毛细微槽内的相变传热的实验研究

本文对矩形毛细微槽竖直板的相变传热特性进行了实验研究。结果表明毛细微槽对相变换热具有很大的促进作用。当壁面过热度较小时,相变换热形式主要是三相接触线附近的蒸发换热机制。而当过热度较大时,微槽内发生剧烈的沸腾。微槽内相变换热的临界热负荷有两种产生机理:其一是当微槽长度较大时微槽内由于流动阻力而产生的液体输运临界;另一机理是当微槽长度较小时的池内沸腾临界现象,亦即由动态微液层模型决定的临界机理。实验还得到了微槽强化传热的最佳优化尺寸。     

传热传质分离的绝热吸收过程实验研究

根据传热传质分离的吸收形式,设计加工了一台溴化锂绝热降膜吸收的实验装置,对溴化锂水溶液在倾斜平板上对水蒸气的吸收特性进行了实验研究,分析了预冷却温差、溶液流量及平板倾角对吸收过程的影响。实验结果表明:预冷却温差、溶液流量及平板倾角越大,溴化锂溶液对水蒸气的吸收效果越好,并认为吸收过程可以分成三个步骤,另外就热质分离吸收器的设计过程中的溴化锂溶液的最小速度提出建议。     

毛细管内薄液膜轮廓和传热特性研究

本文认为毛细管的相变传热机理为液膜的导热和表面蒸发;表面蒸发受蒸汽温度、汽液界面的温度以及汽液压力差的共同控制。汽液流动机理为流动受脱离压力梯度、毛细力梯度支配。汽液相互作用机理为存在由于蒸发导致的动量转移切应力和由于汽液流速不同产生的摩擦切应力。提出的物理模型中较为全面地考虑了毛细管内传热、汽液流动及其相互作用。对毛细管半径和传热功率对薄液膜轮廓和传热特性影响程度的计算结果表明,随着毛细管半径的减小、传热功率的增大,蒸发界面区的长度会有所减小,这是针对微小空间得出的不同于常规情况的结论。     

存在液膜的毛细蒸发过程研究

采用水浴恒温蒸发方法研究了液膜存在时的毛细蒸发过程. 研究结果表明：毛细蒸发过程中液/气界面符合黏性指延,且不受蒸发速度及液膜状态的影响;蒸发过程可分为剧烈减速、匀速蒸发、线性减速蒸发和边界效应四个阶段,分别对应不同的液膜状态;毛细蒸发的主要区域在毛细管端口液膜处,工质由液体区流向端口蒸发区的过程中液膜起到了通道桥梁作用. 关键词： 毛细蒸发 液/气界面 蒸发阶段 液膜     

波纹壁面降膜过程的一种近似模型

对高粘度液体在正弦形波纹壁面上的自由降落和蒸发建立了分析模型。对控制微分方程及边界条件作无量纲处理,引入流函数,采用摄动展开得到了0级近似和一级近似的微分方程组,讨论了液膜的流动和传热特性与壁面之间的关系。     

R134a在板式换热器中的凝结换热实验研究

本文对R134a在板式换热器内的凝结换热特性进行了实验研究,通过测量换热器中冷却水及板壁温度获得了局部凝结换热系数随蒸气干度、质量流量及热流密度的变化关系.实验结果表明,凝结换热系数随着蒸气干度增加而增加.文章还将实验结果与部分文献数据进行了比较与分析.本文的研究为换热准则关系式的发展提供了实验数据.     

Calculation of decay parameters for the wavy film flow at unsteady heat release

The mathematical model for determination of boiling expectation time and total local evaporation in the falling wavy liquid films at unsteady heat release has been developed. Numerical simulation of the process of wave formation in the falling films of liquid nitrogen has been carried out. Dependence of boiling expectation time on heat flux density under the conditions of graduated heat load increase has been calculated. Satisfactory agreement between the results of numerical simulations and experimental data is shown.     

水蒸气超高温热泵系统的实验研究

近年来以低温室效应(GWP)的制冷剂的蒸汽压缩式高温热泵一直是余热回收领域的研究热点。为获得更高的输出温度,本课题组搭建了一台采用自然工质水作为循环冷媒的超高温热泵样机并进行了实验测试。实验结果表明蒸发温度为80℃,冷凝温度从115℃升至145℃时,热泵的COP从4.88降至1.89。在85℃蒸发,117℃冷凝时,最高COP为6.1,制热量为285 kW,同时在85℃蒸发时,该热泵的最高冷凝温度可达到150℃,此时COP为1.96。在相同的温升下,热泵的COP和卡诺效率都随着输出温度的升高而增加,因此我们认为该热泵更适合高温输出的应用场合。     

Study of the parameters of a thallium atomic beam by the laser resonant atomic photoionization technique

The arrangement and operating principle of a setup for studying the main parameters of a beam of thallium atoms using the laser resonance atomic photoionization technique and the experimental results obtained are presented. The measured characteristics are the evaporation time, the atomic beam intensity, the evaporation rate, the saturated vapor pressure, and the heat of thallium evaporation.     

Square wave analysis of the solid-vapor adsorption heat pump

A thermally driven heat pump using a solid/vapor adsorption/desorption compression process in a vapor compression cycle is thermodynamically analyzed. The cycle utilizes a simple heat transfer fluid circulating loop for heating and cooling two solid adsorbent beds. This heat transfer fluid loop also serves to transmit heat recovered from the adsorbing bed being cooled to the desorbing bed being heated. This heat recovery process greatly improves the efficiency of the single stage solid/vapor adsorption process without the complication of a two stage cycle. During the heating and cooling processes a thermal wave profile travels through the beds. This paper uses a square wave representation for the true shape of the thermal wave. However, this square wave is assumed to stop short of the bed ends to account for realistic finite waveforms. The square wave model is integrated into a thermodynamic cycle which provides detailed information on the performance of the beds as well as the COP and the heating and cooling outputs of the heat pump system. Significant cycle design and operating parameters are varied to determine their effect on cycle performance.     

循环系统中闪蒸换热特性的实验研究

本文针对循环系统中闪蒸的换热特性进行了实验研究,通过可视化系统对闪蒸形态进行了记录和分析,并得出了换热系数与各影响参数之间关系的实验关联式.实验结果表明:当循环水流量为0.028kg/s时,随着过热度的增大,换热系数变化较小,而循环水流量为0.056 kg/s和0.083 kg/s时,换热系数随过热度的增大而减小;同时发现换热系数随水膜厚度的增大而减小.可视化分析表明,闪蒸形态随闪蒸室内饱和压力的减小而变剧烈,闪蒸换热系数随之减小.     

降膜结晶过程传热传质简化积分模型模拟计算

本文在对降膜结晶分离过程进行传热传质分析的基础上,建立了简化数学模型。文中按时间先后次序分成若干时间流股,并对每一流股按随体坐标自上而下对传热和传质方程进方积分,其中利用稳态充分发展的传热传质公式计算局部、即时的结晶量,进一步将不同时间流股所得结晶量叠加即得到结晶在空间和时间上的分布。文中将计算结果与所作的实验结果进行了比较,二者吻合较好。最后利用本文的计算模型进一步对广泛的影响因素进行了研究,获得一系列有益的结果。     

Heat transfer at evaporation of falling films of Freon mixture on the smooth and structured surfaces

The paper presents the results of experimental investigation of heat transfer and hydrodynamics of falling films of binary mixtures of R21 and R114 freons on the surfaces with complex configuration. The vertical tubes of 50-mm diameter with the smooth and structured surfaces, made of D16T alloy, were used as the working sections. The range of film Reynolds number at the inlet to the working section was Re =10÷155. The image of wave surface of the falling liquid film was visualized and recorded by a high-speed digital video camera. At evaporation the heat transfer coefficients on the smooth and structured surfaces are determined by the liquid flow rate and weakly depend on the heat flux. At low liquid flows, the heat transfer coefficients on the structured surface decrease in comparison with the smooth surface because of liquid accumulation and enlargement of efficient thickness in microtexture channels. At high liquid flows, a change in the structure of the wave film surface leads to an increase in heat transfer coefficients in comparison with the smooth surface.     

Non-Uniform Onset of Nucleate Flow Boiling of R-134a Inside a Glass Minichannel

The present work is an experimental investigation of the incipient boiling of R134a inside a circular glass minichannel mounted horizontally and equipped with a series of transparent indium tin oxide heaters. The effects of heat flux input levels and refrigerant mass fluxes on the onset nucleate boiling process and on the saturated boiling heat transfer rate are quantitatively explored. The flow pattern visualizations, carried on by means of a high-speed camera, show that the nucleation process is oddly non-uniform: the first vapor bubbles are always generated on the upper side of the tube and lead to a first wall temperature drop. A further increase in the heat flux values results in an increased wall superheat until bubble nucleation also originates on the lower side of the tube, causing a second wall temperature drop. Finally, at higher heat input levels, the boiling process becomes uniformly distributed on the inner tube surface. This phenomenon occurred also after a 180° rotation of the glass tube, and, after a critical analysis of the potential origins, it remains presently unexplained. An evaluation of heat transfer coefficients for low vapor quality regimes is finally presented.     

Boiling heat transfer of refrigerant R-21 in upward flow in plate-fin heat exchanger

The article presents the results of experimental investigation of boiling heat transfer of refrigerant R-21 in upward flow in a vertical plate-fin heat exchanger with transverse size of the channels that is smaller than the capillary constant. The heat transfer coefficients obtained in ranges of small mass velocities and low heat fluxes, which are typical of the industry, have been poorly studied yet. The characteristic patterns of the upward liquid-vapor flow in the heat exchanger channels and the regions of their existence are detected. The obtained data show a weak dependence of heat transfer coefficient on equilibrium vapor quality, mass flow rate, and heat flux density and do not correspond to calculations by the known heat transfer models. A possible reason for this behavior is a decisive influence of evaporation of thin liquid films on the heat transfer at low heat flux.     

液滴撞击加热壁面传热实验研究

本文采用高速摄像仪对水滴和乙醇液滴撞击加热壁面后的蒸发过程进行了实验观测, 分析了液滴撞击加热壁面后的蒸发特性参数. 实验中, 两种液体初始温度均为20 ℃, 不锈钢壁面初始温度范围为68-126℃. 水滴初始直径为2.07 mm, 撞击壁面时Weber 数为2-44; 乙醇液滴初始直径为1.64 mm, Weber数为3-88. 结果表明, 液滴受到重力、表面张力及流动性的影响, 在蒸发过程的大部分时间内, 水滴高度持续降低而接触直径几乎不变; 蒸发后期, 液滴发生回缩, 水滴的接触直径、高度和接触角出现振荡现象. 乙醇液滴的接触角随时间的增加呈现先减小随后保持不变的趋势, 而接触直径和高度则持续减小, 直到液滴完全蒸发. 液滴蒸发总时长与液体物性和壁面温度有关, 随壁面温度的升高而减小, 与液滴撞击壁面时的Weber 数无关. 同时, 随着壁面温度的升高, 液滴显热部分占总换热量的比重增大, 显热部分能量不可忽略, 本文实验条件下得到水滴的平均热流密度为0.014-0.110 W·mm^-2.     

A determination of the rate and heat of evaporation by measuring the radius variations of a metal tip

A new material loss technique for the experimental determination of the free evaporation rate of a metal is presented. This technique is based on the study of tip profile changes. The tip radius variation is a consequence of the simultaneous action of free evaporation and surface self-diffusion. The rate of free evaporation is related to the tip radius evolution, so the vapor pressure and heat of evaporation can be determined by measuring in situ the radius changes with time. The method permits an easy control of the cleanliness of the surface by field electron microscopy, and should enable one to study the influence of adsorption on evaporation. The method is tested with molybdenum tips. The variation of the radius of the tips, heated in ultra-high vacuum, is determined by field electron and scanning microscope measurements. Vapor pressures and heat of evaporation values obtained are in agreement with values obtained by other techniques.     

The effect of velocity and dimension of solid nanoparticles on heat transfer in non-Newtonian nanofluid

In this investigation, the behavior of non-Newtonian nanofluid hydrodynamic and heat transfer are simulated. In this study, we numerically simulated a laminar forced non-Newtonian nanofluid flow containing a 0.5 wt% carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) solutionin water as the base fluid with alumina at volume fractions of 0.5 and 1.5 as the solid nanoparticle. Numerical solution was modelled in Cartesian coordinate system in a two-dimensional microchannel in Reynolds number range of 10≤Re≤1000. The analyzed geometrical space here was a rectangular part of whose upper and bottom walls was influenced by a constant temperature. The effect of volume fraction of the nanoparticles, Reynolds number and non-Newtonian nanofluids was studied. In this research, the changes pressure drop, the Nusselt number, dimensionless temperature and heat transfer coefficient, caused by the motion of non-Newtonian nanofluids are described. The results indicated that the increase of the volume fraction of the solid nanoparticles and a reduction in the diameter of the nanoparticles would improve heat transfer which is more significant in Reynolds number. The results of the introduced parameters in the form of graphs drawing and for different parameters are compared.     

COMPARISON OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN FALLING FILM AND BUBBLE ABSORBERS OF AMMONIA-WATER

An experimental analysis of ammonia-water absorption process was performed for the falling film and bubble modes in a plate-type absorber. The experiments were made to examine the effects of solution flow rate and gas flow rate on the performance of the absorber. It was found that the bubble mode is superior to the falling film mode for mass transfer performance, and more heat was generated in the bubble mode. Increase of solution flow rate rarely affected the mass transfer, but improved the heat transfer. As the gas flow rate increased, fluidization occurred in the bubble mode and influenced the thermal boundary layer. However, channeling appeared in the falling film mode and decreased the heat transfer area. Increase of the gas flow rate greatly enhanced the performance of heat transfer in the bubble mode but made it worse in the falling film mode. Finally, the results were converted into dimensionless numbers to elucidate physical phenomena and we plotted Sherwood number versus Reynolds number for mass transfer performance and Nusselt number versus Reynolds number for heat transfer performance.