乙二胺和聚乙二醇在纳米介孔氧化铝制备中的协同导向作用

以无机铝盐Al(NO₃)₃为原料, 以乙二胺和聚乙二醇为协同模板导向剂, 与氨水反应, 经过“沉淀-超声-煅烧”等过程, 制得介孔纳米氧化铝. 用TEM, XRD, N₂吸附-脱附等测试技术对样品进行了测试和表征. 研究结果表明, 所得样品具有相当高的比表面积(510 m²•g^－1)、较大孔容(1.13 cm³•g^－1)和较为集中的孔径(5.8 nm)分布. 根据乙二胺和氧化铝表面的溶液化学反应及在不同pH条件下的溶液组分分布, 探讨了它们在介孔氧化铝制备过程中的协同模板作用机理.     

石墨化的有序介孔碳的制备及其作为载体的Pt催化剂对甲醇的电催化氧化

以低分子量的酚醛树脂为碳源, F127为模板剂, NiCl₂为石墨化促进剂, 通过一步模板法辅助合成有序介孔碳. X射线衍射(XRD)、激光拉曼和透射电子显微镜(TEM)等测试结果表明, Ni以金属颗粒的方式进入碳材料的骨架中, 明显提高了有序介孔碳的石墨化程度, 而碳的有序介孔结构几乎没有变化. 在700 ℃热解温度下, Ni含量为5%时, 可以清晰地观察到Ni周围呈现碳的石墨结构. 在硫酸和甲醇溶液中进行循环伏安测试, 结果显示, 碳材料的石墨化有利于提高其电催化活性, 含Ni 5%的碳载Pt催化剂电化学活性面积可达24.84 m²•g^－1, 甲醇氧化峰电流为3.92 mA.     

炭化温度对烟杆基活性炭孔结构及电化学性能的影响研究

以烟杆为原料, 氢氧化钾为活化剂, 通过调节炭化温度(500～800 ℃温度范围)在相同活化条件下制备了具有不同孔隙结构的活性炭材料. N₂吸附测试表明随着炭化温度降低, 活性炭的比表面积和总孔容先增大后减小, 中孔比表面积和平均孔径却一直增大. 其中600 ℃炭化样品经KOH活化后可制得比表面积为3333 m²•g^－1, 总孔容为2.47 cm³• g^－1, 中孔孔容达2.11 cm³•g^－1的高中孔率高比表面积活性炭材料. 采用直流充放电法、交流阻抗法和循环伏安法测定上述多孔炭为电极材料的双电层电容器的电化学性能, 结果表明: 炭化温度不同的烟杆基活性炭电极均表现出良好的功率特性, 充放电流增大50倍, 容量保持率均在80%左右, 其中TS-AC-600活性炭电极在有机电解液中1 mA•cm^－2充放电时, 比电容达到190 F•g^－1. 较高的中孔率和较大的平均孔径使得烟杆基活性炭电极具有良好的高倍率充放电性能.     

活性碳纳米管的制备及其在有机电解液中的电容性能研究

以KOH为活化剂对碳纳米管进行化学活化制备双电层电容器用高比表面积活性碳纳米管. 采用TEM和N₂吸附法表征活性碳纳米管的结构, 采用恒流充放电、循环伏安、交流阻抗等评价其在1 mol•L^－1 Et₄NBF₄/PC中的电容性能. 随活化剂用量增大、活化温度升高和活化时间的延长, 活性碳纳米管的比表面积和比电容都呈增大的趋势. 活化剂用量为3∶1, 800 ℃活化4 h制备的活性碳纳米管的比表面积663 m²•g^－1, 比活化前提高了3倍, 其比电容达57.2 F• g^－1, 比活化前提高了2倍. 将活性碳纳米管的比电容与其比表面积相关联, 发现两者之间具有非常好的线性关系, 并分析了原因.     

介孔TiO2对溶菌酶吸附的动力学和热力学

773.15 K下焙烧二钛酸(H₂Ti₂0₅)制备了介孔结构TiO₂。采用比表面分析仪(BET)、扫描电镜(SEM)、拉曼(Raman)光谱和X射线衍射(XRD)仪进行表征研究了介孔TiO₂对溶菌酶的吸附行为和机理。结果表明,该吸附过程较好地满足Langmuir吸附模型;随着溶液pH值的增高,溶菌酶在介孔TiO₂上的吸附量先增大后减小。在pH = 7.2时,达到最大吸附容量72.5 mg·g^-1。该介孔TiO₂对溶菌酶具有良好的吸附稳定性,经过5次循环后吸附的溶菌酶残余量仍有81.6%。动力学研究表明,介孔TiO₂与溶菌酶间的吸附满足准二级动力学模型,吸附传质过程由膜扩散和粒内扩散共同影响与控制。对热力学参数的计算发现,该过程ΔG⁰ < 0, ΔH⁰ > 0, ΔS⁰ > 0,表明介孔TiO₂对溶菌酶的吸附是一个自发的、吸热的熵增过程。     

具有碱催化活性的有序氮氧化硅MCM-41介孔分子筛的制备与性能研究

以介孔氧化硅MCM-41为氮化前驱体, 以纯的氨气为氮源, 通过调节氮化工艺参数, 制备出了氮含量高达23.01 wt%、比表面积高达665.4 m²•g^－1、平均孔径为2.5 nm的氮氧化硅有序介孔分子筛材料. 采用CNH元素分析、N₂吸附- 脱附分析、小角XRD、高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)、红外光谱以及²⁹Si 固体核磁共振谱(MAS NMR)等技术对材料的结构进行系统的研究. 并且通过苯甲醛和丙二腈的缩合反应研究了该类材料的碱催化活性. 研究表明, 在30 ℃反应3 h后苯甲醛的转化率达到99.9%.     

