三维有序大孔H3PW12O40-SiO2功能材料的制备、表征及催化性能研究

以杂多酸 H₃PW₁₂O₄₀ (PW₁₂)与正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)混合溶胶, 采用胶晶模板法结合煅烧去除模板工艺, 成功地制备了PW₁₂/SiO₂物质的量比在1/10～1/40之间的三维有序大孔(3DOM) PW₁₂-SiO₂催化剂. 经SEM, N₂吸附, XRD和FTIR等研究表明, PW₁₂含量较低的样品, 大孔结构三维规整性十分好. 在410 ℃氧化分解胶晶的条件下, PW₁₂基本保持一级Keggin结构. PW₁₂在样品中以分子簇或微晶存在, 其大小随含量增加而增大. PW₁₂高含量时, 其含氧键的FTIR振动与纯PW₁₂的基本一致, 但低含量时含氧键振动有一定偏移, 显示PW₁₂/SiO₂相互作用较显著. 样品酸性随杂多酸含量增加而增加, 但PW₁₂/SiO₂物质的量比超过1/30时酸性便减小, 呈火山型曲线变化规律. 对1-十二烯烷基化反应的催化活性随PW₁₂/SiO₂物质的量比的变化与酸性变化有相同的规律. 但所有样品的催化反应活性均远高于纯PW₁₂, 并且有良好的重复使用性能, 使用4次后仍保持新鲜催化剂活性的78%.     

制备方法对负热膨胀性ZrW2O8粉体的颗粒大小以及负热膨胀性能影响的研究

采用共沉淀法、分步固相法和溶胶凝胶法制备负热膨胀性ZrW₂O₈粉体。以XRD、SEM和TEM对产物结构及形貌进行表征，以原位X射线衍射分析粉体的负热膨胀特性。结果表明3种方法所制备的粉体均为单一立方结构的α-ZrW₂O₈相，共沉淀法制备的粉体颗粒较大，平均尺寸约为2.5 μm × 3.0 μm，溶胶凝胶法制备的颗粒最小，平均尺寸达到100 nm。所得粉体均表现为较强的负热膨胀特性，当粉体粒径相差不大时，负热膨胀系数变化很小，当颗粒粒径降低到纳米级时，负热膨胀系数有减小的趋势。     

Nd掺杂V2O5/TiO2低温NH3选择性催化还原NOx性能研究

采用溶胶凝胶法和浸渍法制备了Nd掺杂V₂O₅/TiO₂催化剂.用XRD和Raman技术对其晶相结构和分散性进行了表征,并在固定床反应器上评价了其催化活性.然后考察了煅烧温度对催化剂脱硝性能的影响,结合XRD表征结果可知煅烧温度没有改变TiO₂的晶型,只影响了其结晶度.同时氮气吸脱附表征及BET计算结果显示350℃煅烧时催化剂比表面积最大.研究了O₂浓度以及氨氮比对催化剂脱硝性能的影响.同时考察了Nd掺杂催化剂的稳定性,发现Nd改性催化剂有较好的稳定性.并对Nd掺杂催化剂做了抗硫抗水考察,研究结果表明,Nd掺杂催化剂有较好的耐硫耐水性.     

介孔交联蒙脱土固体酸催化剂的结构与性能

采用溶胶凝胶法制备介孔钛交联蒙脱土，再采用SO₄^2-和CeO₂进行两次改性，然后以之为载体，制备铜基交联蒙脱土介孔固体酸催化剂。 催化剂的结构通过BET、XRD、TPR、Py-IR、FTIR、XPS和SEM等手段进行表征，并研究了它们在富氧条件下对丙烯选择还原NO的催化性能。结果表明，钛交联剂能很好地撑开蒙脱土的土层，形成良好的介孔结构，其孔径分布集中在3～7 nm，并且使制得的交联蒙脱土载体的比表面积明显增大；SO₄     

