Bi‐directional organic light‐emitting diodes with nanoparticle‐enhanced light outcoupling

An effective method is presented for enhancing the outcoupling efficiency of translucent/bi‐directional organic light‐emitting diodes (TL/BD‐OLEDs) with a bottom indium tin oxide (ITO) anode and a top cathode comprised of a thin Ag layer covered with an organic capping layer. Upon insertion of a nanoparticle (NP)‐based scattering layer (NPSL) between the substrate and the ITO anode, the TL/BD‐OLEDs exhibit significantly enhanced external quantum efficiency (EQE) in both emission directions. Furthermore, the NPSL improves the color stability of the TL/BD‐OLEDs over a wide range of viewing angles. Simulations based on geometrical and statistical optics are performed to elucidate the mechanism by which the efficiency is enhanced and to establish strategies for further optimization. Simulations performed on the scattering layers with varying NP volume percentage reveal that the bottom‐side emission is governed by competition between waveguide‐mode extraction and backward scattering by NPs in the film, while the top‐side emission is largely dominated by the latter. Optimized bi‐directional OLEDs achieve a 1.64‐fold enhanced EQE compared to reference devices without NPSL.     

有机电致发光器件光取出效率增强研究进展

有机电致发光器件(OLED)经过近三十年的发展,已经在照明和显示上得到一定程度的应用.OLED具有全固态、响应速度快、易于实现柔件显示等优点.由于磷光材料的应用,其内量子效率几乎达到了理论的极限值100%,但其外量子效率却只有20%左右,制约外量子效率进一步提高的主要因素是器件的光取出效率.本文从提高OLED光取出效率的方法入手,综述了国内外关于顶发射和底发射有机发光器件光取出效率增强的研究现状、最新进展及以后的研究方向.     

Ir配合物染料调节有机发光二极管发光特性

为了研究有机发光二极管(OLED)中发光特性与材料能带结构的关系,把不同的Ir配合物染料掺杂到结构相同的OLED器件中。OLED结构为ITO/NPB/CBP∶染料/TPBi/Mg∶Ag/Ag,染料分别为Ir(MDQ)2(acac)、Ir(ppy)3和Firpic。实验表明,这3种染料对应的掺杂器件分别发红光、绿光和蓝光。3个器件的阈值电压基本一致((6为了研究有机发光二极管(OLED)中发光特性与材料能带结构的关系,把不同的Ir配合物染料掺杂到结构相同的OLED器件中。OLED结构为ITO/NPB/CBP:染料/TPBi/Mg:Ag/Ag,染料分别为Ir(MDQ)₂(acac)、Ir(ppy)₃和Firpic。实验表明,这3种染料对应的掺杂器件分别发红光、绿光和蓝光。3个器件的阈值电压基本一致((6±0.1) V),但是,在100 cd/m²亮度下,绿光器件外量子效率最高(7.64%),蓝光器件外量子效率(5.65%)与绿光相近,红光器件外量子效率最低(2.75%)。分析认为,由于染料的掺杂浓度低,器件结构和载流子传输特性变化小,因而掺杂对阈值电压影响小;CBP与掺杂染料间存在能量转移,红色染料能级差小,非辐射跃迁几率大,发光效率最低;相比于绿光,蓝色染料能级差大,跃迁几率小,因此发光效率比绿光低。实验还发现,染料的发光波长与其能级差相比有红移现象,分析认为,这是由激发态能量振动弛豫和系间窜越过程形成的。     

ITO‐free top emitting organic light emitting diodes with enhanced light out‐coupling

Bottom emitting organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) can suffer from lower external quantum efficiencies (EQE) due to inefficient out‐coupling of the generated light. Herein, it is demonstrated that the current efficiency and EQE of red, yellow, and blue fluorescent single layer polymer OLEDs is significantly enhanced when a MoO_x(5 nm)/Ag(10 nm)/MoO_x(40 nm) stack is used as the transparent anode in a top emitting OLED structure. A maximum current efficiency and EQE of 21.2 cd/A and 6.7%, respectively, was achieved for a yellow OLED, while a blue OLED achieved a maximum of 16.5 cd/A and 10.1%, respectively. The increase in light out‐coupling from the top‐emitting OLEDs led to increase in efficiency by a factor of up to 2.2 relative to the optimised bottom emitting devices, which is the best out‐coupling reported using solution processed polymers in a simple architecture and a significant step forward for their use in large area lighting and displays.     

