Sers measurement of oxidation-reduction reactions of adsorbates on gold microstructures

The use of surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) to study oxidation-reduction and complexation chemical reactions on Au surfaces is illustrated by: (1) the reaction of Au(CN)₂^? adsorbed on a Au colloid (2140 cm^?) to form Au(CN)₃^2? (2131 cm^?1) on the surface in excess CN^?; (2) the oxidation of Au(CN)₂^? by HNO₃, Cl₂, or Br₂ solutions to form Au(CN)₄^? (2190 cm^?) on a Au colloid; and (3) the dissolution of Au in excess CN^? with O₂. Unlike with Ag surfaces, no SERS is observed when Au powder is exposed to NO, NO₂, SO₂, CO, or CO₂ gases. The surface chemistry of Au is discussed in the light of these reactions.     

Observation of Au + Au → Au + Au + ρ 0 and Au + Au → Au* + Au* + ρ 0 with STAR

We report the first observation of the reactions Au + Au → Au + Au + ρ ⁰ and Au + Au → Au* + Au* + ρ ⁰ with the STAR detector. The ρ are produced at small perpendicular momentum, as expected if they couple coherently to both nuclei. We discuss models of vector meson production and the correlation with nuclear breakup, and present a fundamental test of quantum mechanics that is possible with the system.     

Nuclear ground-state spin of185Au and magnetic moments of 187, 188Au: Further evidence for coexisting nuclear shapes in this mass region

Hyperfine structure measurements have been performed in some neutron-deficient gold isotopes, using on-line atomic-beam magnetic resonance (ABMR) techniques at the ISOLDE facility, CERN. The following results have been obtained: ¹⁸⁵Au, I = $\text{5}\text{2}$; ¹⁸⁷Au, Δv = 44.35(60) GHz, μ = 0.72(7) n.m. and ¹⁸⁸Au, Δv = ± 2992(30) MHz. A discussion of the influence of the hyperfine anomaly is included. With due regard to this effect, the magnetic moments of ¹⁸⁸Au may be given as μ = ± 0.07(3) n.m. The experimental data are compared with the results from calculations based on the particle-asymmetric rotor model. Strong evidence for coexisting nuclear shapes in ¹⁸⁵Au and for a much larger ground-state deformation in ¹⁸⁵Au than in ¹⁸⁷Au is presented.     

Synthesis of a Au‐on‐Pd Heteronanostructure Stabilized by Citrate and its Catalytic Application

The preparation of Au‐on‐Pd heteronanostructure (HNS) using citrate‐stabilized polycrystalline Pd nanoparticles (NPs) as the seeds is described. The resulting Au‐on‐Pd HNS is characterized and it is found that the formation of Au‐on‐Pd HNS depends greatly on a ratio between Pd seeds and AuCl₄^? ions added and the optimal molar ratio is 10:1. If fewer AuCl₄^? ions are added (Pd/Au ratio is 100:1), the growth of Au NPs only occurs on part of the Pd seeds’ surface. The addition of more AuCl₄^? ions (Pd/Au ratio is 5:1) hinders the growth of Au NPs on the Pd seeds’ surface. To demonstrate the catalytic performance, the electrochemistry oxidation of ethanol and the reduction of p‐nitrophenol by NaBH₄ are chosen to examine the catalytic activity of Au‐on‐Pd HNS. Pd seeds, Au NPs, and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP)‐stabilized PdAu nanoalloy are used as the references for comparison. In the first reaction, the catalytic reactivity of Au‐on‐Pd HNS is better than that of corresponding pure Pd or Au NPs, while the opposite occurs for the latter reaction. The catalytic activity of Au‐on‐Pd HNS is much higher than that of PVP‐stabilized PdAu nanoalloy.     

n+-Si与p-Si衬底上含纳米硅的SiO2膜电致发光

对于Au/富Si-SiO₂/p-Si和Au/富Si-SiO₂／n⁺-Si这两种结构，研究并比较了它们的电致发光特性．对于前者，当正向偏压大于4V时发射红光，而加反向偏压时不发光；对于后者，加正向偏压不发光，而当反向偏压大于3.5V时发射红光．着重讨论了Au/富Si-SiO₂/n⁺-Si的电致发光机制 关键词：     

197Au Mössbauer study of Au/Ni and Au/Fe metallic superlattices

¹⁹⁷Au Mössbauer measurements have been performed for Au/Ni and Au/Fe metallic superlattices at below 75 K. For Au/Ni superlattices, the area ratio in a spectrum between a superlattice component and that of the pure Au buffer layer has been determined at 25, 50 and 75 K. From the area ratios, it is found that the recoil-free fraction of Au in Au(10 Å)/Ni(10 Å) is larger than that of the bulk Au, suggesting the existence of the supermodulus effect in this superlattice. The¹⁹⁷Au Mössbauer spectrum obtained from Au(5 Å)/Fe(8 Å) is entirely magnetic at 16 K, suggesting the existence of a magnetic hyperfine interaction at¹⁹⁷Au nuclei through the transferred electron spin polarization.     