溶胶凝胶-软模板法制备LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2正极材料及其电化学性能研究

在溶胶凝胶法中引入了软模板十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)制备了LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂正极材料。采用X射线衍射法(XRD),扫描电镜法(SEM),循环伏安法(CV),交流阻抗法(EIS)及充放电测试等手段对材料进行了表征。结果表明,在750 ℃下煅烧12 h加入或不加SDS都能得到结晶较好具有六方层状α-NaFeO₂结构的LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂。SEM显示引入SDS辅助制备的目标材料颗粒细小,约60～300 nm,分散均匀,部分颗粒呈类球状形貌。而没有添加表面活性剂制备的材料粒径范围约250～600 nm,并且部分颗粒有团聚现象。在2.8～4.3 V(vs Li/Li⁺),0.5C倍率下,SDS辅助制备和没有添加表面活性剂制备的材料首次放电比容量分别为136.8、123.4 mAh·g^-1,50次循环后容量保持率分别为90.3%,73.8%。2C和5C下的充放电测试结果都显示SDS的加入能有效改善材料的倍率性能。归因于颗粒更细小,分散更均匀及较小的晶胞体积,SDS辅助制备的材料电荷传递阻抗远小于无表面活性剂辅助制备的材料是其倍率性能得到明显提高的重要原因。     

正极材料LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4的合成及性能

采用低温固相法制备镍锰复合草酸盐，煅烧后生成的镍锰复合氧化物与Li₃CO₃混合，在空气中于700 ℃反应12 h，得到LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄。通过XRD，SEM和恒电流充放电测试对样品进行了表征。XRD结果表明：复合草酸盐经390 ℃煅烧3 h，生成了多相氧化物；合成的LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄为纯相，具有立方尖晶石结构。电化学测试结果表明，合成的样品在室温和高温(55 ℃)下，具有较好的电化学性能；大电流充放电时，具有良好的循环性能。     

三种化学方法合成K0.5Bi0.5TiO3粉体的机理比较

采用溶胶-凝胶法、水热法和溶胶-凝胶-水热法三种化学方法合成K_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃ (KBT)无铅压电陶瓷粉体. 用X射线衍射(XRD)分析产物的结构, 用扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)观察产物的形貌. 实验结果表明, 三种化学方法均可获得纯钙钛矿相KBT粉体, 但不同工艺获得的粉体在形貌和生成机制上有很大的不同. 溶胶-凝胶法属高温固相扩散机制, 需要700 ℃以上温度煅烧才可获得KBT纯相, 且粉体颗粒度大、团聚严重. 水热法符合溶解-结晶机制, 生长出四方形的KBT纳米片. 溶胶-凝胶-水热法利用了凝胶团聚体空间链状结构的模板作用, 通过原位结晶机制生长出KBT纳米线.     

LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2正极材料的制备与倍率性能研究

在碳酸盐共沉淀法中引入超声波技术,合成锂镍钴锰前驱体,然后通过高温煅烧制备了LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂正极材料,采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线能谱(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)、差示量热扫描(DSC)、循环伏安法(CV)及充放电测试等手段对材料进行了表征。结果表明,材料在700～1 000 ℃下均能形成六方层状α-NaFeO₂结构,其晶体有序化程度随着煅烧温度的升高而升高。SEM分析     

乙基桥联有序介孔有机硅负载Pd(Ⅱ)有机金属催化剂用于水介质Barbier反应

以PPh2C2H4-Si(OEt)3和(EtO)3Si-C2H4-Si(OEt)3为混合硅源,在表面活性剂作用下共缩聚制备有序介孔有机硅杂化材料,再络合Pd(Ⅱ)离子得到固载化Pd(Ⅱ)非均相催化剂.在水介质Barbier反应中,所制备的Pd(Ⅱ)-PPh2-PMO(Et)具有与均相Pd(PPh3)2Cl2催化剂相当的催化活性,主要归因于高比表面积、有序介孔结构,有利于提高Pd(Ⅱ)活性位分散度,减少传质阻力,同时乙基修饰孔壁增强表面疏水性,有利于有机分子在孔道内的扩散和活性位上的吸附,导致高催化活性,而且可重复使用,显示了良好的工业应用前景.     