Bathocuproine/Ag复合电极对于聚合物光伏器件效率和稳定性的影响

采用Bathocuproine/Ag (BCP/Ag)复合电极代替Ca/Al复合电极, 制备PTB7:PC71BM 作为光敏层的聚合物光伏器件, 并通过改变BCP薄膜厚度来研究BCP/Ag复合电极对于器件光电转换器和稳定性的影响. 研究发现: 在光敏层和金属电极之间插入BCP修饰层后, 器件性能得到了显著的改善, 在BCP厚度为5 nm时, 器件的效率达到了6.82%, 且略高于Ca/Al复合电极的器件效率; 相比于采用Ca/Al复合电极的器件, BCP/Ag复合电极增大了器件的短路电流和外量子效率, 使器件效率得到提高; 同时器件的稳定性得到了显著的改善, BCP/Ag 复合电极器件的衰减速率几乎和未插入BCP的器件衰减速率相同, 相对于Ca/Al复合电极器件大幅提高.     

A simple encapsulation method for organic optoelectronic devices

The performances of organic optoelectronic devices, such as organic light emitting diodes and polymer solar cells,have rapidly improved in the past decade. The stability of an organic optoelectronic device has become a key problem for further development. In this paper, we report one simple encapsulation method for organic optoelectronic devices with a parafilm, based on ternary polymer solar cells(PSCs). The power conversion efficiencies(PCE) of PSCs with and without encapsulation decrease from 2.93% to 2.17% and from 2.87% to 1.16% after 168-hours of degradation under an ambient environment, respectively. The stability of PSCs could be enhanced by encapsulation with a parafilm. The encapsulation method is a competitive choice for organic optoelectronic devices, owing to its low cost and compatibility with flexible devices.     

Dual plasmonic‐enhanced bulk‐heterojunction solar cell incorporating gold nanoparticles into solution‐processed anode buffer layer and active layer

A dual plasmonic resonance effect on the performance of poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT):phenyl C61‐butyricacid methyl ester (PC61BM) based polymer solar cells (PSCs) has been demonstrated by selectively incorporating 25 nm colloidal gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) in a solution‐processed molybdenum oxide (MoO₃) anode buffer layer and 5 nm colloidal Au NPs in the active P3HT:PCBM layer. The devices exhibit up to ～20% improvement in power conversion efficiency which is attributed to the dual effect of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of Au NPs with enhanced light absorption and exciton generation. Our report shows a guideline on the usage of dual LSPR effect for the solution‐processed polymer solar cells to achieve high efficiencies. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

基于器件结构提高TADF-OLED器件的发光性能

为了提高以TADF材料作为主体、天蓝色荧光材料作为客体的混合薄膜的OLED器件光电性能,我们调整了器件结构,使主体材料发挥其优势。制备了基本结构为ITO/NPB(40 nm)/DMAC-DPS∶x%BUBD-1(40 nm)/Bphen(30 nm)/LiF(0.5 nm)/Al的OLED器件。研究了主-客体材料在不同掺杂浓度下的OLED器件的光电特性。为了提高主体材料的利用率,在空穴传输层和发光层之间加入10 nm的DMAC-DPS作为间隔层;然后,在阳极和空穴传输层之间加入HAT-CN作为空穴注入层,形成HAT-CN/NPB结构的PN结,有效降低了器件的启亮电压(2.7 V)。测量了有无HAT-CN的单空穴器件的阻抗谱。结果表明,在最佳掺杂比例(2%)下,器件的外量子效率(EQE)达到4.92%,接近荧光OLED的EQE理论极限值;加入10 nm的DMAC-DPS作为间隔层,使得器件的EQE达到5.37%;HAT-CN/NPB结构的PN结有效地降低了器件的启亮电压(2.7 V),将OLED器件的EQE提高到5.76%;HAT-CN的加入提高了器件的空穴迁移率,降低了单空穴器件的阻抗。TADF材料作为主体材料在提高OLED器件的光电性能方面具有很大的潜力。     

