Improving self-assembly quality of colloidal crystal guided by statistical design of experiments

A versatile and reliable approach is created to fabricate wafer-scale colloidal crystal that consists of a monolayer of hexagonally close-packed polystyrene(PS) spheres. Making wafer-scale colloidal crystal is usually challenging, and it lacks a general theoretical guidance for experimental approaches. To obtain the optimal conditions for self-assembly, a systematic statistical design and analysis method is utilized here, which applies the pick-the-winner rule. This new method combines spin-coating and thermal treatment, and introduces a mixture of glycol and ethanol as a dispersion system to assist self-assembly. By controlling the parameters of self-assembly, we improve the quality of colloidal crystal and reduce the effect of noise on the experiment. To our best knowledge, we are first to pave this path to harvest colloidal crystals.Importantly, a theoretical analysis using an energy landscape base on our process is also developed to provide insights into the PS spheres' self-assembly.     

沉积法自组装三维有序的Eu(DBM)3Phen/SiO2胶体球

采用修饰的St ber法合成了300 nm的Eu(DBM)3Phen/SiO2胶体杂化球,并通过沉积法将这种胶体杂化球组装成厚度为5 mm,面积为12 cm2的三维有序结构。通过扫描电子显微镜观察发现这些胶体球在垂直于烧杯底面的所有层面中都显示了立方密堆积的结构。元素分析进一步证实了荧光分子被包埋在SiO2胶体球中。在355 nm的激发下,这种三维有序结构具有铕离子的特征发射。     

Large-scale protein/antibody patterning with limiting unspecific adsorption

A simple synthetic route based on nanosphere lithography has been developed in order to design a large-scale nanoarray for specific control of protein anchoring. This technique based on two-dimensional (2D) colloidal crystals composed of polystyrene spheres allows the easy and inexpensive fabrication of large arrays (up to several centimeters) by reducing the cost. A silicon wafer coated with a thin adhesion layer of chromium (15 nm) and a layer of gold (50 nm) is used as a substrate. PS spheres are deposited on the gold surface using the floating-transferring technique. The PS spheres were then functionalized with PEG-biotin and the defects by self-assembly monolayer (SAM) PEG to prevent unspecific adsorption. Using epifluorescence microscopy, we show that after immersion of sample on target protein (avidin and anti-avidin) solution, the latter are specifically located on polystyrene spheres. Thus, these results are meaningful for exploration of devices based on a large-scale nanoarray of PS spheres and can be used for detection of target proteins or simply to pattern a surface with specific proteins.     

Two-dimensional nanopatterning by PDMS relief structures of polymeric colloidal crystals

A new constructive method of fabricating a nanoparticle self-assembly on the patterned surface of a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) relief nanostructure was demonstrated. Patterned PDMS templates with close-packed microwells were fabricated by molding against a self-assembled monolayer of polystyrene spheres. Alkanethiol-functionalized gold nanoparticles with an average particle size of 2.5 nm were selectively deposited onto a hydrophobic self-assembled monolayer printed on the substrate by the micro-contact printing (μCP) of the prepared PDMS microwell, in which the patterned gold nanoparticles consisted of close-packed hexagons with an average diameter of 370 nm. In addition, two-dimensional colloidal crystals derived from PMMA microspheres with a diameter of 380 nm and a negative surface charge were successfully formed on the hemispherical microwells by electrostatic force using positively charged PAH-coated PDMS as a template to produce multidimensional nanostructures.     

对流自组装2维胶体晶体成膜趋势和覆盖率

从自组装理论出发, 分析对流自组装2维胶体晶体中空白、条纹区域出现的机理,并在实验上予以验证。通过研究得知, 2维胶体晶体的自组装过程呈现空白、条纹、大面积单层、双层条纹的趋势。从胶体晶体覆盖率的角度出发研究2维胶体晶体的组装参数与质量之间的关系,结果表明:胶体晶体的总覆盖率与基片提拉速度倒数呈线性正比,和粒子体积分数呈反比例函数关系; 受到多种因素的影响,大面积2维胶体晶体总是伴随着一定比例的空白区域和双层区域出现,提拉法所能获得的最大单层覆盖率为95%。     

池厚对SiO2胶体光子带隙的影响

在薄池中，胶体晶体生长的速度比在厚池中快而且质量好。不同分散度的小球自排的实验结果表明：较差分散度的SiO2小球在超薄池中也能形成质量较好的单昌。光子带隙波长在薄池中有明显的红移，池厚为0.07mm的胶体单晶的带隙波长比池厚为1mm的胶体单晶的带隙波长红移了24nm。     

