饲料中重金属检测技术的研究进展

综述了饲料中重金属的检测方法如光谱分析法(包括原子吸收光谱法、原子荧光光谱法、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法、X-射线荧光光谱法和激光诱导击穿光谱法)、电感耦合等离子体质谱法、电化学分析法和分光光度法的研究进展,对各类检测方法的优缺点进行了对比与分析,并在此基础上对饲料中重金属检测技术的发展趋势进行了展望。     

重金属离子富集检测的微量热研究

采用微量热技术对重金属离子的富集检测过程进行了研究. 采用流动注射分析法研究了重金属离子进样顺序、 样品进样流速和载体树脂颗粒粒径对重金属离子抑制脲酶催化反应的影响, 优化了脲酶及重金属离子进样量, 获得了脲酶固定化及重金属离子富集条件的优化参数. 结果表明, 在低流速(0.1 mL/min), 载体树脂颗粒粒径为0.5～0.6 mm, 脲酶进样量为3 mL, 重金属离子进样量为5 mL的条件下, 先进行重金属离子的富集, 再检测其对固定化脲酶催化反应的影响可得到较好的检测效果. 在实验浓度范围内, 4种重金属离子对脲酶催化反应的影响顺序为砷离子>铜离子>镉离子>铅离子. 本文对重金属离子进行了适当的富集, 降低其检测下限, 为采用微量热法进行重金属离子的快速检测提供了理论依据.     

核酸适配体在重金属检测中的应用研究

随着工业化生产的快速发展,由重金属离子带来的环境污染也越来越引起了人们的高度重视.科研人员通过不同的检测方法对重金属离子进行检测.由于核酸适配体对重金属离子的选择性较高,使得其在重金属检测中的应用越来越广.     

食品中镉的检测技术

本文综述了近年来国内食品中镉的检测技术,包括火焰原子吸收光谱法、石墨炉原子吸收光谱法、原子荧光光谱法、分光光度法、阳极溶出伏安法、电感耦合等离子体质谱法和电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法等传统检测技术,以及生物化学传感器法、免疫分析法、酶分析法和试纸法等快速检测技术(引用文献42篇)。     

直接接触药品包装材料和容器中的重金属检测方法概述

介绍了直接接触药品的包装材料和容器的分类及重金属的来源,对重金属的检测方法进行了综述,主要包括比色法、紫外–可见分光光度法、原子吸收光谱法、原子荧光光谱法以及电感耦合等离子体光谱法,展望了重金属检测技术的发展方向。     

农产品中重金属的检测方法研究进展

综述了农产品中重金属的检测方法如光谱分析法(包括原子吸收光谱法、电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法、原子荧光光谱法和X射线荧光光谱法)、色谱分析法、电化学分析法和快速检测方法(包括酶联免疫吸附法、生物传感器法、酶抑制法、试纸和试剂比色法)的研究进展,并对其发展前景进行了展望(引用文献83篇)。     

纳米材料修饰电极在重金属离子检测中的应用

本文介绍了近年来纳米材料修饰电极在重金属离子检测中的研究现状,分析了这些修饰电极的特点,重点阐述了纳米材料在重金属离子检测中的重要作用,列举了一些纳米材料修饰电极在重金属离子检测中的应用,最后对纳米材料修饰电极用于重金属离子的检测研究进行了简要评述和展望。     

固相萃取材料在金属离子前处理应用中的研究进展

为避免摄入过量重金属、危害人类健康,应提高对金属离子的检测能力。常用的金属检测技术如电感耦合等离子体质谱、电热原子吸收光谱、火焰原子吸收光谱等可以有效识别痕量重金属,并且具有多组分分析能力以及检出限低、产量高等优点。但复杂样品本身浓度较低且基质干扰大,因此检测前需进行前处理以消除基质干扰,满足低浓度和小体积样品的检测需求。固相萃取是富集样品中金属离子常用的方法之一,开发能够进行高效、快速富集分离的固相萃取新材料及前处理技术是金属离子检测的关键。限制接触碳纳米管、纳米吸附剂、纳米粒子载体、磁性纳米粒子等纳米材料可提供大的比表面积和可调的官能团,以促进金属离子吸收,其优越的光学性能则可用于荧光和比色检测;高分子聚合物具有卓越的机械性能和化学稳定性,可用于微量金属粒子的前富集、分离和检测;离子印迹聚合物对目标离子具有选择性识别能力的空间结构,可以吸附待分离体系中的金属离子;双功能材料可同时进行多种金属离子的萃取和快速定量检测,新型的光敏络合物则可以将结合态的金属离子转变为游离态,使其被多种生物传感器快速检测,也可以研究生物体内金属离子的信号传递过程。该文综述了纳米材料、聚合物、功能材料等新型固相萃取材料的特点及在复杂样品前处理中的应用和研究进展,并对其未来发展方向进行了展望。     