Disparity in transient field characteristics for Au ions traversing Fe and Gd hosts through measurements ofg-factors in197Au

Transient field precessions were measured for levels in the nuclides of^182,184,186W and¹⁹⁷Au as their ions simultaneously traversed polarized Fe and Gd hosts. Consistent sets of gyromagnetic ratios were inferred for the lowest 5/2⁺ and 7/2⁺ states in¹⁹⁷Au using these two ferromagnetic host media, provided that (i) the transient field for Au ions in Gd is calibrated using the W in Gd precessions (simultaneously measured) and, (ii) the transient field for Au in Fe is calibrated using the field strength and velocity dependence for Pt in Fe (previously measured). The presentg-factor results are: g(5/2 ₁ ⁺ ;¹⁹⁷Au)=0.296±0.023, g(7/2 ₁ ⁺ ;¹⁹⁷Au)=0.241±0.021, and g(5/2 ₁ ⁺ ;¹⁹⁷Au)=1.2±0.2.     

Near-barrier neutron transfer in reactions with <Superscript>3</Superscript>He nucleus

Experimental cross sections for the formation of ^196,198Au isotopes in the ³He + ¹⁹⁷Au reaction and ^44,46Sc isotopes in the ³He + ⁴⁵Sc reaction are analyzed. To calculate transfer probabilities and cross sections, the time-dependent Schrödinger equation is numerically solved for the external neutrons of the ³He, ⁴⁵Sc, and ¹⁹⁷Au nuclei. It is shown that the contribution from the fusion channel with subsequent evaporation is important for the ³He + ⁴⁵Sc reaction and negligibly small for the ³He + ¹⁹⁷Au reaction. Fusion–evaporation is taken into account using the NRV and PACE codes. Calculation results demonstrate overall satisfactory agreement with experimental data.     

Nuclear orientation of198,199Au in Zn and Cd

Low temperature nuclear orientation experiments have been performed with samples prepared by simultaneous implantation of^198,199Au in Zn and Cd single crystals. From the data quadrupole interactions frequencies have been derived as: $$\begin{array}{l} v_Q ({}^{198}Au\underline {Zn} ) = + 162(3)MHz, v_Q ({}^{199}Au\underline {Zn} ) = + 127(2)MHz, \\ v_Q ({}^{198}Au\underline {Cd} ) = + 130(4)MHz and v_Q ({}^{199}Au\underline {Cd} ) = + 107(3)MHz. \\ \end{array}$$ The ratio of the quadrupole moments of¹⁹⁸Au and¹⁹⁹Au is derived asQ ¹⁹⁸/Q ¹⁹⁹=1.26(3).     

Quasielastic transfer reactions in 238U + 197Au and 197Au + 197Au collisions near the Coulomb barrier

Differential cross sections as a function of cm angle were measured for 1n- and 2n-transfer reactions in ²³⁸U + ¹⁹⁷ Au and¹⁹⁷ Au + ¹⁹⁷ Au collisions in the energy range from 0.881 V_c to 1.093 V_c and 0.825 V_c to 0.964 V_c, respectively. For ¹⁹⁸Au and ¹⁹⁹Au from the ²³⁸U + ¹⁹⁷Au collisions, for reduced distances of closest approach d _o 1.55 fm, the angular distributions at all bombarding energies are well described by the semiclassical theory. Equivalently, the transfer probabilities show the expected exponential decrease with increasing d _o over many orders of magnitude. For all other transfer products from ²³⁸U + ¹⁹⁷Au collisions, and for all transfer products from ¹⁹⁷Au + ¹⁹⁷Au collisions, markedly reduced cross sections relative to the semiclassical theory are observed for central collisions at all bombarding energies, even for values of d _o that are well outside the region where absorption is known to set in. Only for the more peripheral collisions, one observes agreement of the angular distributions (transfer probabilities) with the semiclassical expectations. The deviations for central collisions are absent for reactions with positive Q _gg values and scale roughly with increasingly negative values of Q _gg, i.e. with increasing Q-value mismatch. Channel coupling is proposed as the relevant mechanism.     