准移动闭塞系统的元胞自动机模型及列车延迟传播规律的研究

在NaSch模型的基础上，针对铁路交通的特点提出一种用于模拟准移动闭塞系统的元胞自动机模型.应用该模型模拟了准移动闭塞系统列车延迟传播的交通现象，分析了准移动闭塞系统中的轨道定位单元长度、发车时间间隔、初始延迟时间等因素对列车延迟传播的影响. 关键词： 元胞自动机 交通流 准移动闭塞     

Large-scale SiO2 photonic crystal for high efficiency GaN LEDs by nanospherical-lens lithography

Wafer-scale SiO2 photonic crystal （PhC） patterns （SiO2 air-hole PhC, SiO2-pillar PhC） on indium tin oxide （ITO） layer of GaN-based light-emitting diode （LED） are fabricated via novel nanospherical-lens lithography. Nanoscale polystyrene spheres are self-assembled into a hexagonal closed-packed monolayer array acting as convex lens for expo- sure using conventional lithography instrument. The light output power is enhanced by as great as 40.5% and 61% over those of as-grown LEDs, for SiO2-hole PhC and SiO2-pillar PhC LEDs, respectively. No degradation to LED electrical properties is found due to the fact that SiO2 PhC structures are fabricated on ITO current spreading electrode. For SiO2- pillar PhC LEDs, which have the largest light output power in all LEDs, no dry etching, which would introduce etching damage, was involved. Our method is demonstrated to be a simple, low cost, and high-yield technique for fabricating the PhC LEDs. Furthermore, the finite difference time domain simulation is also performed to further reveal the emission characteristics of LEDs with PhC structures.     

CA交通流模型的演化方程与转向概率效应

给出了二维CA交通流模型的演化方程和速度表达式．引入转向概率，在计算机上模拟了转向概率引起交通堵塞现象的临界密度和对交通状态的影响     

基于直接胶体晶体刻蚀技术的高度有序纳米硅阵列的尺寸及形貌控制

以自组装单层胶体小球阵列为掩模，采用直接胶体晶体刻蚀技术在硅表面制备二维有序尺寸可控的纳米结构.在样品制备过程中，首先通过自组装法在硅表面制备了直径200nm的单层聚苯乙烯(PS)胶体小球的二维有序阵列；然后对样品直接进行反应离子刻蚀(RIE)，以氧气为气源，利用氧等离子体对聚苯乙烯小球和对硅的选择性刻蚀作用，通过改变刻蚀时间，制备出不同尺寸的PS胶体小球的有序单层阵列；接着以此二维PS胶体单层膜为掩模，以四氟化碳为气源对样品进行刻蚀；最后去除胶体球后得到二维有序的硅柱阵列.SEM和AFM的测量结果表明：改变氧等离子体对胶体球的刻蚀时间和四氟化碳对硅的刻蚀时间，可以控制硅柱的尺寸以及形貌，而硅柱阵列的周期取决于原始胶体球的直径. 关键词： 胶体晶体刻蚀 纳米硅柱阵列     

Two-spin-majority cellular automaton as a model of 2D cluster and interface growth

A new probabilistic cellular automaton model is introduced to simulate cluster and interface growth in two dimensions. The dynamics of this model is an extension to higher dimensions of the compact directed percolation studied by Essam. Numerical results indicate that the two-dimensional cluster coarsening and growth can be described only approximately by the conventional cluster size scaling due to a crossover in the growth mode. The spreading of the initially flat interface follows a purely diffusional,t ^1/2, law.     

Entropically driven colloidal crystallization on patterned surfaces

We investigate the self-assembly of colloidal spheres on periodically patterned templates. The surface potentials and the surface phases are induced entropically by the presence of dissolved, nonadsorbing polymers. A rich variety of two-dimensional fluidlike and solidlike phases was observed to form on template potentials with both one- and two-dimensional symmetry. The same methodology was then used to nucleate an oriented single fcc crystal more than 30 layers thick. The general approach provides a new route for directed self-assembly of novel mesoscopic structures.     

Self-assembly of monodisperse spheres on substrates with different wettability

A new method was developed to fabricate colloidal crystals with controllable shapes by taking advantage of the self-assembly of monodisperse spheres at a solid/gas interface. Different shapes such as ring, hemisphere and crater were derived via a control of the substrate wettability and the suspension concentration. PACS 82.70.Dd; 81.16.Dn; 42.70.Qs; 42.25.Fx     

海胆状ZnO纳米线阵列的制备及其光学性能

采用一种低成本的有效方法制备出了有序排列的海胆状ZnO纳米线阵列。首先利用自组装的方法得到了单层的聚苯乙烯(PS)小球,以其为模板用水热法在小球表面生长ZnO纳米线,得到了由PS小球和ZnO纳米线构成的海胆状结构。纳米线的直径均一,长度可通过水热反应时间进行控制。利用这种方法制备的一维ZnO纳米结构在传感器、太阳能电池及光催化领域有潜在的应用价值。     

Monte Carlo simulation of Hamaker nanospheres coated with dipolar particles

Parallel tempering Monte Carlo simulation is carried out in systems of N attractive Hamaker spheres dressed with n dipolar particles, able to move on the surface of the spheres. Different cluster configurations emerge for given values of the control parameters. Energy per sphere, pair distribution functions of spheres and dipoles as function of temperature, density, external electric field, and/or the angular orientation of dipoles are used to analyse the state of aggregation of the system. As a consequence of the non-central interaction, the model predicts complex structures like self-assembly of spheres by a double crown of dipoles. This interesting result could be of help in understanding some recent experiments in colloidal science and biology.     

