掺镱双包层光纤激光器典型参数对斜线效率的影响

分析了双包层光纤激光器(DCFL)耦合方程的解析解，并对信号光散射损耗、后腔镜泵浦反射率等影响掺镱DCFL斜线效率的典型参数进行了理论研究。结果表明，斜线效率并不是随着后腔镜泵浦反射率的升高而单调增大，因为泵浦反射率的升高会影响光纤的最佳长度，从而降低斜线效率。所以在优化斜线效率时应该考虑到泵浦反射率和光纤最佳长度之间的匹配。同时，提高纤芯掺杂浓度、减小信号光散射损耗也能增大斜线效率。     

基于相位凝固技术的激光反馈干涉术

针对激光反馈干涉术,提出基于相位凝固技术的调制解调方法,用以提高位移测量的分辨率,并设计了利用相位调制器进行调制的位移测量系统.利用调制器进行外腔相位调制,采集调制相位相对固定的干涉光信号,通过解调重构得到被测的位移信息.进行了信号调制、采样、重构技术的研究以及误差分析,并通过仿真验证了方法的可行性.结果表明,采用5点相位凝固采样技术,测量准确度可以达到λ/20.此方法可提高激光反馈干涉术的测量分辨率,实现信号实时采集处理,可用于位移的实时测量.     

稳态热晕非等晕效应的数值分析

运用高斯光束展开的方法,分析圆对称平顶光束在大气传输中的热晕及其非等晕效应。通过对热晕及非等晕效应引起的波前畸变作泽尼克多项式展开,得到了各阶泽尼克系数,进而求得热晕校正残差,数值计算得到的热晕拟合校正残差与现有理论公式得到的结果基本一致。对非等晕效应的数值模拟结果表明:在热畸变参数较小,且给定口径尺寸的情况下,热晕角度非等晕校正残差与非等晕角θ的平方成正比,热晕聚焦非等晕校正残差与信标高度的1.71次幂成反比。     

序列脉冲激光在不同大气模型下的热晕效应研究

考虑到大气中吸收系数随高度变化,通过内插法得到不同大气模型一定高度下大气的吸收系数,建立序列脉冲激光在地对空垂直传输的热晕模型。通过数值计算方法分析风场渡越时间内脉冲数为2时的序列脉冲在中纬度地区夏季和冬季、热带地区、近北极地区夏季和冬季5种大气模型下的热晕效应。结果表明:当光束孔径为0.25 m,初始功率为200 kW,波形为高斯状的激光束在近北极冬季传输10 km后沿横轴方向光强峰值偏移0.056 9 m,而热带光强峰值强度偏移最远为0.224 m,为近北极冬季时的4倍;脉冲激光在热带传输10 km后的靶面功率仅为15.06 kW,近北极冬季靶面功率为热带的10.5倍。热带地区的热晕效应最明显,中纬度地区次之,近北极地区最弱。激光在夏季传输要比冬季传输的热晕效应严重,而且近北极地区夏季要比中纬度地区冬季的热晕效应更严重。     

基于可变相位延迟的激光干涉式亚纳米级微位移测量系统

激光光源具有单色性好、亮度高、方向性强和相干性强等优势,所以基于干涉原理对激光光谱进行积分可以应用于微位移测量领域。在重力方法探测过程中,因地质结构不同引起万有引力差异而造成的探测质量块位移十分微小,通常为纳米级,所以研制高精度纳米级微位移测量系统尤为重要。然而传统电容位移测量法在防止电磁干扰等方面存在不足。相比较而言,光学干涉法具备抗电磁干扰、环境适应性强等优点,且精度不亚于电容法。传统干涉系统光路复杂、难于集成,对重力仪的小型化与集成化不利。所以研制一种结构紧凑的光学干涉系统用于实现纳米级微位移测量成为亟需。基于可变相位延迟的激光干涉式方法,能够实现亚纳米级微位移测量,较传统干涉系统具备结构紧凑、易于集成的优势。本微位移测量系统由半导体激光器、起偏器、检偏器、楔形双折射晶体组和光谱仪组成。研究从以下方面展开：首先是确定测量系统方案,提出了偏振光干涉双路结构,以楔形双折射晶体组作为核心器件,将晶体间相对位移转化为o光和e光的差别化相位延迟,并对激光光谱进行积分,进而将位移变化转变为合成光强的变化;其次是建立测量位移物理模型,根据设计的双折射晶体组几何结构、位移过程与光路,确定光强变化与待测位移量之间的关系;第三是系统参数优化,为了使系统的测量误差和量程满足实际需求,利用已建立的物理模型,将测量误差和量程分别与晶体切割角度α、激光器激射波长λ建立函数关系。根据应用需求,确定适当的误差和量程取值范围,进而得到角度α和波长λ取值范围;最后加工晶体、搭建系统并进行测试。具体即以α和λ为调控参量,联合考虑“近似线性化”和“激光器光强波动误差”对系统量程进行优化仿真。同样,联合考虑“激光器光强波动误差”和“激光器波长波动误差”,并利用“系统最大位移量”（与量程有关）对系统测量误差进行优化仿真。最终确定钒酸钇晶体切割角度α为20°,激光器激射波长λ为635 nm。实验中,以10 nm为间隔利用压电陶瓷设置位移量进行位移测试,包括：系统的线性标定、系统量程和测量误差测试。另外,在保持待测位置不变的条件下,利用本位移测量系统进行了2 h不间断测量,并通过阿伦方差确定了系统的位移探测下限。实验结果表明,位移量程范围大于150 nm,位移测量误差约0.5 nm,位移探测下限为0.32 nm@23 s,探测线性度判定系数(R2)为0.999 85。综上所述,以自制楔形双折射晶体组作为核心器件的可变相位延迟激光干涉式微位移测量系统,可作为重力探测中的质量块位移测量单元。与电容法相比具有更强的环境适应性;与传统干涉系统相比具有结构简易、光路紧凑等优点,便于重力仪的小型化与集成化。     