硅片上顶发射的有机电致发光器件

为了更好地实现有机发光器件在硅片上的有源矩阵显示,有必要探讨在硅片上直接制作透明阴极的顶发射有机发光器件。在顶发射发光器件中,为了到达高的发光效率,底部阳极一般采用高反射率的金属。在通常所用的各种金属当中,金属银对可见光具有很高的反射率,然而由于其具有相当低的功函数,导致与有机材料间能级的不匹配,从而引起有机发光器件中阳极空穴注入的不理想而影响器件的性能。我们在硅片上制备顶发射的有机发光器件,用薄层QAD(quinacridone)作为发光层,表面修饰的银作为阳极,制备的有机发光器件的亮度在外加电压10V时达到13700cd／m^2,器件的最大电流效率在7V时达到4．3cd／A,是没有薄层QAD器件的2倍多,是由在器件中存在Alq3与QAD之间Foester能量转移机制引起的。     

发光区插入超薄LiF层对有机电致发光器件性能的影响

着重对比了在以DCM掺杂Alq₃为发光层的红光器件的发光区插入超薄LiF层后器件性能的改善。插入超薄LiF层后,器件的最大工作电流密度为487 mA/cm²,相应的最大电致发光亮度为76 740 cd/m²,最大外量子效率为5.9%。器件内量子效率为40%,超过了基于有机荧光小分子发光材料的有机电致发光器件的内量子效率的理论极限值25%。对器件内单线态及三线态激子的形成过程进行了分析,并推测:超薄LiF层的插入提高了器件内单线态电荷转移态/三线态电荷转移态的形成比例,进而提高了器件内单线态激子在激子总数中的比例,最终提高了器件的内量子效率。同时,超薄LiF层的插入改变了发光层内局域的内部电场,使器件的外量子效率不仅没有随电流密度的增加而降低,反而非线性增加。     

利用氧等离子体处理阳极银实现高效率顶发射有机电致发光

主要报道在器件结构为玻璃衬底/Ag(阳极)/NPB(空穴传输层)/Alq3(电子传输及发光层)/Sm(半透明阴极)/Alq3的顶发射有机电致发光器件中,利用氧等离子体对阳极银的表面进行处理来降低阳极和空穴传输层(Ag/NPB)界面处的空穴注入势垒,提高顶发射有机电致发光器件的性能。主要研究了氧等离子体处理时间对阳极银和顶发射有机电致发光器件光电特性的影响。紫外光电子能谱表明,氧等离子体处理能有效降低Ag/NPB界面处的空穴注入势垒。通过优化处理时间获得最佳器件性能,优化后的器件最大效率可达6.14cd/A。     

非周期微纳结构增强有机发光二极管光耦合输出的研究进展

有机发光二极管（OLED）具有功耗低、重量轻、色域宽、响应时间快及对比度高等优点,在全彩平板显示和固态照明等领域均显现出巨大的应用潜力,受到人们的广泛关注.然而,较低的光输出效率使得器件的外量子效率远低于内量子效率,这严重制约了OLED器件的发展和应用.因此如何提高OLED器件的光耦合输出效率已成为备受关注的研究课题.本文主要介绍了采用非周期微纳结构提高OLED器件光耦合输出效率的最新研究进展,对随机微纳透镜结构、光散射介质层、聚合物多孔散射薄膜、随机凹凸波纹结构及随机褶皱结构等多种对器件亮度分布和光谱稳定性无明显影响的光耦合输出技术进行了总结和讨论.最后,对提高OLED器件光耦合输出研究做了总结和展望.     

