联二脲氧化生成偶氮二甲酰胺反应的钒催化机理

在钒催伦剂存在下，用氯酸钠氧化联二脲制成偶氮二甲酰胺，从钒催化剂的单晶培养和结构解析入手，通过反应动力学研究，用ＥＳＲ检测反应过程中四价钒的生成，用分光光度法（分别以钛钛试剂和硫氰酸铵为显色剂）确定了反应过程中三价钒的生成和变化情况，从而提出了可能的催化机理，还利用量化计算从热力学角度证实了所提出的包括四价钒铬离子歧化过程在内的钒催化机理的合理性。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定面粉及其制品中的联二脲

建立了面粉及其制品中联二脲的液相色谱-串联质谱（LC-MS/MS）测定及确证方法。采用纯水振荡提取样品中的联二脲,联二脲经高锰酸钾氧化后,转变为偶氮甲酰胺,再加入对甲苯亚磺酸钠使偶氮甲酰胺衍生为对甲苯磺酰氨基脲。以乙腈和2 mmol/L乙酸铵溶液（含0.2%（v/v）甲酸）为流动相进行梯度洗脱,经Shimpak XR-ODSⅡ色谱柱（150 mm×2.0 mm,2.2 μm）分离,电喷雾正离子模式电离（ESI⁺）,多反应监测（MRM）模式检测,同位素内标法定量。方法的线性范围为1~20000 μg/kg,相关系数为0.9999,定量限为5 μg/kg;当添加水平为5.0、10.0与50.0 μg/kg时,联二脲的平均回收率为78.3%~108.0%,相对标准偏差（RSDs）不大于5.73%。本方法新颖、可靠、灵敏、线性范围广,而且实用性强,可用于面粉及其多种制品中联二脲的测定和确证。     

［（n－C_4H_9）_4N］_2［（OC_（14）H_8O）_2Mo_4O_（10）（OCH_3）_2］的合成和晶体结构

为探讨钼多酸根阴离子在有机化学反应中的催化机理，用菲醌作底物合成了［（ｎ－Ｃ_４Ｈ_９）_４Ｎ］_２［（ＯＣ_（１４）Ｈ_８Ｏ）_２Ｍｏ_４Ｏ（１０）（ＯＣＨ_３）_２］配合物。Ｘ射线单晶结构分析表明，该晶体属单斜晶系，空间群Ｐ２_１／ｃ，ａ＝１．３１４９（５）ｎｍ，ｂ＝１．８６６６（８）ｎｍ，ｃ＝１．８９０３（３）ｎｍ，β＝１０４．０６（３）°，Ｚ＝２．收集到独立衍射点３５０５个，其中１３８２个为可观测点，最终一致性因子Ｒ＝０．０７８．结构分析结果表明，菲醌与钼多酸根在不同的实验条件下，能形成配比、氧化态以及结构不同的配合物。     

镍催化芳烃卤化物还原性交叉偶联的反应机理(英文)

利用密度泛函理论(DFT)计算研究了镍催化的溴苯(R1)与对溴苯甲酸甲酯(R2)生成非对称联芳化合物的还原性交叉偶联反应的机理.结果表明,相对于一价镍的催化机理,零价镍作为活性催化剂更有利于反应的进行,零价镍催化剂首先与R1络合或者首先与R2络合的反应机理十分相似,其决速步在气相时的能垒分别是70.50或者49.66 kJ?mol-1.零价镍催化机理包括如下步骤:一次氧化加成;还原;二次氧化加成;还原消除以及催化剂再生.另外,计算结果还表明有机锌试剂在这个反应体系中很难生成.     

甲烷氧化偶联CaF2／Sm2O3催化剂的研究

甲烷氧化偶联ＣａＦ_２／Ｓｍ_２Ｏ_３催化剂的研究周水琴，龙瑞强，黄亚萍，万惠霖，蔡启瑞（厦门大学化学系，固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室，厦门，３６１００５）关键词甲烷氧化偶联，氟化钙，三氧化二钐，离子交换，氧物种甲烷氧化偶联制乙烯是催化领域中最活跃的?..     