Self-consistent analysis of thermal far-field blooming of broad-area laser diodes

High-power broad-area laser diodes often suffer from a widening of the lateral (slow axis) far-field with increasing current, called thermal blooming, which is mainly caused by the non-uniform self-heating of the laser and has been studied for several decades. This paper presents the first self-consistent electro-thermal-optical simulation and analysis of such thermal blooming. Using a real InGaAs/GaAs broad-area laser as an example, a 900A/cm² higher current density is shown to lead to only 0.5K stronger lateral temperature drop inside the ridge waveguide but to a one degree wider slow axis far field. Small non-thermal blooming is also observed.     

Propagation of high-power partially coherent fibre laser beams in a real environment

The propagation performance of high-power partially coherent fibre laser beams in a real environment is investigated and the theoretical model of a high-power fibre laser propagating in a real environment is established. The influence of a collimating system and thermal blooming is considered together with atmospheric turbulence and mechanical jitter. The laser energy concentration of partially coherent beams in the far field is calculated and analysed based on the theoretical model. It is shown that the propagation performance of partially coherent beams depends on the collimating system, atmospheric turbulence, mechanical jitter and thermal blooming. The propagation performance of partially coherent beams and fully coherent beams is studied and the results show that partially coherent beams are less sensitive to the influence of thermal blooming, which results in that the energy degeneration for partially coherent beams is only 50% of that for fully coherent beams. Both partially coherent beams and fully coherent beams become less sensitive to thermal blooming when the average structural constant of the refraction index fluctuations increases to 1.7 × 10^-14 m^-2/3. The investigation presents a reference for applications of a high-power fibre laser system.     

Magnetic resonance imaging on CO(2) miscible and immiscible displacement in oil-saturated glass beads pack

In this study, the displacement processes were observed as gaseous or supercritical CO₂ was injected into n-decane-saturated glass beads packs using a 400-MHz magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system. Two-dimensional images of oil distribution in the vertical median section were obtained using a spin-echo pulse sequence. Gas channeling and viscous fingering appeared obviously in immiscible gaseous CO₂ displacement. A piston-like displacement front was detected in miscible supercritical CO₂ displacement that provided high sweep efficiency. MRI images were processed with image intensity analysis methods to obtain the saturation profiles. Final oil residual saturations and displacement coefficients were also estimated using this imaging intensity analysis. It was proved that miscible displacement can enhance the efficiency of CO₂ displacement notably. Finally, a special coreflood analysis method was applied to estimate the effects of capillary, viscosity and buoyancy based on the obtained saturation data.     

多孔介质中含溶解反应的互溶驱替过程格子Boltzmann研究

采用格子Boltzmann方法研究了孔隙尺度下多孔介质内含流固溶解反应的互溶驱替过程,重点研究了被驱替流体与驱替流体黏性差异较大的情况下,溶解反应引起的多孔介质内部结构变化对驱替过程的影响;定量分析了不同达姆科勒数及佩克莱数下多孔介质孔隙率和驱替过程驱替效率随时间的演变.研究结果表明:达姆科勒数较大时,溶解反应的发生会在多孔介质内部生成虫洞,导致一部分被驱替流体不能被波及,驱替流体沿虫洞离开多孔介质,造成驱替效率的减少.在此基础上,随着达姆科勒数的增大,孔隙率变化越大,生成的虫洞越宽,最终驱替效率变大,但仍小于无溶解反应时的驱替效率;随着佩克莱数的增大,指进增长速度越快,孔隙率变化越小,驱替效率越小.     

