ESD qualification data used as the basis for building electrostatic discharge protected areas

ESD control programs that are based on the standards IEC61340-5-1 and ANSI/ESD S20.20 are targeted to provide safer handling of electronic parts now susceptible to damage by electrostatic discharge. However, ESD failures have occurred in EPA even when all standard control methods are met. To further improve EPAs, ESD control programs should be updated to cover all known common discharge scenarios, and multiple parallel ESD source parameters should be used to assess the level of ESD risks. In addition, a reliable ESD risk assessment should be based on discharge source circuit analysis and product sensitivity tests using the real discharge waveforms found in EPA.     

A critical view on the lightning protection international standard

The Technical Committee TC81 (Lightning Protection) of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) has finalised the new presentation of its work in four parts (IEC 62305-1 to 62305-4) treating general principles, risk management, physical damages, life hazards and the protection against electrical and electronic systems within structures. We criticise some options retained.     

传输线长度对静电放电防护器件性能测试的影响

为了研究传输线长度对静电放电防护器件性能测试结果的影响,建立了静电放电模型和传输线脉冲模型两种试验系统,对某限压型防护器件进行了快沿电磁脉冲注入试验,并进行了理论分析。结果表明:传输线长度对静电放电防护器件性能测试结果具有极大影响,选用不当会导致错误结论;在对静电放电防护器件性能测试时,应优先采用传输线脉冲测试法;当采用静电放电脉冲测试法时,其传输线长度不应小于8 m。     

Results of the first electrostatic proficiency testing program IEC 60079-0 versus IEC 60079-32-2 and necessary consequences

Laboratories in the field of explosion protection (Ex-testing laboratories) are required to participate in proficiency testing programs in order to fulfill the requirement of performing interlaboratory comparisons. This paper introduces the electrostatic proficiency testing program titled "Electrostatic Charge – Test Round 2015″ as part of the “PTB Ex Proficiency Testing Scheme”, which represents the first comprehensive proficiency testing scheme in explosion protection. More than 50 laboratories all over the world performed surface resistance measurements and transferred charge tests in accordance with IEC 60079-0 (2011) and IEC 60079-32-2 (2015) on various types of test samples.Although both standards use what is essentially the same test setup, there exist several differences between the test procedures, which may lead to different results. The analysis of the participants' results shows that factors such as the type of electrodes, the level of the measuring voltage, the precleaning procedure, the relative humidity and the definition of the threshold limits can have an influence on the outcome of the tests. In this work, the differences between both standards – IEC 60079-0 (2011) and IEC 60079-32-2 (2015) – and the issues associated with using two different procedures to reach the same goal are discussed and illustrated.     

Research on the possibility of ignition of materials by electrostatic discharge in pure oxygen environment at different pressures

In spacecraft environments, spacesuits materials such as textiles, leather, or other materials are used in a pure oxygen environment. The materials are in serious risk of being ignited by electrostatic discharge (ESD) and may cause fire and even disasters or death of astronauts. In this paper, a well sealed chamber was first developed for ignition test. Then, ignition tests of four textiles and leather materials were carried out under oxygen pressures of 42 kPa, 101 kPa and 142 kPa using different ESD models. It is concluded that the materials are more easily ignited at higher oxygen pressure.     

静放电电磁脉冲模拟装置

介绍了静电放电电磁脉冲（ESD EMP）的特性，研究了用ESD模拟器产生ESD EMP的方法，并给出了ESD EMP的时域波形和频谱。在研究ESD模拟器的基础上，首次通过ESD模拟器和GTEM室的结合，在GTEM室内产生了均匀的，重复性和线性好的ESD EMP。实验表明，用这种能够实验对静电放电电磁脉冲的实验室模拟，实验了人们用GTEM室产生ESD EMP的梦想。     