Colloids as model systems for problems in statistical physics

Owing to their mesoscopic length scales, colloidal suspensions provide ideal model systems suitable for addressing many problems in the field of statistical physics. Exemplarily, we highlight the versatile nature of such systems by discussing experiments with stochastic resonance and a practical realization of a recently proposed ratchet cellular automaton.     

凝固前沿和气泡相互作用的大密度比格子玻尔兹曼方法模拟

建立了二维双组分两相流的大密度比格子玻尔兹曼方法 (lattice Boltzmann method, LBM)模型. 该模型基于改进的Shan-Chen伪势多相流LBM模型, 结合采用不同时间步长的方法, 实现密度比达800以上的气液两相流模拟. 为了对模型进行验证, 模拟了在不同气液相互作用系数和密度比条件下气泡内外压力差与其半径之间的关系, 其结果满足Laplace定律. 将所建立的大密度比LBM与介观尺度的元胞自动机(cellular automaton, CA)和有限差分法(FDM)相耦合, 用LBM模拟气液两相流, 用CA方法模拟固相生长, 用有限差分法模拟温度场, 采用LBM-CA-FDM耦合模型对定向凝固过程中凝固前沿的气泡与液-固界面之间的相互作用进行模拟研究. 结果表明, 绝热气泡的存在影响了温度场分布, 使得凝固前沿接近气泡时, 液-固界面凸起, 在不同的固相生长速度条件下, 出现凝固前沿淹没气泡或气泡脱离凝固前沿的不同情况, 模拟结果与实验结果符合良好. 关键词： 格子玻尔兹曼方法 元胞自动机 凝固 气泡     

SiO_2胶体晶体自组装技术

介绍了垂直沉降法和旋涂法制备SiO2胶体晶体,并对两种方法制备的胶体晶体在宏观形貌、微观结构及光子带隙性质进行了比较。采用改进的Stober法在乙醇介质中合成粒径不同、单分散性较好的SiO2微球,用垂直沉积法和旋涂法制备出有序性较好的密排结构的SiO2胶体晶体。宏观照片表明,用旋涂法制备的SiO2胶体晶体经白光照射出现的光柱呈6次对称,而垂直沉降法制备的胶体晶体表面出现条纹。SEM分析表明,选用不同溶剂在同等旋涂工艺下制备SiO2胶体晶体,用乙醇和乙二醇混合溶液作溶剂制备出的SiO2胶体晶体质量最好。透射光谱表明,垂直沉降法所制备的胶体晶体在(111)方向具有明显的光子带隙性质,而旋涂法制备的胶体晶体则不明显。     

网络条件下列车追踪模型及延迟传播的研究

描述了一种移动闭塞下考虑不同类型列车混跑时基于元胞自动机的列车追踪模型.将该模型应用到铁路网，模拟了网络条件下列车运行情况.应用该模型模拟了移动闭塞下列车延迟传播的现象.分析了发车间隔松弛时间、初始延迟时间等因素对列车延迟的影响.将该模型的模拟结果和理论公式的计算结果进行了比较，验证了模型的可靠性和有效性. 关键词： 元胞自动机 铁路网络 列车追踪模型 移动闭塞     

Observation of unconventional optical diffraction in <Emphasis Type="Italic">α</Emphasis>-Fe<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>/Si two-dimensional photonic crystal slab fabricated by sol-gel method

The α-Fe₂O₃/Si two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystal (PC) with hexagonal honeycomb structure was fabricated by self-assembly and solution-dipping method based on colloidal monolayer template with 780 and 470 nm diameter polystyrene (PS) spheres. Optical diffraction measurement was carried out under wavelengths of 800, 532 and 400 nm. An interesting dispersion phenomenon with a hexagonal diffraction pattern composed of six elliptical spots is observed under specific wavelengths. Both theoretical and experimental calculations reveal that the diffraction can only occur when the incident wavelength is smaller than \(\sqrt{3}/2\) of lattice constant, and both the shape and distribution of these spots can be modified by the PC lattice constant and the incident wavelength. All these results reveal that optical properties of these 2D PC slabs are different from conventional diffractive devices.