金纳米粒子在重金属离子检测方面的应用研究

近年来,贵金属纳米材料由于其具有独特的光学性质、稳定性、生物相容性和自身的结构特性等优点,被广泛用于重金属检测领域。总结了近年来金纳米粒子在重金属离子检测方面的研究现状,最后对贵金属纳米材料在重金属离子检测中的发展前景进行了展望。     

金纳米粒子在重金属离子检测方面的应用研究

近年来,贵金属纳米材料由于其具有独特的光学性质、稳定性、生物相容性和自身的结构特性等优点,被广泛用于重金属检测领域。总结了近年来金纳米粒子在重金属离子检测方面的研究现状,最后对贵金属纳米材料在重金属离子检测中的发展前景进行了展望。     

Liquid chromatographic analysis of low-alloy steel samples

The isolation of transition and rare earth elements from low-alloy steels by liquid chromatography (LC) with post-column reaction detection is described. The eluted metal ions are detected with a UV-visible spectrophotometric detector after post-column complexation with 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol and Arsenazo-III. The requirements and characterization of the post-column reaction for the sensitive detection of metal ions after LC separation are discussed. The results are compared with those of other methods such as atomic absorption spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry.     

微波消解-ICP-MS法测定药用明胶空心胶囊中微量重金属元素

采用微波消解技术,建立了一种电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定明胶空心胶囊中Cr,Co,Ni,Cu,Zn,As,Cd,Hg和Pb 9种微量重金属元素的方法。确定了微波消解仪和等离子体质谱仪的最佳操作参数,研究共存离子的干扰和消除方法,选择了各元素的测定同位素,以Ge,Rh和Tl为内标补偿基体效应,建立了样品测定方法。应用拟定的方法测定了不同生产厂家、不同批次的空心胶囊中微量重金属的含量。方法对试样中各元素测定的相对标准偏差为1.5%~14.1%,加标回收率在90.0%~102.0%。结果表明,方法简便、快速、灵敏,满足于空心胶囊中9种重金属元素的测定要求。     

Investigation of the binding properties of heavy-metal-peptide complexes in plant cell cultures using HPLC-ICP-MS

Metal-induced, sulfhydryl-rich peptides (phytochelatins) found in plants, algae, yeasts and fungi have been described as sequesters and detoxifiers of heavy metal ions. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled on-line with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) has been used for the determination of heavy metal binding properties of phytochelatins in Silene vulgaris cell cultures. The induction of phytochelatins and the binding of heavy metals to these complexes were investigated by exposure of cell cultures with different concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn. An in vitro heavy metal saturation assay and in vivo stress experiments with those elements able to bind to phytochelatins were carried out in order to characterize the binding affinity and binding stability of these compounds. It is shown that of the metals investigated, Cu binds most stably to phytochelatins under in vitro and in vivo conditions.     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱测定当归补血汤中铅、铬、镉、砷

采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱测定了当归、黄芪及两种药材不同配伍形式的水煎液中铅、铬、镉、砷等金属元素含量。比较了不同提取方法及磷脂类化合物对当归补血汤中这些金属元素溶出的影响。实验表明,当归、黄芪生药材及水煎液经硝酸消化,样品消解完全,能满足电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)检测的要求。方法加标回收率为83.0%~96.0%,相对标准偏差为0.36%~4.67%,且当归∶黄芪配比为1∶5时水煎液中重金属元素溶出率低于1∶1配比,证实了当归补血汤经典配方的合理性,为其临床疗效提供了有效依据。     

Graphene Oxides Prepared by Hummers’, Hofmann’s,and Staudenmaier’s Methods: Dramatic Influences on Heavy‐Metal‐Ion Adsorption