Mobility Enhancement of P3HT‐Based OTFTs upon Blending with Au Nanorods

The mobility enhancement of organic thin‐film transistors based on poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) by incorporating gold nanorods (Au NRs) is reported. Through varying the doping concentration and surface modifier of the Au NRs in P3HT matrix, the P3HT/Au composite with 0.5 mg mL^?1 pyridine‐capped Au NRs exhibits a hole mobility of 0.059 cm² V^?1 s^?1, this value is seven times higher than that of pristine P3HT. This remarkable improvement of mobility originates from the enhanced crystallinity and optimized orientation of P3HT after doping with Au NRs. In addition, the appropriate surface modification can produce more‐efficient hole conduction of Au NRs.     

Solubility and lattice location of Au in CdTe by backscattering techniques

The solubility of Au in CdTe, at 800°C and 900°C, has been determined as a function of P_cd (stoichiometry), and the lattice location of the Au has been investigated by ion channeling (2 MeV, ⁴He⁺) techniques. The measured Au solubilities varied from ～10¹⁸cm^?3 to ～10²⁰cm^?3 and were found to increase with increasing temperature and with decreasing cadmium partial pressure roughly as $\text{P}{}^{\mathrm{<mtext>?</mtext><mtext>1</mtext><mtext>3</mtext>}}{}_{\mathrm{cd}}$. Lattice location studies showed that from ～50% to ～80% of the Au remained in a substitutional, dissolved state after quenching to room temperature. In addition, angular yield scans indicate that the substitutional fraction of the incorporated Au is displaced off lattice sites by ～0·2 Å. No flux peaking was seen in the angular yield scans and the non-substitutiolial fraction of the incorporated Au, manifested at room temperature, may consist either of precipitated or (displaced) interstitial Au. Diffusion coefficients of Au in CdTe have been estimated at 900°C, at the extreme boundaries of the phase field, using the ion channeling technique. The results indicate that the Au diffusivity decreases markedly with increasing P_cd.These observations are found to be consistent with a dissociative model for Au in CdTe in which the major native defects are doubly ionized cadmium Frenkel defects and approximately singly ionized substitutional Au.     

Microscopic calculations of matter and charge distributions of exotic nuclei within the Dynamic Correlation Model

We have studied nano-sized Au catalysts supported on Mg(OH)₂ and TiO₂ using ¹⁹⁷Au Mössbauer spectroscopy. ¹⁹⁷Au Mössbauer spectra observed for Au/Mg(OH)₂ catalysts can be decomposed into one singlet with zero isomer shift and several doublets. One of the doublets shows an isomer shift that is typical for Au^I, and other doublets are due to Au^III. The relative area of the Au^I component shows the maximum value for a specimen calcined at 523 K, which also shows the highest catalytic activity.     

The unexpected formation of Au-Si by the resonance neutralization of Ar during the low energy bombardment of Au nanoparticles on c-Si

Nanoscale Au layers, with irregular porosities, have been formed by the low energy Ar⁺ bombardment of Au nanoparticles that were sputter-deposited onto native oxide-covered Si surfaces. High-resolution field emission scanning electron microcopy (FE-SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) have been used to characterize the formation and evolution of the nanoporous layer. Under Ar⁺ bombardment, the Au nanoparticles that were initially deposited were observed to flatten and spread across the native oxide surface, without diffusing, finally coalescing at their edges to form a nanoporous film having irregular pore dimensions. XPS showed that this evolution was accompanied by the loss of Au as a result of sputtering. The formation of such porous films necessitates strong interfacial bonding to avoid the lateral diffusion of the Au nanoparticles, and their ultimate coalescence into larger nanoparticles.We demonstrated that Ar⁺ beam bombardment invariably caused the formation of Au^δ+-Si^δ− bonding, rather than the expected Au^δ−-Si^δ+ bonding, and we explain this to be due to the resonance neutralization of the Ar⁺ beam on impacting the Au layer. We also reveal that the presumed formation of AuSi_x is not quantifiable by XPS, due to the superposition of the chemical shift of the Au nanoparticles with that of the quantum size effect, during Au loss on sputtering.     

Metal-CdZnTe contact and its annealing behaviors

The electrical properties of different metal-CdZnTe contacts by sputtering deposition method are investigated by current-voltage. The results show that Au is the most suitable electrical contact materials, which forms the nearly ideal Ohmic contact with high resistivity p-CdZnTe crystals. Ohmicity coefficient b is the closest to 1 after 10 min annealing at 333 K, which is analyzed by current-voltage characteristics. XPS analyses show that Au atoms diffuse into CdZnTe during annealing process and Cd and Te atoms diffuse into Au contact. Diffused Au atoms do not form any compound with any element in CdZnTe crystal. PL spectra results of Au deposition on CdZnTe crystals at 10 K show that the inter-diffused donors [Au]³⁺ recombine with acceptors [V_Cd]²⁻ during sputtering process. Meanwhile, the intensity of (D_complex) peak of with Au contact increases sharply in comparison with un-deposited CdZnTe crystal and donor [Au]³⁺ and can compensate Cd vacancy [V_Cd]²⁻ wholly.     