四核钼簇合物Mo_4S_4（μ－OAc）_2（dtp）_4在一些非水溶剂中的电化

利用循环伏安法测定了四核钼簇合物Ｍｏ_４Ｓ_４（μ－ＯＡｃ）_２（ｄｔｐ）_４在ＣＨ_３ＣＮ，ＤＭＦ，ＤＭＳＯ等溶剂中的氧化还原半波电位（Ｅ_（１／２）），对其氧化还原峰进行了归属，结果表明在ＣＨ_３ＣＮ中存在一个单电子的氧化过程和二个单电子的还原过程，而在ＤＭＦ和ＤＭＳＯ中只存在二个单电子的还原过程。同时还探讨了溶剂的ＤＮ数对该簇合物电化学性质的影响。     

水溶性膦酸双核金属钌催化t-BuOOH氧化醇性能

双核金属钌膦酸配合物(NH_4)_3[Ru_2(hedp)_2]·2H_2O(hedp=羟基亚乙基二膦酸)在常温水溶性体系中,无需相转移催化剂,可以高效催化t-Bu OOH氧化各种醇类,包括一级醇、二级醇和长链醇。催化机理研究表明,双核金属钌膦酸配合物的[Ru~Ⅲ-Ru~Ⅱ]~(3-)单元与t-Bu OOH作用,可以形成含过氧键的Ru~Ⅲ-Ru~Ⅲ-OO~tBu过渡态,然后再对底物醇进行氧化。该机理得到实验印证,如发现酸抑制而碱催进该反应,紫外可见光谱表明Ru~Ⅲ-Ru~Ⅲ-OO~tBu的形成。     

键联聚乙二醇高分子担载锰（Ⅲ）卟啉的合成及催化烯烃环氧化反应性能研究

本文研究了键联聚乙二醇高分子担载锰（Ⅲ）卟啉的合成，以及在ＣＨ_２Ｃｌ_２／Ｈ_２Ｏ两相体系中催化苯乙烯环氧化反应的性能．探索了催化反应体系中溶液ｐＨ值、ＮａＯＣｌ浓度、轴向配体及相转移催化剂对催化反应的影响．结果说明键联聚乙二醇高分子担载锰（Ⅲ）卟啉是烯烃环氧化反应的一种有效催化剂，其中聚乙二醇链可以络合Ｎａ，使ＯＣｌ富集于金属卟啉周围，起到较好的相转移催化作用．在催化反应的各影响因素中，水相ｐＨ值对反应的影响最大．     

N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺及其类似物催化下的分子氧氧化反应

本文综述了近年来N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺（NHPI）及其类似物催化下分子氧氧化的各种反应,并对它们的催化机理作了简要介绍。NHPI与过渡金属离子组成的催化体系能高效的催化乙烷氧化为乙酸、环烷烃氧化为二元羧酸、甲苯氧化为苯甲酸、烯烃氧化为环氧化物、炔烃氧化为炔酮、酰胺氧化为酰亚胺;NHPI单独使用能催化金刚烷发生氧化羰基化反应、催化氧化醇制取过氧化氢;NHPI与有机助催化剂如：偶氮二异丁腈、溴化季铵盐、蒽醌、醇等也能催化分子氧氧化反应。     

4 ,5-二取代-1 ,2-苯醌的电化学合成及反应机制

邻苯二酚在不同亲核试剂存在下经电解氧化 ,一步合成了 4,5_二取代_1,2_苯醌类化合物 ;对电解氧化_迈克尔加成反应进行了探讨 ,提出了可能的反应历程 .     

工业生产甘氨酸结晶母液中三种羧酸的快速测定

甘氨酸工业生产中,同步快速分析母液中甘氨酸(Gly)、α-羟基乙酸(GA)和亚氨基二乙酸(IDA)含量,对于生产控制和母液循环利用具有重要意义。本文采用Hypersil SAX强阴离子色谱柱,对来自某企业的甘氨酸母液中的三种羧酸进行了快速分析方法研究。结果表明,以pH值为2.30的含0.020 mol/L磷酸二氢钾缓冲液为流动相,得到Gly、GA、IDA三种羧酸的色谱峰分离度好,峰形对称;在浓度为0.1～1.8 g/L范围内,Gly、GA、IDA的色谱峰面积与其浓度呈良好线性关系,甘氨酸母液中三种羧酸的平均回收率分别在106.4%～108.3%、99.2%～102.3%和82.4%～86.4%之间,日内及日间相对标准偏差为0.7%～7.4%,从而建立了一种简便、准确的高效液相色谱法用于甘氨酸母液的同步快速分析。     