微腔调色法实现有机发光器件三基色的研究

用微腔调色法来实现有机发光器件的三基色，有利于减少光损失，并提高器件的色饱和度和效率.以多波长的白光器件为基构成了微腔顶发射器件.顶发射器件以Ag作为全反射阳极，ITO为光程调节层，Al/Ag为半透明复合阴极，Alq：DCJTB/TBADN：TBPe/Alq：C545为白光发光层.通过调节ITO厚度，改变微腔光程以及器件的颜色，分别得到红、蓝、绿三基色的器件，器件发光峰值分别为475，538和603nm，色坐标分别为(0.133，0.201)，(0.335，0.567)和(0.513，0.360).半高宽分别为30，48，70nm. 关键词： 有机发光 顶发射 微腔效应 三基色     

Efficiency Improvement in Polymer Light‐Emitting Diodes by “Far‐Field” Effect of Gold Nanoparticles

The “far‐field” effect of metal nanoparticles (NPs), when chromophores localized nearby metal NPs (typically the distance >λ/10), is an important optical effect to enhance emission in photoluminescence. The far‐field effect originates mainly from the interaction between origin emission and mirror‐reflected emission, resulting in the increased irradiative rate of chromophores on the mirror‐type substrate. Here, the far‐field effect is used to improve emission efficiency of polymer light‐emitting diodes (PLEDs). A universal performance improvement is achieved for the full visible light (red, green, blue) PLEDs, utilizing gold (Au) NPs to modify the indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates; this is shown by experimental and theoretical simulation to mainly come from the far‐field effect. The optimized distance, between the NPs and chromophores with visible light emission ranging from 400 to 700 nm, is 80–120 nm. Thus the scope of the far‐field may overlap the light‐emitting profile very well to enhance the efficiency of optoelectronic devices. The 30–40% enhancement is obtained for different color‐emitting materials through distance optimization. The far‐field effect is demonstrated to enhance device performance for materials in the full‐visible spectral range, which extends the optoelectric applications of Au NPs.     

Plasma treatment of the Mg:Ag/tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum interface in OLEDs: effects on adhesion and performance

The adhesion of a Mg:Ag cathode to the tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq₃) in organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) can be greatly enhanced by a remote plasma treatment of the Alq₃ layer using either air or N₂ prior to metal deposition. The altered surface properties which lead to increased sticking coefficients of Mg and Ag, as well as enhanced adhesion, are attributed to the introduction of new functional groups into the organic layer, as observed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The storage life of the plasma treated devices in air without any capping treatment, as judged by a visible deterioration of the cathode, was increased by approximately five to six times compared to untreated OLEDs. Current–voltage characteristics and EL efficiency, however, were shown to deteriorate for devices incorporating either an air or an N₂ plasma treated Alq₃ layer. For OLEDs subjected to short treatment times with an N₂ plasma, only a very slight increase in the turn-on voltage, of about 0.2 V, was observed. An investigation of black spot formation revealed that an air plasma treatment resulted in a five-fold decrease in the time required for 50% of the device to become non-emissive. N₂ treated devices on the other hand, developed black spots at a comparable rate to the non-treated devices. Thus, a short N₂ plasma treatment of the Alq₃ layer prior to metal deposition improves the adhesion at the interface, thereby reducing the oxidation and degradation of the device through exposure to ambient conditions, particularly in storage.     

金纳米四面体增强有机太阳电池光吸收及光伏性能研究

为增强有机太阳能电池的光利用率,提高能量转换效率,本文合成了金四面体形状的纳米粒子,并用聚苯乙烯磺酸钠(PSS)包裹形成了核壳结构的金纳米四面体(Au@PSS tetrahedra NPs).将其掺杂到有机太阳能电池空穴提取层与活性层的界面处,利用表面等离子体共振效应来增强活性层对光的吸收,从而提高有机太阳能电池的能量转换效率.研究了掺杂浓度和PSS包裹厚度对电池性能的影响.结果表明:掺杂浓度为6%时,器件性能最佳,能量转换效率达到3.08%; PSS壳层厚度优化为2.5 nm时,转换效率达到3.65%,较标准电池提升了22.9%.电池性能的改善主要源于金四面体纳米粒子的共振吸收峰位于给体材料吸收谱范围内,纳米粒子的共振促进了给体的吸收,同时PSS壳层的引入促进了激子的解离和电荷的转移,上述因素的改善提升了电池的短路电流、填充因子和转换效率.     