La1-xCaxMnO3纳米颗粒的制备及氧还原催化性能

本文采用溶胶凝胶法制备了一系列不同Ca含量的钙钛矿型氧化物La_1-xCa_xMnO₃(x=0~0.4)纳米颗粒, X射线粉末衍射及精修、扫描电镜表征显示其相纯度和结晶度高, 颗粒平均粒径约40 nm。在0.1 mol·L^-1 KOH水溶液中进行的氧还原电催化性能测试显示, La_0.7Ca_0.3MnO₃样品催化活性最高, 表观电子转移数接近4, 还原电流密度与Pt/C催化剂相当, 而催化稳定性优于Pt/C。进一步研究了La_1-xCa_xMnO₃样品中Mn价态、晶胞参数的改变对氧还原催化活性的影响, 结果表明当x=0.3时, 催化剂中Mn处于混合价态, Mn-O键长适中, 最有利于电催化反应。     

Microwave-promoted efficient conversion of acetophenones to 1,3,5-triarylbenzenes catalyzed by H3PW12O40 and nano-silica supported H3PW12O40 as reusable catalysts

H₃PW₁₂O₄₀ and nano-silica supported H₃PW₁₂O₄₀ were found to be efficient heterogeneous catalysts for the preparation of 1,3,5-triarylbenzenes via triple self condensation of acetophenones under microwave irradiation and solvent-free conditions. High yields, short reaction times, easy work-up, easy availability and handling, eco-friendly and reusability of the catalysts are the main aspects of the present method. The catalytic mechanism of 1,3,5-triarylbenzenes synthesis is also proposed.     

Cs取代对Ni-H3PW12O40/SiO2催化剂结构性质和催化性能的影响

采用两步浸渍法和载体上的原位反应制备了一系列Cs部分取代的Ni-Cs_xH_3-xPW₁₂O₄₀/SiO₂催化剂,并用N₂吸附比表面积测定(BET)、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP)、X射线衍射(XRD)、拉曼光谱(Raman)、原位X射线衍射(in situ XRD)、NH₃程序升温脱附(NH₃-TPD)、H₂程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)、H₂程序升温脱附(H₂-TPD)、吡啶吸附傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱等分析测试技术对催化剂进行了表征. 以正癸烷为模型化合物,对催化剂的加氢裂化性能进行了评价. 结果表明,8%Ni-50%Cs_1.5H_1.5PW/SiO₂催化剂具有最高的C₅₊收率,明显优于8%Ni-50%H₃PW/SiO₂催化剂和工业催化剂. 随着Cs 在Cs_xH_3-xPW中比例的增加,正癸烷的转化率逐渐降低,而C₅₊选择性则逐渐提高. 当催化剂具有合适的孔径时,选择性的提高是由于催化剂酸性的减弱,而转化率的降低则是由于催化剂加氢能力的减弱.     

Direct reductive amination and selective 1,2-reduction of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and ketones by NaBH4 using H3PW12O40 as catalyst

A simple and convenient procedure for direct reductive amination of aldehydes and ketones with sodium borohydride is described. The reaction has been carried out in methanol in the presence of a catalytic amount of H₃PW₁₂O₄₀ (0.5 mol %). α,β-Unsaturated aldehydes and ketones can be easily converted into the corresponding allyl alcohols by reaction with H₃PW₁₂O₄₀ (0.5 mol %)/NaBH₄.     

