Pd/TiO2/C复合催化剂的制备及其在碱性溶液中对乙醇氧化的电催化性能

钛酸四丁酯前驱体水热合成制备纳米TiO₂颗粒,在TiO₂和Vulcan XC-72活性炭复合载体上液相还原负载Pd纳米颗粒,制得Pd/TiO₂/C复合催化剂. 通过透射电镜（TEM）和X射线衍射（XRD）测试表明其具有面心立方结构,Pd金属粒子（粒径约3 ~ 4 nm）均匀分散在锐钛矿型的纳米TiO₂和活性炭的复合载体上. 循环伏安和计时电流曲线测试表明,与相同Pd载量的Pd/C相比,20% Pd载量的Pd/TiO₂/C颗粒在常温常压下对乙醇的电催化氧化有很高活性和稳定性. 这主要归功于纳米TiO₂改变了Pd表面的电子特性,且增大了其比表面积.     

Synthesis of nano-TiO2 assisted by diethylene glycol for use in high efficiency dye-sensitized solar cells

The performance of dye-sensitized solar cells(DSSCs) consisting of anatase TiO_2 nanoparticles that were synthesized via a hydrothermal method was studied.The synthesized TiO_2 nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD),nitrogen sorption analysis,scanning electron microscopy(SEM),high resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM),and UV-vis spectroscopy.Then the J-Vcurve,electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS),and open-circuit voltage decay(OCVD) measurement were applied to evaluate the photovoltaic performance of DSSCs.Compared with the commercial TiO_2nanoparticles(P25),the synthesized-TiO_2 nanoparticles showed better performance.By adding diethylene glycol(DEG) before the hydrothermal process,the synthesized TiO_2 nanoparticles(hereafter referred to as TiO_2-DEG particles) shows narrower size distribution,larger specific surface area,higher crystallinity,and less surface defects than TiO_2(DEG free) particles.The analysis of photovoltaic properties of DSSCs based on TiO_2-DEG particles showed that the recombination of electron-hole pairs was decreased and the trapping of carries in grain boundaries restrained.It was believed that the photoelectrode fabricated with the as-prepared TiO_2 nanoparticles improved the loading amount of dye sensitizers(N719).and enhanced the photocurrent of the DSSCs.As a result,the TiO_2-DEG particle based cells achieved a photo-to-electricity conversion efficiency(η) of 7.90%,which is higher than 7.53%for the cell based on TiO2(DEG free) and 6.59%for the one fabricated with P25.     

Si掺杂TiO2催化剂的结构与可见光催化活性研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备出Si⁴⁺离子掺杂的TiO₂可见光催化剂 (TiO₂-xSi),该催化剂的可见光催化活性高于纯TiO₂和N掺杂的TiO₂(TiO₂-N).利用XRD、XPS、FT-IR和UV-Vis DRS等表征技术,研究了TiO₂-xSi催化剂的晶体结构、能带结构和表面性质.研究发现:掺入Si⁴⁺离子在TiO₂粒子表面主要形成Ti-O-Si结构,并在导带下0.2-0.6 eV区域形成表面态能级,该表面态能级的存在是催化剂产生可见光响应、实现可见光催化的根本原因.另外,讨论了Si⁴⁺离子的掺杂对金红石相和晶粒的生长抑制作用,以及催化剂的比表面积和表面羟基物种增加对可见光催化活性的影响.     

微波辅助溶剂热合成In-Si共改性TiO_2的增强光催化性能

利用微波辅助溶剂热法合成了In-Si共改性的TiO2光催化剂.粉末X射线衍射(XRD)、激光拉曼(Raman)光谱、N2吸脱附(BET)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、光致发光(PL)光谱和紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)等实验表明,尽管掺杂和改性后TiO2结晶度略有降低,但不影响光催化剂锐钛相的形成.Si掺杂入TiO2晶格使颗粒变小,比表面积变大.In不能进入TiO2晶格,在TiO2表面形成了In2O3.罗丹明B(RhB)降解实验显示,In-Si共改性TiO2表现出很高的紫外和可见光催化活性,Si:In:Ti的摩尔比为0.03:0.02:1的样品(IST-2)光催化活性最高,紫外光下3 min即可将RhB降解完全,可见光下120 min RhB降解率为97%,这是由材料的高表面积,In2O3-TiO2复合半导体之间高效电荷转移及染料敏化等共同作用所致.对于苯酚,光催化降解则相对缓慢,700 min内尚不能降解完全.     

Photocatalytic activity of silver-modified titanium dioxide at solid–liquid and solid–gas interfaces

Silver-modified titania samples (Ag–TiO₂) with varying silver content (0.1–1.0 wt%) were prepared. Silver-modification of titanium dioxide was examined by TEM, XRD, XPS and DR-UV–vis spectroscopy. Ag or AgO_x particles on TiO₂ surface could not be observed by XRD and TEM investigation, however the color of the Ag–TiO₂ samples varied between light rose and purple-brown. XPS measurements revealed that silver exists mainly in oxide form. The photocatalytic activity of pure and Ag–TiO₂ samples were compared both in solid–liquid and in solid–gas interfaces. In the liquid phase the 2,2′-thiodiethanol was used as test molecule. Ethanol photodegradation was examined in gas phase at dry initial condition. It was shown that the rate of photooxidation of organic compounds significantly enhanced by silver-modification of titania.     

TiO_2载体掺杂对Mn-Ce/TiO_2催化剂低温脱硝性能影响研究

以TiO_2、TiO_2-Al_2O_3及TiO_2-SiO_2为载体,选取Mn为活性组分,Ce为活性助剂,采用分布共混法制备低温SCR催化剂,分析了TiO_2载体掺杂Al_2O_3、SiO_2改性后对Mn-Ce/TiO_2催化剂低温脱硝活性的影响,运用BET、SEM、XRD、H2-TPR以及NH_3-TPD等测试手段对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,TiO_2载体经掺杂改性后,Mn-Ce/TiO_2催化剂的比表面积、孔结构参数以及表面孔结构形貌均得到改善和提高;Mn-Ce/TiO_2-Al_2O_3和Mn-Ce/TiO_2-SiO_2催化剂中TiO_2的结晶度均有不同程度降低;经TiO_2载体掺杂改性后的催化剂表面低温还原峰面积及催化剂表面酸性位种类及酸性大小显著改善,这都有助于提高催化剂的脱硝活性。通过对TiO_2载体掺杂SiO_2和Al_2O_3改性后,催化剂的脱硝活性明显提高,反应温度在80-140℃时,催化剂SCR脱硝活性的顺序是:Mn-Ce/TiO_2-SiO_2M n-Ce/TiO_2-Al_2O_3M n-Ce/TiO_2。     

不同前驱物制备的MnOx/TiO2联合O3催化氧化NO性能

分别以乙酸锰（MnAc）、氯化锰（MnCl₂）和硝酸锰（Mn（NO₃）₂）为前驱物,采用浸渍法制备MnAc/TiO₂、MnCl/TiO₂和MnN/TiO₂三种催化剂,并采用氮吸附、SEM、H₂-TPR、O₂-TPD、XRD和XPS进行表征。在固定床反应器上研究了三种催化剂的联合臭氧催化氧化NO性能。结果表明,以乙酸锰为前驱物制备的MnAc/TiO₂催化剂联合臭氧催化氧化NO活性最高;MnAc/TiO₂催化剂颗粒分散性好,比表面积相对较大,催化剂表面Mn³⁺较多,因而具有较高的催化活性。     

The photocatalytic activity of TiO2 foam and surface modified binary oxide titania nanoparticles

Surface modified titania dioxide composite nanoparticles prepared by hydrogen reduction reaction and a mesoporous TiO₂ foam made from a surface modifier and a long chain organic surfactant were characterized by diffractive, spectroscopic and microscopic techniques and studied for their catalytic activity towards the decomposition of an industrial water pollutant, methyl orange. The surface deposition of ruthenium and silicon particles improved the photocatalytic activity of the composite particles resulting in a faster decomposition of the methyl orange compared to commercial TiO₂ alone. Modification of TiO₂ with RuO₂ only offered a marginal benefit over TiO₂ while the incorporation of RuO₂ and SiO₂ into TiO₂ resulted in a marked increase in the rate constant and catalytic activity. These results are consistent with the enhanced surface properties of the composite materials resulting from the modification of TiO₂ with RuO₂ and SiO_2. This surface enhancement effects appear synergetic to the charge separation process and hence the photocatalytic results are explained on the basis of a mechanism involving efficient charge transfer across the interfaces of the composites involving photogenerated electron–hole pairs. Results obtained in this study show that the percentage degradation after 1 h of illumination was 47.15% for TiO₂ foam, 75.5 and 106.4%, respectively, for TiO₂/RuO₂ (SiO₂ 5%, w/w) and TiO₂/RuO₂(SiO₂ 10%, w/w) and 34.15% for commercial TiO₂.     

Foam-structured Activated Carbon-ceramic as TiO2 Supports for Photocatalytic Degradation of Phenol

An activated foam-structured carbon-ceramic(AFCC) was prepared and investigated as TiO₂ support for the photocatalytic degradation of phenol. AFCC and TiO₂/AFCC catalysts were characterized by N₂ adsorption- desorption and X-ray diffraction(XRD). The effects of AFCC on the photocatalytic activity and the crystallinity of TiO₂ were studied. The results show that the crystallinity and anatase/rutile ratio of TiO₂ loaded on AFCC could be significantly influenced by the calcination temperature. The degradation rate of phenol benefited from the synergistic effects of the adsorption of activated carbon(AC) and the photocatalysis of TiO₂, which suggests that a high surface area of AC is essential to achieve high degradation rates and efficiencies. It was found that the larger mean cell size of AFCC increased the light transmission within the foam.     

Fabrication of porous graphitic carbon nitride-titanium dioxide heterojunctions with enhanced photo-energy conversion activity

Porous graphite-phase polymeric carbon nitride (GPPCN)/TiO₂ donor-acceptor heterojunction was facilely fabricated through the combination of a template technique with a co-calcination process, which exhibited much higher photoelectric activity compared to pristine carbon nitride and TiO₂. The precursor of porous GPPCN (pGPPCN), porous melem, was prepared by using a green template, calcium carbonate, which could be easily removed by diluted hydrochloride. The pGPPCN/TiO₂ heterojunction was then obtained by the assembly and subsequent co-calcination of TiO₂ nanoparticles with porous melem. The formation of pGPPCN/TiO₂ donor-acceptor heterojunction prepared by this method showed improved surface area and light absorption. Moreover, the composite presented much higher photo-energy conversion activity than those of GPPCN, pGPPCN and TiO₂, which could be mainly ascribed to the high charge carrier separation efficiency. This study provides a new approach for the design and development of various photocatalysts with high efficiency for applications in energy fields.     

Electrochemical and gas-phase photocatalytic performance of nanostructured TiO2(B) prepared by novel synthetic route

Nanostructured phase pure TiO₂(B) with microfibrous morphology was synthesized by newly developed protocol employing amorphous TiO₂ as a precursor. Compared to traditional syntheses from K₂Ti₄O₉, the new product exhibited better electrochemical performance and stability. Cyclic voltammetry of Li-insertion into the TiO₂(B) evidences a pseudocapacitive faradaic process of Li accommodation which is basically different from the diffusion-controlled lithium storage in anatase or rutile. The presence of two pairs of peaks in cyclic voltammogram with formal potentials of ca. 1.5 and 1.6 V is specific for TiO₂(B). This enables to use cyclic voltammetry for identification of this phase in a broad palette of TiO₂ materials of various origin.

The photocatalytic activity of TiO₂(B) in a gas phase was evaluated using the total oxidation of propane with oxygen and the photocatalytic reduction of NO to N₂ in an oxygen rich gas mixture. For the total oxidation of propane in the gas mixture containing 300 ppm propane and 20% oxygen, the reaction rates per 1 m²/g of the BET surface area of the catalyst for TiO₂(B) prepared by our protocol and Hombifine N (anatase, S_BET = 300 m²/g) are comparable. For the photocatalytic NO reduction to N₂ in an atmosphere containing 20% oxygen the ratio of quantum yields for TiO₂(B) and Hombifine N was found to be 0.08, which is roughly equivalent to the ratio of their BET surface areas (0.09), despite different phase composition of both materials. In comparison with the standard catalyst our material exhibited higher selectivity in the reduction of NO to N₂.     