高效率的有机电致发光器件

有机电致发光器件 (OL EDs)的发光机理包括电子和空穴从电极的注入、激子的形成及复合发光 ,其中 ,空穴和电子的注入平衡是非常重要的。为了平衡载流子的注入以得到高效率和稳定性好的器件 ,人们不仅使用了电子注入更为有效的 L i F/ Al[1] 和 Cs F/ Al[2 ] 等复合电极 ,同时也使用了空穴缓冲层 ,如 S.A.Van Slyke等 [3]在ITO和 NPB之间使用 Cu Pc,使得器件的稳定性得到了明显的提高 ;A.Gyoutoku等[4 ] 用碳膜使器件的半寿命超过 3 5 0 0小时 ;最近 ,Y.Kurosaka等 [5]和 Z.B.Deng[6 ]分别在 ITO和空穴传输层之间插入一薄层 Al…     

Nano Ag-enhanced photoelectric conversion efficiency in all-inorganic,hole-transporting-layer-free CsPbIBr2 perovskite solar cells

All-inorganic, hole-transporting-layer-free CsPbIBr₂ perovskite solar cells have great potential for development, but their device performance needs to be further improved. Recently, metal nanostructures have been successfully applied in the field of solar cells to improve their performance. Nano Ag-enhanced power conversion efficiency (PCE) in one CsPbIBr₂ perovskite solar cell utilizing localized surface plasmons of Ag nanoparticles (NPs) on the surface has been researched experimentally and by simulation in this paper. The localized surface plasmon resonance of Ag NPs has a near-field enhancement effect, which is expected to improve the light absorption of CsPbIBr₂ perovskite photovoltaic devices. In addition, Ag NPs have a forward-scattering effect on the incident light, which can also improve the performance of CsPbIBr₂-based perovskite photovoltaic devices. By directly assembling Ag NPs (with a size of about 150 nm) on the surface of fluorine-doped tin oxide it is found when the particle surface coverage is 10%, the CsPbIBr₂ perovskite photovoltaic device achieves a best PCE of 2.7%, which is 9.76% higher than that of the control group. Without changing any existing structure in the ready-made solar cell, this facile and efficient method has huge applications. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first report on nano Ag-enhanced photoelectric conversion efficiency in this kind of CsPbIBr₂ perovskite solar cell.     

有机发光二极管光取出技术研究进展

有机发光二极管(OLED)在通信、信息、显示和照明等领域均显现出巨大的商业应用前景,十几年来一直是光电信息领域的研究热点之一.但是,OLED的外量子效率远低于内量子效率,极大程度地制约了其发展和应用.本文主要介绍了多种有效提高器件效率的光取出技术,对微透镜、光子晶体结构、纳米图案和纳米多孔膜以及微腔技术等多种OLED修饰方法进行了回顾和讨论.在此基础上,对一些光取出技术的研究做了展望.     

Light outcoupling efficiency enhancement in organic light emitting diodes using an organic scattering layer

Crystallized 4,7‐diphyenyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline (BPhen) films deposited by convenient vacuum thermal evaporation technique have been found to be an efficient means to extract the substrate wave guided light in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). The optimized BPhen film working as organic scattering layer was successfully used with OLEDs for light outcoupling efficiency improvement. Enhancement of 26%, 15% and 6% in efficiency of the blue, green and red OLEDs were obtained, respectively. The achievement was found to be advantageous in terms of simplicity of fabrication method and feasibility for large area OLED applications. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)