大气参数精度对激光传输预估结果的影响

 通过对不同情况下参数测量误差导致的到靶激光平均功率密度变化的统计,得到了大气参数精度对激光传输计算结果的影响。风速和气溶胶吸收系数测量误差主要来自热晕效应的影响,热晕越强,对计算结果的影响就越大。强热晕时,风速±(5%～8%)的误差可导致计算结果约±10%的误差;气溶胶吸收权重±(10%～20%)的误差可导致计算结果约 10%的误差。强湍流弱热晕时,大气相干长度±(5%～7%)的误差可导致计算结果约±10%的误差。     

Theoretical and experimental studies on high-power laser-induced thermal blooming effect in chamber with different gases

High-power laser induced thermal blooming effects in a closed chamber with three different gases are investigated theoretically and experimentally in this work. In the theoretical treatment, an incompressible gas turbulent model is adopted. In the numerical simulation the gas refractive index as a function of both the temperature and pressure is taken into consideration. In the experimental study the pump-probe technology is adopted. A high-power 1064-nm fiber laser with maximum output power of 12 kW is used to drive the gas thermal blooming, and a 50-mW high-beam-quality 637-nm laser diode (LD) is used as a probe beam. The influences of the gas thermal blooming in the chamber on the probe beam wavefront and beam quality are analyzed for three different gases of air, nitrogen, and helium, respectively. The results indicate that nitrogen is well suitable for restraining thermal blooming effect for high-power laser. The measured data are in good agreement with the simulated results.     

准直高功率激光束斜程大气传输中的非线性热畸变效应

本文根据波动光学理论,利用实际大气参数对准直高功率激光在斜程上行大气传输中的非线性热畸变效应进行了数值分析,结果表明,在上行大气传输中,尽管大气气体吸收系数较小,从而产生的热畸变效应也较弱,但它将导致激光光束位相畸变和发散角的显著增大,因此对远距离传输的光束将产生非常严重的不利影响。     

结合生物力学模型重建左心室位移场

左心室心肌最为发达,心肌收缩产生的高压将动脉血泵入全身,集中体现了心脏的泵血能力.定量分析左心室收缩运动是诊断心血管疾病（如心肌梗死）的重要途径.本文采用描述左心室心肌材质的生物力学模型重建左心室位移场.该力学模型作为插值项,与心脏电影磁共振图像的观测位移场共同纳入贝叶斯估计框架,并采用有限元法求解位移场方程.实验比较了左心室射血无力组（46例）与正常组（55例）的左心室功能参数,发现两组在径向和圆周方向的位移、速度、应变和应变率都具有非常显著的差异（p < 0.001）,这证明本文方法能够有效区别左心室运动正常与否.实验结果还与CVI软件测量的左心室功能参数具有较高的相关性,说明本文方法有望辅助心血管疾病的临床诊断.     

基于光学相干测振系统的微悬臂梁缺陷检测

提出了基于光学相干测振（optical coherence vibrometer, OCV）系统的微悬臂梁缺陷检测方法。自搭建的OCV系统最大振动位移量程、最大振动频率分别为2.574 mm和138.5 kHz,应用该系统对含缺陷微悬臂梁-附加质量块耦合结构进行振动测量获得其固有频率,并利用附加质量块对固有频率的影响特性实现了对缺陷的定位。在对系统采集到的干涉光谱信号处理的过程中,采用FFT（fast Fourier transform, FFT）+ FT（Fourier transform, FT）细化频谱校正算法进行误差校正,精度可提高1 000倍以上,使系统实现纳米量级的位移测量。实验结果表明,该方法能够有效识别微悬臂梁的缺陷位置,为微小型结构的缺陷检测提供了一种新的方法,同时拓展了光学相干测振技术在工程结构无损检测的应用。     

Study of the fluid flow characteristics in a porous medium for CO2 geological storage using MRI

The objective of this study was to understand fluid flow in porous media. Understanding of fluid flow process in porous media is important for the geological storage of CO₂. The high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique was used to measure fluid flow in a porous medium (glass beads BZ-02). First, the permeability was obtained from velocity images. Next, CO₂–water immiscible displacement experiments using different flow rates were investigated. Three stages were obtained from the MR intensity plot. With increasing CO₂ flow rate, a relatively uniform CO₂ distribution and a uniform CO₂ front were observed. Subsequently, the final water saturation decreased. Using core analysis methods, the CO₂ velocities were obtained during the CO₂–water immiscible displacement process, which were applied to evaluate the capillary dispersion rate, viscous dominated fractional flow, and gravity flow function. The capillary dispersion rate dominated the effects of capillary, which was largest at water saturations of 0.5 and 0.6. The viscous-dominant fractional flow function varied with the saturation of water. The gravity fractional flow reached peak values at the saturation of 0.6. The gravity forces played a positive role in the downward displacements because they thus tended to stabilize the displacement process, thereby producing increased breakthrough times and correspondingly high recoveries. Finally, the relative permeability was also reconstructed. The study provides useful data regarding the transport processes in the geological storage of CO₂.     

Atomistic sliding mechanisms of the Σ=5 symmetric tilt grain boundary in bcc iron

Atomistic computer simulations were performed to investigate the mechanisms of grain-boundary sliding in bcc Fe using molecular statics and molecular dynamics with embedded-atom method interatomic potentials. For this study we have chosen the Σ?=?5, (310)[001] symmetrical tilt boundary with tilt angle θ?=?36.9°. Sliding was determined to be governed by grain-boundary dislocation activity with Burgers vectors belonging to the displacement shift complete lattice. The sliding process was found to occur through the nucleation and glide of partial grain-boundary dislocations, with a secondary grain-boundary structure playing an important role in the sliding process. Interstitial impurities and vacancies were introduced into the grain boundary to study their role as nucleation sites for the grain-boundary dislocations. While vacancies and H interstitials act as preferred nucleation sites, C interstitials to not.     

45°光纤微反射镜聚焦离子束加工及多轴位移检测研究

聚焦离子束加工作为一种微纳加工手段,可以用来制造纳米元件和微结构元件。研究了在多芯光纤的末端,使用聚焦离子束加工技术设计和制造45°镜面的全过程。该光学镜面由两步加工完成,首先是扫描过程,用来制造粗糙的切割面;然后是抛光过程,用来完成光学表面的光洁处理。加工完成的45°镜面可以准确地与光纤的纤芯对接,避免了外部转向镜组件对接的相关问题。实验测试表明,加工的结构可以通过干涉测量两个垂直轴向的位移值,检测位移测量范围大致为60 μm,X和Y方向的均方根绝对测量误差约为1.75‰和1.97‰。该技术有望用于精密零件内表面、血管内壁等检测领域。     

Strain field estimation based on digital image correlation and radial basis function

Two methods based on digital image correlation (DIC) and radial basis function (RBF) were proposed to obtain the accurate strain field in this paper. One is a combined method. RBF was applied to remove the noisy discrete displacement data first. After that, the strain was computed by a local least-squares algorithm. The other is a partial derivative of RBF (PD-RBF) based strain estimation method which integrated denoising with differential process. The effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed methods were verified through two numerical simulation experiments. A practical application on the normal strain measurement of an aluminum alloy beam under symmetric four-point bending via an outer loading frame was also presented. The measurement results are in good accordance with the data obtained by strain gauges. Furthermore, a shape parameter selection method based on rate of convergence was suggested. The new method simplifies the choice of the good shape parameter.     

Two-frame phase-shifting interferometry for retrieval of smooth surface and its displacements

A new two-frame interferometric method with a blind phase shift of a reference wave is proposed for the reconstruction of smooth surface relief areas. In this method, a correlation approach based on the determination of correlation coefficient between intensity distributions of two interferograms is applied for the phase shift extraction. An algorithm for this method realization is developed and its performance is verified on test surfaces. An experimental setup containing a Twiman-Green interferometer was used in the reconstruction of smooth surfaces of metal specimens using the developed algorithm. Surface displacement phase fields were generated in case of a CT-notched specimen made of an aluminum alloy by the interactive procedure of element stitching of two surface reliefs and subtracting the surface relief after cyclic loading from the initial one. The received surface displacement fields allow us to determine the studied specimen fatigue process zone (FPZ) and FPZ size.     

大气热晕效应引起的激光焦移的计算与分析

采用薄透镜组合的半解析近似方法,研究了大气中的热晕效应对激光聚焦的影响.用该计算方法得出结论:大气热晕效应对高功率激光聚集光束传输的影响与其初始功率、发射口径、传输路径及大气吸收系数有关.在吸收系数随距离增加而减少的光程上(如上行传输),热晕将导致焦点向远离发射点方向移动,而在吸收系数随传输距离增加而增加的光程上(如下行传输),热晕将导致焦点向靠近发射点方向移动.