Promoting Effects of Iron on CO Oxidation over Au/TiO2 Supported Au Nanoparticles

Fe-doped TiO₂ supported gold nanoparticles as high-performance CO oxidation catalysts were prepared. XRD data revealed that TiO₂ support was in an anatase phase. After calcination at 300℃, the sample showed nanotube structure, and the size of gold nanoparticles was 3.1 nm. When calcined at 500℃, most nanotubes broke, and gold nanoparticles grew up to 5.9 nm. XPS spectrum indicated the presence of Fe in the +3 oxidation state. Au/Fe-TiO₂(Au:1.44%, Fe:1.35%) calcined at 300℃ possessed the best catalytic activity, and it could completely convert CO at 25℃. The temperature of 100% CO conversion(T_100%) of Fe-free catalyst was 40℃. After the catalysts were stored at room temperature for 7 d, T_100% of Au/Fe-TiO₂ increased from 25℃ to 30℃, while T_100% of Fe-free catalyst increased from 40℃ to 80℃. The catalytic activity and storage stability of Au/TiO₂ could be improved by Fe-doping. The increase of specific surface area, generation of oxygen vacancies and new adsorption sites, depression of the growth of gold nanoparticles, and strong metal-support interaction were responsible for the promoting effect of iron on the catalytic performance of Au/TiO₂ for CO oxidation.     

Zn- and La-modified TiO2 photocatalysts for the isomerization of norbornadiene to quadricyclane

Zn-doped and La/Zn co-doped TiO₂ nanoparticles were prepared by sol–gel method and utilized as the photocatalysts for the isomerization of norbornadiene to quadricyclane that has significant potential for solar energy storage and high-energy fuel synthesis. For Zn-doped samples, Zn ions do not enter the TiO₂ lattice, but distribute on the particle surface in the form of ZnO crystallites. These crystallites inhibit the agglomeration, growth and anatase-to-rutile phase transformation of TiO₂. The prepared particles contain considerable amount of surface-bound OHs, especially for 1%Zn/TiO₂. A red shift in the optical absorption is observed due to the electron transfer between TiO₂ and ZnO. In the photocatalytic isomerization reaction, Zn-doped TiO₂ exhibits higher activity than homogenous sensitizer like Ethyl Michler's Keton, and 1%Zn/TiO₂ produces the highest yield of quadricyclane. To further enhance the activity, 1%Zn/TiO₂ was co-doped with La. La₂O₃ crystallites also distribute on the surface of TiO₂, similar to the case of ZnO. The particle size is reduced to <7 nm but the surface-bound OHs are decreased to some degree. There is a significant blue shift in the optical absorption with a sharply increased absorbance in the UV region due to the quantum-size effect. 5%La–1%Zn/TiO₂ and 3%La–1%Zn/TiO₂ exhibit higher activity compared with 1%Zn/TiO₂, but higher or lower content of La is detrimental to the reaction. It is concluded that doping Zn can significantly increase the surface-bound OHs, whereas doping La reduces the particle to quantum-size at the expense of surface-bound OHs. A good compromise between the two factors eventually provides a high activity. The isomerization reaction over semiconductors is proposed to proceed through an exciplex (charge-transfer) intermediate.     

One Step Preparation of Highly Dispersed TiO2 Nanoparticles

A facile approach was developed to prepare highly dispersed TiO₂ nanoparticles with selected phase. The crystallization phase of the nanoparticles can be easily tuned from anatase to rutile by the dosage of hydrochloric acid in the reaction system. The crystallite size of the as-prepared anatase TiO₂ nanoparticles was ca. 3.2 nm with high dispersion. A transparent TiO₂ colloid was obtained by dispersing the as-prepared anatase TiO₂ nanoparticles in deionized water without any organic additives added. The concentration of TiO₂-H₂O colloid can be as high as 1600 g/L. The optical transmittance of TiO₂-H₂O colloid with a low concentration was nearly 100% in the visible region. Furthermore, anatase TiO₂ nanoparticles(TiO₂-NPs) showed superior photocatalytic performance compared to rutile TiO₂-NPs.     

Characterization and photocatalytic properties of silver and silver chloride doped TiO2 hollow nanoparticles

Using polystyrene（PSt） particles as template,PSt/TiO₂ composite particles with AgCl incorporation were prepared through hydrolysis of tetrabutyl titanate in the presence of AgNO₃ and NaCl.AgCl doped TiO₂ hollow particles were successfully prepared with the PSt/TiO₂ composite microspheres pretreated at 180℃followed by calcination.The morphology of PSt/TiO₂ particles and the crystal structures of the AgCl doped TiO₂ hollow particles were characterized.The photocatalytic activity of the doped TiO₂ hollow particles in degradation of Rhodamine B was tested under UV and visible lights and compared to that with Ag doped TiO₂ particles.The results showed that TiO₂ hollow particles,either doped with Ag or AgCl,demonstrated higher photocatalytic activity than the pure TiO₂ particles.This enhancement in photocatalytic activity was more significant with AgCl doped TiO₂ than that with Ag doped,and more distinct when the degradation was done under visible light than that under LTV light.     

纳米二氧化钛催化苯乙烯环氧化反应研究(Ⅱ)

纳米材料的制备及催化研究日益受到人们的注意 [1～ 7] .前文 [8] 报道了负载异丙醇纳米二氧化钛催化苯乙烯环氧化反应 ,发现其具有一定的催化活性和较好的环氧化选择性 ,而负载乙醇 -丁醇纳米Ti O2 的选择性稍差 ,说明催化剂表面物种对催化反应有一定影响 ,故引起了我们进一步研究负载丁醇、辛醇及水合二氧化钛催化剂及溶剂对催化反应的影响的兴趣。本文将对这方面的工作进行报道 .1　实验部分1 .1　仪器及测定方法　催化剂合成在 1 0 0 m L不锈钢高压反应釜中进行 ,用 ZRY- 1型综合热分析仪进行 TG- DTA分析 (α- Al2 O3 为参比样 )…     

共沉淀法制备Ag/AgCl-TiO2空心复合纳米微球及其光催化性能

通过甲基丙烯酸与苯乙烯聚合制备了表面负电性的聚苯乙烯(PSt)纳米乳胶粒. 在乙醇与水的混合溶剂中, 用硅烷偶联剂乙烯基三甲氧基硅烷对其进行表面改性后加入钛酸四丁酯、 氯化钠和硝酸银, 以PSt乳胶粒为模板采用共沉淀法制备了PSt-AgCl-TiO₂复合微球. 在180 ℃对其进行液相预处理及煅烧去除PSt模板后制备了Ag/AgCl-TiO₂空心复合粒子. 对各阶段产物的形貌、 晶体结构和比表面积等进行了表征. 结果表明, 所得产物为Ag/AgCl与锐钛矿型TiO₂复合的空心粒子, 其比表面远大于商品TiO₂(P25). 考察了Ag/AgCl-TiO₂复合粒子在紫外光与可见光下对罗丹明B(RhB)降解的催化活性. 结果表明, 在紫外光下n(Ag)/n(Ti)=0.1%的Ag/AgCl-TiO₂复合粒子活性最高, 30 min时对RhB的降解率比不含Ag/AgCl的TiO₂空心微球提高了13%; 虽然Ag/AgCl-TiO₂在可见光下的催化活性远比紫外光下低, 但与纯TiO₂空心纳米微球相比其催化活性仍明显增强. n(Ag)/n(Ti)=2.0%的Ag/AgCl-TiO₂复合粒子催化活性最高, 120 min时对RhB的降解率比不含Ag/AgCl的TiO₂空心微球提高了38%.     