A water-soluble and "self-assembled" polyoxometalate as a recyclable catalyst for oxidation of alcohols in water with hydrogen peroxide

We have demonstrated that a simply prepared water-soluble polyoxometalate, Na12[WZnZn2(H2O)2(ZnW9O34)2], synthesized from readily available zinc and tungsten salts in the presence of nitric acid, is an effective catalyst for selective alcohol oxidation with hydrogen peroxide in biphasic (water-alcohol) reaction media. Experiments have shown that the "self-assembled" catalyst in its mother liquor was as active as the isolated catalyst. The aqueous catalyst solution is easily separated from the water-insoluble products and can be recycled without loss in activity or selectivity.     

Intraframework Migration of Tetrahedral Atoms in a Zeolite

The transformation from a disordered into an ordered version of the zeolite natrolite occurs on prolonged heating of this material in the crystallizing medium, but not if the mother liquor is replaced by water or an alkaline solution. This process occurs for both aluminosilicate and gallosilicate analogues of natrolite. In cross experiments, the disordered Al‐containing (or Ga‐containing) analogue is heated while in contact with the mother liquor of the opposite analogue, that is, the Ga‐containing (or Al‐containing) liquor. Therefore, strong evidence for the mechanism of the ordering process was obtained, which was thus proposed to proceed by intraframework migration of tetrahedral atoms without diffusion along the pores. Migration is first triggered, then fuelled by surface rearrangement through reactions with the mother liquor, and stops when an almost fully ordered state is attained. Classical dissolution–recrystallization and Ostwald ripening processes do not appear to be relevant for this phase transformation.     

用循环拆分法制备手性萘乙胺

研究了1-(1-萘基)乙胺[(RS)-1]和1-(2-萘基)乙胺[(RS)-2]的循环拆分方法。以D-酒石酸为拆分剂,分别拆分(RS)-1和(RS)-2得到了(R)-1-(1-萘基)乙胺(收率31%,98%ee)和(R)-1-(2-萘基)乙胺(收率30%,98%ee),并对母液中的非目标对映异构体成功的进行了消旋化,实现了循环拆分。     

Green synthesis of caffeine based on methylating reagent dimethyl carbonate and environmental friendly separating method

In this paper, a green process for the synthesis and separation of caffeine was reported. Theophylline sodium is used as the raw material, diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene as the catalyst, and Turkey red oil as the solvent, particularly, dimethyl carbonate was adopted in place of high toxic dimethyl sulfate to form a mixture of caffeine and by-product sodium bicarbonate. After converting sodium bicarbonate to sodium carbonate, the solubility difference between caffeine and sodium carbonate at 40°C was for the first time utilized to achieve the purpose of separating caffeine with an excellent yield of 98.4% and a purity of greater than 99.0%. Furthermore, both the reaction mother liquor and separation mother liquor can be recycled and reused during the reaction and separation processes, respectively, with little caffeine loss. No industrial waste was discharged in the process of the improved synthesis and separation, which is therefore environmental friendly.     

DECOMPOSITION OF BLACK LIQUOR BY ULTRASOUND PROCESS

Ultrasound (US)-induced cavitation is an effective way in oxidizing organic contaminants in wastewater either as the independent operation unit or in combination with other oxidation methods. In this paper, black liquor and filtrate after acidifying and settling were sonicated The effect of working parameters on ultrasonic degradation of black liquor, such as different combinationmethods, frequency, power supply, initial concentration, pH, duration time, ionic strength and catalyst were studied The results were as follows: (1) At the conditions of 4OkHz, IOOW, 4h, pH at 6 and temperature 30±2℃,, utilizing US/US-H2O2/US-Fenton, weak-orange filtrate turned to colloid with the increase of time and little sediment produced after settling. Especially filtrate came to be milk white collides and upper water approached to nearly achromatic by US-Fenton. Compared with the US, US-H2O2/US-Fenton COD (Chemical oxidation demand) removal ratio can increase 15%,30% respectively. Because of more hydroxyl radicals produced in tire reaction process; (2) At the condition of lOOW and 4h, the degradation efficiency of black liquor was better at 40kHz over at 20kHz. Moreover black liquor can be biodegraded easily Those based on that the big molecule of contaminants in aqueous solution can be changed into the little molecule with ultrasound (3) At the condition of 40kl-l: and 4h, the COD removal ratio of black liquor was more higher at 60W than at 80W, while the removal ratio of COD at 60W was nearly close to the ratio at 100W,“ (4) The initial concentration of black liquor influenced the effect of sonochemical degradation; (5) The variation of pH had no effect on degradation; (6) The longer the duration time, tire greater the removal ratio of COD. But this ratio increased slowly after 4h; (7) Adding 0.2g/L NaCI to change the ionic strength of the black liquor, the COD removal ratio can increase 10%; (8) The degradation rates increased by the coexistent catalysts of TiO2, Co^+2 and Ag^+.     

Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of ketones in ionic liquids using molecular oxygen in the presence of benzaldehyde

A new and efficient method for the synthesis of lactones involving the application of an oxygen/benzaldehyde system as the oxidant and ionic liquids as solvents is reported. A significant rate enhancement was observed at 90 °C when the oxidation of ketones was carried out in the presence of a free radical initiator. The oxidation of model cyclic ketones, such as cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, 2-methylcyclohexanone, 2-norbornone, 2-adamantanone and cycloheptanone gave lactones in high yields (84-90%) within relatively short periods of time, with the possibility of effective ionic liquids recycling. Additionally, discussion of the free radical mechanism of this reaction is proposed.     

多相条件下亚硫酸镁非催化氧化反应动力学及机理

副产物的氧化回收利用是影响镁法脱硫工艺发展的关键.本文通过真空旋转蒸发的方式制备了高纯度的亚硫酸镁样品,并利用鼓泡式反应装置,研究了亚硫酸镁非催化氧化的反应动力学,考察了pH、氧分压、亚硫酸镁浓度、气体流量、温度等因素对亚硫酸镁氧化反应速率的影响,得到了各反应物的分级数及表观活化能.结合三相反应过程的数学模型推断出亚硫酸镁氧化的本征反应在慢反应区进行,且氧的传质扩散是总反应的速率控制步骤.研究结果为氧化回收镁法脱硫副产物提供了理论依据.     

Partial electro-neutralisation of -α-p-hydroxyphenylglycine in sulphuric acid medium

In the industrial synthesis of -α-p-hydroxyphenylglycine the separation of amino acid is carried out by precipitation. During this process, a mother liquor is produced with a high salt content (2 M phosphates and sulphates) and an amino acid concentration of 0.11–0.12 M. The disposal of this mother liquor causes an environmental problem and an economic loss. The salt content of this mother liquor can be reduced in 70% of the initial by means of an electrodialysis process previously carried out by us, with only an amino acid loss of 15% of the initial. To improve and simplify this process, an electro-electrodialysis process (a membrane electrolysis process; the electrode processes and the transport process across the membrane are used) has been developed in which as a first step, the electro-neutralisation of solutions containing sulphuric acid and -α-p-hydroxyphenylglycine is studied. The sulphuric acid content is reduced to 87% of the initial, without detected loss of amino acid. The final solution is posteriorly neutralised by working up the pH of the solution for precipitating the amino acid, and a mother liquor with approximately 0.10 M -α-p-hydroxyphenylglycine and a low salt content (0.08 M Na₂SO₄) is produced. This mother liquor with low salinity can be recirculated again to a new electro-electrodialysis process.     

2,4-dinitrophenylosazones from coriose and D-glucose : Formation in mineral acid by different routes

1-Deoxycoriose 2,4-dinitrophenylosazone 2 was obtained in strong mineral acid as the only crystalline osazone of coriose 1. Experimental evidence was obtained for the mechanism of formation of 2via 1-deoxyosone 10. The structure of D-glucose 2,4-dinitrophenylosazone produced analogously was proved to be 6, and the isolation of 2,4-dinitroaniline from the mother liquor is in accord with the mechanism of normal phenylosazone formation. Excess reagent did not cause further reaction down the chain of the sugars, and the large downfield shift of an imino proton in each osazone, showing that a chelate ring is formed between two phenylhydrazine moieties in these osazones in spite of the strong chelation between α-imino and o-nitro group in 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine.