反相高效液相色谱与质谱联用分析合成七肽的消旋产物

采用反相高效液相色谱(RP-HPLC)与质谱(MS)联用技术对固相法化学合成七肽(H2N-PFNSLAI-COOH,M r 760.9)时出现的消旋产物进行了分析。根据弱疏水性合成七肽粗品特性,提出了充分利用吸附和分配双重保留机制的“早期吸附”概念,以此优化色谱条件得到4个峰形良好的色谱峰;质谱分析表明:4谱峰具有相同的m/z761.5[M H] 值,对每一消旋产物进行在线多肽测序,并利用串联质谱(MSn)谱图叠加的方法,得到b轴和y轴两套片段信息,成功确定了合成七肽的4个消旋产物。     

高效液相色谱分离纯化血管紧张素转换酶活性抑制肽

采用分步高效液相色谱法首次从菠菜核酮糖双磷酸羧化酶(英文缩写为Rubisco)的胃蛋白酶-胰酶复合酶水解产物中分离纯化了血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)活性抑制肽。水解产物经ODS柱分离得到活性组分,这些活性组分再依次经过氨基柱(PhA) 氰基柱(CN)和硝基苯乙基柱(NPE)4种色谱柱分离后,得到4种高度纯化的具有抑制ACE活性的多肽。经蛋白质序列自动分析仪测定,4种多肽的结构分别为MRWRD,MRW,IAYKPAG和LRIPVA。采用固相多肽合成法分别合成了这4种肽,并采用测定ACE活性抑制率的方法评价其     

天花粉胰蛋白酶抑制剂及其类似物的全合成

天花粉胰蛋白酶抑制剂(Trichosanthes trypsin inhibitor, TTI)是一含27个氨基酸残基的多肽,其中包括三对硫硫键。本文报道了它的化学全合成及其分子内二硫键重组,合成产物纯化后其氨基酸序列以及与胰蛋白酶的抑制当量比均与天然抑制剂相一致。并合成了此抑制剂的类似物,其N端第6位Met残基由Ala所取代,合成产物纯化后,其抑制活力也与天然抑制剂相同。此结果为今后天花粉胰蛋白酶抑制剂作为融合蛋白用基因工程表达以及产物的后处理提供了依据。     

反相高效液相色谱法分离制备蜂毒肽类似物

应用高效制备液相色谱法，对5种合成的蜂毒肽类似物分离制备。当用极性较强的洗脱液做流动相时，主峰的保留时间短，且主峰和前后的杂质峰不能很好的分开；随着洗脱液极性减弱至某一值时，主峰和杂质峰的保留时间均向后延长，且时间间隔加大，可以成功地对多肽样品进行分离制备。有多肽分子中各氨基酸保留常数加和值的方法可以预测不同多肽的保留时间，为选择分离纯化多肽所需的流动相提供了参考作用。经半制备分离纯化后的产物用分析型RP－HPLC测定达到了很高的纯度，氨基酸分析结果表明得到了所需的肽段，可以用于下一步的研究工作。     

分子印迹技术在天然产物有效成分分离纯化中的应用

天然产物体系复杂,大分子和小分子、生命和非生命物质共存,多存在结构相近的异构体,且有效成分含量低,采用一般的分离方法富集难度较大。分子印迹技术是制备高选择性分离介质的有效技术手段,分子印迹聚合物(MIP)的选择性强,分离操作简单,在各种分离纯化中展现了良好的应用前景。本文对近年来分子印迹技术在天然产物活性组分(如生物碱、甾体、多元酚、黄酮等)的分离纯化中的应用进行了综述,并介绍了本课题组利用MIP从天然产物中分离纯化莽草酸等活性成分的研究进展。     

用疏水色谱复性并同时纯化蛋白质的机理及其应用

变性蛋白表面的疏水氨基酸残基有与疏水色谱固定相(STHIC)颗粒相互作用的倾向, 两者之间的疏水相互作用能够抑制变性蛋白分子间的相互聚集. 同时疏水色谱固定相还能在分子水平上给变性蛋白分子提供足够高的能量, 使其瞬时脱水并折叠成其天然构象或不同的折叠中间体. 变性蛋白在疏水界面上的折叠不仅取决于其氨基酸之间的特异性相互作用及疏水色谱固定相的结构, 而且还取决于固定相和流动相之间的协同作用. 同时, 还提出了高效疏水相互色谱(HPHIC)进行蛋白折叠的机理及其进行蛋白折叠时能实现质量控制的原理. 在适当的色谱条件下, HPHIC 可使几种变性蛋白一步实现复性及同时纯化. 此外, 还设计制造出了直径比柱长大得多的实验室型和制备型“变性蛋白复性及同时纯化装置, USRPP”, 该“装置”具有完全除去变性剂、使蛋白质复性, 与杂蛋白分离及易于回收变性剂的“一石四鸟”功能. 该“装置”对变性蛋白的复性和纯化效率与通常使用的长柱相当. 在制备规模情况下, 该“装置”可以在低压梯度条件下简便、快速、而经济地应用于重组蛋白药物的制备. 文中以重组人干扰素-γ为例, 说明了制备型“装置”在其复性及同时纯化生产工艺中的应用.     

制备型高效液相色谱在药物分离纯化中的应用研究进展

以纯化中药和天然产物活性成分、分离合成药物中含有的杂质及制备生物医药为重点,阐述了分离不同类型化合物采用的固定相、流动相等优化条件。药物的分离纯化多采用以C18为填料的反相色谱柱。中药及天然产物的纯化所采用的溶剂体系多为甲醇水溶液或乙腈水溶液,为调节洗脱强度可以添加H3PO4、冰乙酸、正丁烷、异丙醇等。分离合成药物中的杂质通常采用添加磷酸盐、乙酸铵的甲醇水或乙腈水溶液体系。符合制备色谱流动相应质优价廉,后处理容易的选择原则。     

胰泌素基因的化学合成和克隆

本文报道的内容为胰泌素基因的化学合成和克隆。胰泌素为一由2了个氨基酸组成的肠胃道多肽激素,该多肽合成基因的顺序由计算机辅助设计,共216个核苷酸碱基;合成基因选用酵母细胞偏爱的密码子,并在其中设置了一些便于今后用于基因改造、表达调控和产物分离所需的位点,排除了可能影响酶促连接反应的各种重复顺序;用化学法(固相磷酸三酯法和固相亚磷酸三酯法)合成了12个基因片段,长度为12寡聚核苷酸至24寡聚核苷酸,聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离纯化合成产物;利用T_4DNA连接酶组建完整的胰泌素基因,克隆于pWR 13质粒中,构建了一个含胰泌素基因的新质粒pWS 1。     

海南捕鸟蛛毒素-Ⅲ的固相化学合成和氧化复性

应用芴甲氧羰基(Fmoc)固相化学合成了海南捕鸟蛛毒素-Ⅲ,并优化了其最佳氧化复性条件。最佳的氧化复性条件为pH 7.5的重蒸水溶液体系,样品质量浓度为0.1 g/L,还原型谷胱甘肽和氧化型谷胱甘肽的浓度分别为 1.0 mmol/L和0.1 mmol/L、L-Arg浓度为1.0 mol/L。复性产物经质谱测定其相对分子质量为3607.68;与天然毒素等量混合后用高效液相色谱分析得到单一峰;膈神经-膈肌标本生理实验结果表明,合成的毒素具有与天然毒素相同的生物学活性,从而可确定二者在结构与功能上具有一致性。     

生物碱的高效液相色谱分离分析与纯化制备研究进展

生物碱是天然产物中药用活性较好的一类化合物,在分离科学与技术领域,生物碱的分离一直是一个研究热点和难点问题。近年来,随着高效液相色谱填料和分离方法的发展,生物碱的分离分析和纯化制备有了长足的进步。该文主要针对碱性化合物的峰形拖尾问题,综述了高效液相色谱理论的发展和色谱分离技术的进步,以及近年来新型色谱填料和分离方法在生物碱分离分析和纯化制备中的应用,并对其前景进行了展望。     

γ-干扰素在反相高效液相色谱柱上色谱行为与分离的研究

用高效液相色谱法对基因工程下游包涵体所含目标蛋白进行分离纯化,较系统地研究了γ－干扰素在反相柱上的色谱行为及其影响因素。结果表明,复性后γ－干扰素伴有错配聚合体产生,其保留行为及洗脱谱图随构象不同而改变。分离系统的疏水性和粘度是影响γ－干扰素在固定相与流动相间传质扩散的重要因素。     