双帽Keggin型杂多阴离子[H4As3Mo12O40]-和Keggin型杂多酸H3PM12O40 (M＝Mo, W)质子化的DFT研究

选用B3LYP方法在LanL2MB水平下, 对双帽α-Keggin型杂多阴离子[H₄As₃Mo₁₂O₄₀]^-的电子结构和质子的定位进行了密度泛函理论(DFT)研究. 结果表明, 双帽的形成大大影响了杂多阴离子[As₃Mo₁₂O₄₀]^5－的电子结构和性质, NBO分析显示参与成帽的三桥氧上的电子密度比双桥氧上的要大, 简单地从电荷密度来看, 质子将首先在三桥氧上定域成键, 但通过比较质子定域在几种桥氧上质子化稳定化能的大小, 发现[H₄As₃Mo₁₂O₄₀]^-中的四个质子将在八个双桥氧中的其中四个氧原子上定位, 而不是如文献中报道的在四个三桥氧上定域成键. 对杂多酸H₃PM₁₂O₄₀ (M＝Mo, W)中质子的定位也进行了理论计算并与文献进行了比较, 结果显示, H₃PMo₁₂O₄₀中质子是定位在双桥氧上; 而H₃PW₁₂O₄₀中质子将优先在双桥氧上定位, 但也可在端氧上定位; 这一结果与文献报道的相一致.     

A simple conversion of azlactones into indenones via H3PW12O40/Al2O3 catalyzed intramolecular Friedel-Crafts reaction

A rapid and simple procedure for the synthesis of the indenone derivatives, N-(1-oxo-1H-inden-2-yl)benzamides, via intramolecular Friedel-Crafts (IFC) reaction of (Z)-4-arylidene-2-phenyl-5(4)-oxazolones (azlactones) catalyzed by H₃PW₁₂O₄₀ supported on neutral alumina under microwave irradiation has been developed. The reaction is straightforward and allows easy isolation of the product. The catalyst could be re-used up to four times after simple filtration.     

Photocatalytic oxidation of primary and secondary benzylic alcohols to carbonyl compounds catalyzed by H3PW12O40/SiO2 under an O2 atmosphere

An efficient, selective and green procedure for the photocatalytic oxidation of primary and secondary benzylic alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes and ketones has been achieved using silica-encapsulated H₃PW₁₂O₄₀ as a recyclable heterogeneous photocatalyst in acetonitrile under oxygen gas as the sole reoxidant of the catalyst.     

Direct synthesis of dimethyl carbonate ?from CH3OH AND CO2 by H3PW12O40/CexTi1-xO2 catalyst

Summary Ce_xTi_1-xO₂ and H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/Ce_xTi_1-xO₂ catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method, and applied to the direct synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from methanol and carbon dioxide. H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/Ce_xTi_1-xO₂ showed a better catalytic performance than the corresponding Ce_xTi_1-xO₂, due to the bifunctional catalysis of Br?nsted acid sites (provided by H₃PW₁₂O₄₀) and base sites (provided by Ce_xTi_1-xO₂). H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/Ce_0.1Ti_0.9O₂ showed the highest catalytic performance among the H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/Ce_xTi_1-xO₂ catalysts.     

Synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic application of H3PW12O40/BiVO4 composite photocatalyst

A series of H3PW12O40/BiVO4 composite with different H3PW12O40 loadings were prepared using a hydrothermal and impregnation method. The prepared composites were characterized by XRD, Raman, SEM, XPS, and DRS techniques. The bandgap of the composite was narrower compared with the as-prepared pure BiVO4 . As a novel photocatalytic material, the photocatalytic performance of the H3PW12O40/BiVO4 composite was investigated by the degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye solution under visible light irradiation and compared with that of pure BiVO4 . The results revealed that the introduction of H3PW12O40 could improve the photocatalytic performance and different concentrations of H3PW12O40 resulted in different photocatalytic activities. The highest activity was obtained by the sample with a loading HPW concentration of 10 wt%. The reason for the enhanced photocatalytic activities of H3PW12O40/BiVO4 samples was also discussed in this paper. Moreover, the H3PW12O40/BiVO4 composites retained the catalytic activity after four repeated experiments.     

Alkylation of toluene with methanol on microporous MxH3?XPW12O40 [M=K+, Cs+, NH4+ and Tl+]

Alkylation of toluene was carried out on microporous salts of phosphotungstic acid. Among the systems studied, M_2.5H_0.5PW₁₂O₄₀ showed maximum catalytic activity.p-Xylene selectivity was evaluated as a function of x. A linear correlation was observed betweenpara-selectivity and number of strong acid sites with strength of H₀≤−5.6.