顺序浸渍法制备V-W/x(Mn-Ce-Ti)/y(Cu-Ce-Ti)/堇青石urea-SCR催化剂及其性能研究(英文)

用溶胶凝胶法制备了Mn-Ce/TiO2(用M表示)和Cu-Ce/TiO2(用C表示)催化剂,将M相、C相和V2O5-WO3(用V表示)用顺序浸渍法依次负载到堇青石蜂窝陶瓷载体(CC)上。用尿素选择性催化还原NOx(SCR)的转化率作为衡量指标对一系列的整体催化剂性能进行评价。催化剂的物理化学性能用N2吸附、CO2-TPD、NH3-TPD、XRD、XPS和H2-TPR等进行表征。结果表明,当M相优先于C相负载到CC上时,在0.01%SO2和10%H2O存在的情况下,V/3C/3M/CC复合催化剂仍比C相或M相单独负载到堇青石上表现出较高的活性,并且微量的SO2有利于催化剂活性的提升。XRD分析结果表明,Cu-Ce负载到TiO2溶胶上有助于锐钛矿相的形成,Mn-Ce负载到TiO2上有助于金红石相的形成。比表面积只与M或C相的负载量有关而与负载顺序无关。M或C相能够增加催化剂表面不同强度的酸性位。H2-TPR研究结果表明,V和Cu或Mn之间的相互作用提高了V的还原能力,进而增加了耗氢量。由XPS分析可知,催化剂表面较高的V4+/V5+比值和大量化学吸附氧的存在有利于催化剂活性的提升。     

载体对Ni_2P催化剂加氢脱氮反应性能的影响

使用TiO2、Al2O3以及TiO2-Al2O3复合载体考察了载体对磷化镍催化剂活性相和加氢脱氮性能的影响。不同钛铝原子比的TiO2-Al2O3复合载体采用原位-溶胶凝胶法制备,负载的磷化镍催化剂采用等体积浸渍法和H2原位还原法制备。以喹啉为模型化合物在固定床反应器上对催化剂的加氢脱氮性能进行评价,采用XRD、N2吸附、TEM和H2-TPR等技术对催化剂和载体进行了表征。结果表明,制成的复合载体基本保留了最初引入的γ-Al2O3的孔特征,分散在γ-Al2O3表面的TiO2以锐钛矿晶型存在。不同载体对催化剂的H2还原行为有显著影响,所形成的活性物种也不相同。Al2O3中引入TiO2可以减弱P物种和Al2O3之间的相互作用,有利于Ni2P活性相的生成和催化活性的提高。当Ti/Al的原子比为1∶8时,Ni2P/TiO2-Al2O3催化剂比Ni2P/TiO2、Ni2P/Al2O3催化剂具有更高的加氢脱氮活性。     

TiO_2-Al_2O_3载体的制备方法对其负载的磷化镍催化剂加氢脱氮反应性能的影响

采用共沉淀法和原位溶胶-凝胶法制备了TiO2-Al2O3复合载体,其负载的磷化镍催化剂采用等体积浸渍法和H2原位还原法制备.通过N2吸附(BET)、X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)、程序升温还原(TPR),X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和等离子体发射光谱(ICP-AES)表征技术对催化剂进行了表征,并通过喹啉的加氢脱氮反应评价了催化剂的加氢脱氮性能.结果表明,原位溶胶-凝胶法制成的复合载体基本保留了原有的γ-Al2O3的孔特征,具有较大的比表面积和较宽的孔分布,TiO2主要以表面富集的形式分散在管状的γ-Al2O3表面,其负载的磷化镍催化剂还原后所形成的活性相为Ni2P和Ni12P5;而共沉淀法制成的复合载体比表面积较小,孔径分布更加集中,TiO2趋于在块状的Al2O3表面均匀分散,其负载的磷化镍催化剂具有更好的可还原性,还原后所形成的活性相为Ni2P.不同的载体制备方法和不同的钛铝比对催化剂加氢脱氮性能影响较大,当n(Ti)/n(Al)=1/8时,共沉淀法载体负载的催化剂表现出最佳的加氢脱氮性能,在340℃,3 MPa,氢油体积比500,液时空速3 h-1的反应条件下,喹啉的脱氮率可以达到91.3%.