高效疏水相互作用色谱法复性与同时纯化重组人Flt3配体的包涵体蛋白质

Flt3配体(FL)是一类具有促进早期造血功能的细胞因子,在促进造血细胞生长发育及造血动员方面具有重要的临床应用价值。为了用基因工程方法获得大量用于临床和研究的重组人FL(rhFL)蛋白质,本文对在大肠杆菌(E. coli)中表达得到的Flt3配体的包涵体进行回收、洗涤,溶解于8 mol/L脲后在高效疏水相互作用色谱(HPHIC)柱上进行rhFL包涵体的复性与同时纯化,并对其保留特征和复性规律进行了研究。结果表明,在连续进样、变性蛋白质质量浓度为8.51 g/L、固定相选用端基为PEG800、流动相添加4 mol/L脲、1.8 mmol/L 还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和0.3 mmol/L氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSH)、pH 7.0的优化条件下,复性与同时纯化rhFL包涵体的质量回收率为36.9%,纯度达94.5%以上。本文仅用一步HPHIC法成功地复性与同时纯化了rhFL蛋白质,为获得高活性的rhFL产品奠定了一定的工作基础。     

Mechanism of simultaneously refolding and purification of proteins by hydrophobic interaction chromatographic unit and applications

The hydrophobic amino acid residues of a denatured protein molecule tend to react with the particles of the stationary phase of hydrophobic interaction chromatography (STHIC). These hydrophobic interactions prevent the denatured protein molecules from aggregating with each other. The STHIC can provide high enough energy to a denatured protein molecule to make it dehydration and to refold it into its native or various intermediate states. The outcome not only depends on the specific interactions between amino acids, the structure of STHIC, but also depends on the association between the STHIC and mobile phase. The mechanism of protein refolding and the principle of its quality control by HPHIC were also presented. By appropriate selection of the chromatographic condition, several denatured proteins can be refolded and separated simultaneously in a single chromatographic run. A specially designed unit, with diameter much larger than its length, was designed and employed for both laboratory and preparative     

体积排阻色谱法研究变性溶菌酶分子复性过程中集聚体的形成

在体积排阻色谱柱上研究了还原剂存在时脲和盐酸胍变性的3种溶菌酶溶液的复性和分离过程。当变性液中原始溶菌酶浓度大于10 g/L时,变性溶菌酶在体积排阻色谱柱上除了复性为与未变性溶菌酶出峰时间相同的复性态溶菌酶分子外,还形成了溶菌酶折叠中间体的二分子集聚体。这个结果得到了用稀释法复性时溶菌酶的蛋白电泳检测结果的支持。与稀释法复性相比较,用体积排阻色谱法复性时所形成的折叠中间体二分子集聚体的量要远远低于用稀释法所形成的集聚体的量。     

溶液中变性剂浓度对蛋白溶菌酶复性的影响

Based on three-state renaturation process of denatured proteins, an equation describing the effect of denaturant concentration on renaturation yield of denatured proteins was presented. By this equation, two parameters n（m1 -m2） and Ka can be obtained. The former indicates the difference in the number of denaturant molecules between the renaturation process of n number of refolding intermediates from refolding intermediate state to native state and their aggregate process from refolding intermediate state to aggregate state, the latter denotes the apparent aggregate equilibrium constant for protein molecules aggregated from native state to aggregate state, and from them, the characteristics of the renaturation process of denatured proteins in denaturant solution can be identified. This equation was tested by the renaturation processes of denatured egg white lysozyme in guanidine hydrochloride and urea solutions, with the results to show that when guanidine hydrochloride and urea concentrations were separately higher than 1.25 and 3.00 mol/L or separately lower than 1.00 and 3.00 mol/L, the refolding intermediates of egg white lysozymes were more easily aggregated to aggregate state or more easily renatured to native state, respectively. Under different initial total egg white lysozyme concentrations in urea solution, the refolding egg white lysozyme intermediates could be deduced to have a tendency to form a bimolecular intermediate aggregate, and this inference was further confirmed by their nonreducing SDS-PAGE and size exclusion chromatography.     

Refolding of Denatured／Reduced Lysozyme Using Weak－Cation Exchange Chromatography

Oxidative refolding of the denatured/reduced lysozyme was investigated by using weak-cation exchange chromatography (WCX). The stationary phase of WCX binds to the reduced lysozyme and prevented it from forming intermolecular aggregates. At the same time urea and ammonium sulfate were added to the mobile phase to increase the elution strength for lysozyme. Ammonium sulfate can more stabilize the native protein than a common eluting agent,sodium chloride. Refolding of lysozyme by using this WCX is successfully. It was simply carried out to obtain a completely and correctly refolding of the denatured lysozyme at high concentration of 20.0 mg/mL.     