Graphene oxide (GO), an up‐and‐coming material rich in oxygenated groups, shows much promise in pollution management. GO is synthesised using several synthetic routes, and the adsorption behaviour of GO is investigated to establish its ability to remove the heavy‐metal pollutants of lead and cadmium ions. The GO is synthesised by Hummers’ (HU), Hofmann’s (HO) and Staudenmaier’s (ST) methodologies. Characterisation of GO is performed before and after adsorption experiments to investigate the structure–function relationship by using Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy coupled with elemental detection spectroscopy is used to investigate morphological changes and heavy‐metal content in the adsorbed GO. The filtrate, collected after adsorption, is analysed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, through which the efficiency and adsorption capacity of each GO for heavy‐metal‐ion removal is obtained. Spectroscopic analysis and characterisation reveal that the three types of GO have different compositions of oxygenated carbon functionalities. The trend in the affinity towards both Pb^II and Cd^II is HU GO>HO GO>ST GO. A direct correlation between the number of carboxyl groups present and the amount of heavy‐metal ions adsorbed is established. The highest efficiency and highest adsorption capacity of heavy‐metal ions is achieved with HU, in which the relative abundance of carboxyl groups is highest. The embedded systematic study reveals that carboxyl groups are the principal functionality responsible for heavy‐metal‐ion removal in GO. The choice of synthesis methodology for GO has a profound influence on heavy‐metal‐ion adsorption. A further enrichment of the carboxyl groups in GO will serve to enhance the role of GO as an adsorbent for environmental clean‐up.     

Capillary Electrophoresis Coupled On-Line with Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry for Elemental Speciation

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) has become a powerful analytical technique for the separation of a variety of analytes ranging from small inorganic ions to large biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. A selective and sensitive detector for CE has been one of the most important and challenging prerequisites for the growth of CE. On-column UV-Vis detectors are commonly used to determine the analytes separated by CE. However, these detectors are often not very selective. Other detection techniques such as mass spectrometry, laser induced fluorescence, amperometry, and inductively coupled plasma spectrometry have been investigated to provide a more sensitive and selective detection for the target analytes. However, relatively few studies have been published on the use of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) as a means of detection in CE separation.     

Investigations on cluster and molecular ion formation by plasma mass spectrometry

The formation of molecular and cluster ions of different inorganic materials in plasma mass spectrometry – spark source mass spectrometry (SSMS), radiofrequency glow discharge mass spectrometry (rf GDMS), laser ionization mass spectrometry (LIMS), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and laser ablation ICP-MS (LA-ICP-MS) – was investigated and compared. Similar abundance distributions of cluster ions were observed for a graphite sample, for boron nitride/ graphite and for metal oxide/graphite mixtures using different plasma mass spectrometric methods. A correlation of intensities of metal argide ions in ICP-MS with their bond dissociation energies was used to estimate unknown dissociation energies of molecular ionic species. For the elements of the 2nd or 3rd period in the periodic table, the intensities of most argon molecular ions (ArX⁺) measured by ICP-MS rise with increasing atomic number in a similar manner to the theoretically calculated bond dissociation energies of argon molecular ions.     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定食品添加剂磷酸二氢铵中砷和铅

采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)对食品添加剂磷酸二氢铵中砷和重金属铅进行分析。实验过程确定了最佳测量条件,采用标准曲线法为定量依据,样品的加标回收率为98.12%~99.54%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.33%~1.2%,检出限为0.010 76~0.035 05mg/L,实验结果表明方法具有简单、快速、重现性好等优点。     

混凝土中重金属元素溶出量的质谱分析

利用带八极杆碰撞/反应池和屏蔽炬技术的电感耦合等离子体质谱直接测定混凝土中Cr,Mn,Ni,Cu,Zn,As,Cd,Sn,Sb,Pb等多种重金属元素的溶出量。通过向碰撞池中引入氢气和氦气消除多元素分子离子的干扰,以50μg/L的Ge,In,Tb为内标元素校正基体干扰和漂移。10种待测元素的检出限为0.001～0.033μg/L,相对标准偏差为0.85%～2.8%,样品的加标回收率在91.1%～103.9%之间。