有序介孔碳的合成及其相转变机理的研究

采用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)作为模板剂, 正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为硅源, 在碱性条件下, 用低温合成方法合成了有序介孔硅, 并以此为硬模板, 蔗糖为碳前驱体, 采用液相浸渍方法填充碳源, 制备出有序介孔碳. 通过XRD、TEM、N₂吸附-脱附等测试方法对其表征, 结果表明合成的介孔材料高度有序, 均具有很高的比表面积(介孔硅, 992～1096 m²/g; 介孔碳, 930～1208 m²/g), 较大的孔容和较窄的孔径分布. 还发现随着反应温度的升高, 介孔硅的结构从二维六方相(p6mm)转变为三维立方相(Ia3d); 介孔碳在复制介孔硅后, 其结构也从三维立方相(Ia3d)转变为四方相(I4₁/a), 并对相转变机理做了初步探讨.     

利用均相沉淀剂和形貌导向剂水热一步合成层状镍钴氢氧化物

本文利用在反应过程中同时添加均相沉淀剂六次甲基四胺和形貌导向剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵,结合水热反应的方法一步合成了镍钴氢氧化物. 随着六次甲基四胺的水解,层状镍钴氢氧化物可以被合成而且避免了额外碱源的使用;同时,由于反应过程中十六烷基三甲基溴化铵参与的孔径调节,合成出来的镍钴氢氧化物具有可控的介孔尺寸13.4 nm以及较大的比表面积93.6 m²•g^-1. X射线衍射图谱表明合成出来的镍钴氢氧化物构型是α-Ni(OH)₂-β-Co(OH)₂. 扫描电镜表明合成出来的镍钴氢氧化物具有层状的结构. 正是因为层状介孔结构的存在,合成出来的镍钴氢氧化物在1A•g^-1电流密度下,比电容可以高达1902 F•g^-1;即使电流密度提高到8 A•g^-1,镍钴氢氧化物的比电容仍然可以保持在1250F•g^-1.     

硅藻土辅助制备有序介孔碳及其电催化性能

以共聚物F127 为软模板, 酚醛树脂为碳源, 引入硅藻土充当暂态支架, 在不同硅藻土与酚醛树脂质量比下, 用蒸发自组装法合成有序介孔碳材料. 利用XRD, TEM, N₂ 吸附-脱附对其结构进行表征, 结果显示, 与单一软模板相比,在硅藻土辅助下获得的介孔碳材料不仅具有高度有序的孔道, 还具有更大的比表面积(717～773 m²·g^-1)和孔径(3.9～11.3 nm). 依据原料比例与介孔碳结构两者间的变化规律, 初步探讨了硅藻土在制备中所起的辅助作用. 采用微波多元醇还原法制备介孔碳载Pt 电催化剂, 在甲醇溶液中进行循环伏安测试, 发现比表面积的增大有利于碳材料的电催化性能提高, 当硅藻土与酚醛树脂的比例为0.5 时, 制备出的有序介孔碳比表面积最大, 载Pt 后呈现的正向氧化峰电流也最大.     

复合材料NiOx-ZSM-5的制备及微生物电解池催化析氢性能

在Na₂O-TPABr-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-H₂O溶胶体系中加入碳球, 采用水热晶化法合成ZSM-5分子筛载体, 负载镍盐制备复合材料NiO_x-ZSM-5. 利用X射线衍射(XRD)、 扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、 透射电子显微镜(TEM)、 X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、 氮气吸附-脱附和电化学测试等手段对样品进行表征, 利用微生物电解池(MEC)评价其催化析氢性能. 结果表明, 在碳球作用下ZSM-5分子筛为纳米粒子聚集的椭球形貌, 介孔比表面积和介孔孔容明显增加. 浸渍焙烧后的黑色斑点NiO_x覆盖在晶隙形成的介孔表面和分子筛的表面. 相比于纯NiO, 镍盐浸渍量为40%的复合材料中多价态镍氧的吸收峰向高结合能方向移动, 多价态镍、 铝原子和氧空位活性位数量明显 增多, 显著提高了复合材料的电催化活性, 使其具有较高电流密度(8.45 mA/cm²)和较低起始析氢过电位 (151 mV), 优于NiO电极. 在MEC运行周期内, 复合材料的平均析氢电流密度为(28.64±7.4) A/m², 总产气量为(52.67±1.64) mL, H₂纯度为(89.07±0.06)%, 略高于商用Pt/C电极[(89.05±0.05)%], 产氢效率(0.571 m³?m^-3?d^-1)和库仑效率[(76.7±5.4)%]与Pt/C阴极相近, 表明复合材料是一种低成本和高效率的析氢材料.     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.