Interplay of secondary structures and side-chain contacts in the denatured state of BBA1

The denatured state of a miniprotein BBA1 is studied under the native condition with the AMBER/Poisson-Boltzmann energy model and with the self-guided enhanced sampling technique. Forty independent trajectories are collected to sample the highly diversified denatured structures. Our simulation data show that the denatured BBA1 contains high percentage of native helix and native turn, but low percentage of native hairpin. Conditional population analysis indicates that the native helix formation and the native hairpin formation are not cooperative in the denatured state. Side-chain analysis shows that the native hydrophobic contacts are more preferred than the non-native hydrophobic contacts in the denatured BBA1. In contrast, the salt-bridge contacts are more or less nonspecific even if their populations are higher than those of hydrophobic contacts. Analysis of the trajectories shows that the native helix mostly initiates near the N terminus and propagates to the C terminus, and mostly forms from 3(10)-helix/turn to alpha helix. The same analysis shows that the native turn is important but not necessary in its formation in the denatured BBA1. In addition, the formations of the two strands in the native hairpin are rather asymmetric, demonstrating the likely influence of the protein environment. Energetic analysis shows that the native helix formation is largely driven by electrostatic interactions in denatured BBA1. Further, the native helix formation is associated with the breakup of non-native salt-bridge contacts and the accumulation of native salt-bridge contacts. However, the native hydrophobic contacts only show a small increase upon the native helix formation while the non-native hydrophobic contacts stay essentially the same, different from the evolution of hydrophobic contacts observed in an isolated helix folding.     

Physical properties of xanthan,galactomannan and their mixtures in aqueous solutions

Some new information on the conformation of xanthan in aqueous solutions is given. A single helical chain conformation characterizes xanthan in the native state. When heated over the critical temperature for conformational change ( helixŕ coil), the xanthan is denatured and renatured when it is cooled down in a localy double helical structure. A galactomannan was also characterized and its persistence length was obtained (Lp ≈︁ 90A°). Then mixtures of the galactomannan and xanthan were investigated to propose a mechanism for the specific gelation. From the results of microcalorimetry and circular dichroism, it is concluded that a complex is formed between one disordered xanthan chain and one galactomannan chain and that an ordered conformation is stabilized at temperatures lower than 25°C when the galactomannan has a M/G ratio of ≈︁ 3. This temperature corresponds to the sol-gel transition. This is the first time that a structure of the crosslink points is demonstrated.     

Calorimetric studies on renaturation by CaCl2 addition of metal-free α-amylase from Bacillus Licheniformis (BLA)

In our previous work we characterized the Ca binding properties of BLA by analysis of Ca-induced renaturation in the presence of urea. In this study we focused on the renaturing capacity of CaCl₂ in the absence of urea and analysed the apparent thermodynamic and kinetic properties of renatured BLA by DSC, CD and dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements. Ca-free protein did not return fully to the native state even after extensive dialysis against high concentrations of calcium. Thus Ca removal provokes changes in protein structure that can not be reversed completely even by addition of an excess of calcium. However, activity studies performed simultaneously with the DSC experiments showed a significant return of enzymatic activity despite the failure of complete return of native stability. This conclusion is in excellent agreement with findings of Machius et al. who suggested on the basis of their X-ray studies that it is not possible to remove CaI and CaII without introducing significant structural changes. It is important to note that all unfolding reactions of metal-free, partially renatured and native protein were found to be irreversible. Therefore the DSC transition curves were fitted using irreversible transition models. It turned out that the apparent heat capacity profiles of partially renatured BLA could be well represented by superposition of two irreversible processes each following the two-state irreversible model.     

Enhanced Hydrolytic Stability of Short‐Chain Poly[(R)‐3‐hydroxybutyrate] Conjugated to Native E. coli Cytoplasmic Proteins

Many prokaryotic and eukaryotic proteins are modified by post‐translational conjugation to short‐chain poly[(R)‐3‐hydroxybutyrate] (cPHB). The relative lability of ester bonds raises the concern that the cPHB may be substantially degraded by chemical hydrolysis during protein purification, thus increasing the difficulty of its detection and measurement. Here, we compare rates of acid‐ and base‐catalyzed hydrolysis of cPHB conjugated to native and denatured proteins at room temperature. E. coli cytoplasmic proteins, native or denatured by addition of guanidium hydrochloride, were treated with aqueous solutions of H₂SO₄ or NaOH at concentrations ranging from 0.1–2.0n . The loss of cPHB was measured as a function of time by a chemical assay. We find that cPHB conjugated to native proteins is surprisingly resistant to both acid‐ and base‐catalyzed hydrolysis, whereas cPHB conjugated to denatured proteins is proficiently degraded at rates proportional to acid or base concentration. The results suggest that cPHB occupies a highly protective environment within native proteins.