Electron capture decay of 51 min191Hg

The decay¹⁹¹Hg→¹⁹¹Au was investigated by measuring γ-ray spectra, conversion electron spectra, and coincidence spectra, as well as lifetimes in the second region. The parent isotope¹⁹¹Hg was produced by the reaction¹⁹⁷Au (d, 8n) withE _d =80 MeV. About 80 γ-transitions of this decay were observed. Multipolarities of the more intense transitions were determined. An isomeric state of 0.92±0.11 s half-life was found in¹⁹¹Au. A level scheme for¹⁹¹Au is suggested. The measured γ-transitions are attributed to the decay of a 13/2⁺ isomeric state of¹⁹¹Hg; its half-life was found to be 50.8 ±1.5 min. The core excitation model was used to discuss some features of the level structure in¹⁹¹Au.     

On-line nuclear orientation of Au isotopes at KOOL

On-line low temperature nuclear orientation measurements were performed on shortlived¹⁸⁵Au,¹⁸⁶Au,^189mAu,^191mHg implanted in an iron matrix. As decay products¹⁸⁵IrFe and^191mAuFe were studied too. Besides magnetic moment determinations spectroscopic information on spin values of excited levels and mixing ratios of transitions in the daughter nuclei Pt and Au are presented. The results are interpreted in a Nilsson + Coriolis + pairing model.     

Mid-rapidity ϕ meson production at \sqrt {s_{NN} } = 200 GeV Au+Au and pp collisions from STAR

We present the results for the measurement of ? meson production in $\sqrt {s_{NN} } = 200$ GeV Au+Au and pp collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). Using the event mixing technique, spectra and yields are obrained from the ?→K⁺K^? decay channel for five centrality bins in Au+Au collisions and in pp collisions. We observe that the spectrum shape in Au+Au collisions depends weakly on the centrality and the shape of the spectrum in pp collisions is significantly different from that in Au+Au collisions.     

Mixing of Au in Si induced by secondary and high-order recoil implantation

The mixing of Au in Si induced by secondary and high-order recoil implantation was investigated using 350 keV Ar⁺ and 350 keV Kr⁺ ions to fluences from 1?×?10¹⁶ to 3?×?10¹⁶ ions/cm² at room temperature. The thickness of the Au layer evaporated on Si substrate was ～2400 Å.The ranges of the Ar and Kr ions were chosen to be lower than the thickness of the Au layer in order to avoid the ballistic mixing produced by the primary knock-on atoms. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) experiments were carried out to study the effects induced by Ar and Kr irradiation at the interface of Au–Si system. We observed that in the case of the irradiation with Ar⁺ ions, a broadening of the Au–Si interface occurred only at the fluence of 3?×?10¹⁶ Ar⁺/cm² and it is attributed to the surface roughening induced by ion bombardment. In contrast, the RBS analysis of a sample irradiated with 2?×?10¹⁶ Kr⁺/cm² clearly showed, in addition to the broadening effect, the formation of a mixed zone of Au and Si atoms at the interface. The mixing of Au in Si atoms can be explained by the secondary and high-order recoil implantation followed by subsequent collision cascades.     

Improving performances of ITO/GaP contact on AlGaInP light-emitting diodes

In this paper AlGaInP light emitting diodes with different types of electrodes:Au/Zn/Au-ITO Au/Ti-ITO Au/Ge/Ni-ITO and Au-ITO are fabricated. The photoelectricity properties of those LEDs are studied. The results show that the Au/Zn/Au electrode greatly improves the performance of LEDs compared with the other electrodes. Because the Au/Zn/Au electrode not only forms a good Ohmic contact with indium tin oxide (ITO), but also reduces the specific contact resistances between ITO and GaP, which are 1.273×10-6 ·cm2 and 1.743×10-3 ·cm2 between Au/Zn/Au-ITO and ITO-GaP respectively. Furthermore, the textured Zn/Au-ITO/Zn electrode is designed to improve the performances of LEDs, reduce the forward-voltage of the LED from 1.93 to 1.88 V, and increase the luminous intensity of the LEDs from 126 to 134 mcd when driven at 20 mA.