O_3载体表面的强吸附H_2物种,而Ni表面的弱吸附H_2物种较少,催化加氢活性明显降低.Ni/ZrO_2中由于还原过程中ZrO_2的迁移包裹作用,Ni表面低温吸附H_2物种最少,活性最低,1,4-丁炔二醇转化率仅为8.1%,主产物为1,4-丁烯二醇.     

氧化还原引发体系的丙烯酰胺聚合动力学研究

<正> Suen等采用氯酸盐-亚硫酸盐氧化还原引发体系在不同的pH条件下进行丙烯酰胺溶液聚合,结果表明,起始聚合速度与([ClO_3][H_2SO_3])~(1/2)成正比,井本用K_2S_2O_8为引发剂研究了pH对丙烯酰胺聚合的影响,认为pH在3—8范围内,起始聚合速度几乎不受pH影响,当pH达到9以上时,则急剧下降,我们采用过硫酸盐-亚硫酸盐、过硫     

经过氧化预处理的Ru／Al2O3催化剂的表征

对由Ru_3(CO)_(12)和RuCl_2制备的Ru/Al_2O_3催化剂进行的氧化预处理,显著地改变了催化剂在CO加氢反应中的选择性.在未经过氧化预处理或氧化预处理温度低于200℃时,主产物是C_2以上的烃类;而当氧化预处理温度在300℃或300℃以上时,主产物是甲烷.用H_2化学吸附法、TEM和XRD对y—Al_2O_3 载体上Ru粒子表征的结果表明:在H_2还原之后,载体上的Ru是一些粒径为10(?)左右的超微粒子或者这种超微粒子的聚集体,而在经过300℃或者更高温度下的氧化预处理及随后的还原之后,这些超微粒子或其聚集体转变成大的单晶.Ru粒子的这一微观形态的变化是引起催化剂选择性显著改变的根本原因.这—结果表明,对于负载型金属催化剂,不仅载体上金属粒子的分散度,而且这些金属粒子的微观形态也是决定催化剂在某些反应中的选择性的一个重要因素.     

二元弱酸酸式盐溶液中微粒浓度大小的比较*

利用热力学计算软件HSC Chemistry动态探究了二元弱酸酸式盐溶液的稀释过程,通过图示法研究了NaHCO₃,NaHS,NaHSO₃,NaHC₂O₄等2类典型的二元弱酸酸式盐溶液浓度与各微粒浓度之间的关系及变化规律,方便快捷地比较了不同浓度范围内溶液中各微粒浓度大小的排序,有利于厘清二元弱酸酸式盐溶液的电离平衡过程。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.