隧道场效应晶体管静电放电冲击特性研究

随着器件尺寸的不断减小,集成度的逐步提高,功耗成为了制约集成电路产业界发展的主要问题之一.由于通过引入带带隧穿机理可以实现更小的亚阈值斜率,隧道场效应晶体管(TFET)器件已成为下一代集成电路的最具竞争力的备选器件之一.但是TFET器件更薄的栅氧化层、更短的沟道长度容易使器件局部产生高的电流密度、电场密度和热量,使得其更容易遭受静电放电(ESD)冲击损伤.此外,TFET器件基于带带隧穿机理的全新工作原理也使得其ESD保护设计面临更多挑战.本文采用传输线脉冲的ESD测试方法深入分析了基本TFET器件在ESD冲击下器件开启、维持、泄放和击穿等过程的电流特性和工作机理.在此基础之上,给出了一种改进型TFET抗ESD冲击器件,通过在源端增加N型高掺杂区,有效的调节接触势垒形状,降低隧穿结的宽度,从而获得更好的ESD设计窗口.     

静电放电电磁脉冲模拟装置

 介绍了静电放电电磁脉冲（ESD EMP）的特性。研究了用ESD 模拟器产生ESD EMP的方法，并给出了ESD EMP的时域波形和频谱。在研究ESD模拟器的基础上，首次通过ESD模拟器和GTEM室的结合，在GTEM室内产生了均匀的、重复性和线性好的ESD EMP。实验表明，用这种装置能够实现对静电放电电磁脉冲的实验室模拟。实现了人们用GTEM室产生ESD EMP的梦想。     

Helmut Krämer memorial lecture: Electrostatic assessment of products and processes – A view backwards and forwards

In the last few decades, electrostatic knowledge as laid down in standards and regulations has developed from lean national documents to two comprehensive international IEC documents with more than 200 pages together. In this paper, the development of the knowledge on the electrostatic assessment of products and processes is given as well as expected future trends. As the work of Helmut Krämer was focused on electrostatic hazards of solids and liquids, the emphasis of this paper is placed on this topic too. Additionally, a curriculum vitae of Helmut Krämer and his contribution to this development is given in an annex.     

Development of international standards for instrumentation used for detection of illicit trafficking of radioactive material

Subcommittee 45B “Radiation Protection Instrumentation” of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is charged with the development of international standards for instrumentation used for monitoring of illicit trafficking of radioactive material through international boarders and territories, as well as inside countries. Currently three IEC standards are published. The international participation and the main characteristics of the following three standards are discussed and presented: IEC 62327 “Hand-held Instruments for the Detection and Identification of Radionuclides and Additionally for the Indication of Ambient Dose Equivalent Rate from Photon Radiation”, IEC 62401 “Alarming Personal Radiation Devices for Detection of Illicit Trafficking of Radioactive Material” and IEC 62244 “Installed Radiation Monitors for the Detection of Radioactive and Special Nuclear Materials at National Borders”.     

静电放电电磁场与金属腔体孔缝耦合的数值研究

 用时域有限差分方法研究了静电放电火化产生的电磁场在其近场区域与带孔缝金属腔体的耦合问题，基于修正的静电放电火化偶极子模型和脉冲函数放电电流解析表达式，建立了耦合数值模型，经过计算分析表明，腔体内孔缝周围分布着比较强的静电感应场，而耦合进腔体的瞬变场可以使腔体发生TE₁₀₁模为主的腔体谐振，但谐振幅度不大。     

粉体工业静电防护技术研究进展

粉体静电灾害涉及面广、危害大，开发合理的粉体静电防灾技术是国民经济发展过程中需要解决的热点问题之一．近年来，粉体静电测试研究方法、粉体静电起电与放电研究方法、粉体静电危险性评价方法、粉体静电危险性分级理论等研究工作取得了较好的研究成果．根据粉体静电现实危险性量化分析的结果而采取的粉体防静电灾害技术措施，为粉体工业生产提供了一定的安全保障．     

An overview of standards concerning unwanted electrostatic discharges

For users and manufacturers affected by unwanted electrostatic discharges, the publication of standards concerning the control of such discharges is a great improvement and helps to prevent unwanted electrostatic discharges in potentially explosive atmospheres as well as around electrostatically sensitive devices. There are, for instance, handbook-like documents giving recommendations to help set up effective electrostatic suppressing measures and programs. Another group of standards focuses on certain products and processes and is, thus, more specific. A third group deals with test methods and specifications to help manufacturers develop products that are safe. It also helps in comparisons with other products and thus meets the customer's real needs. To assist manufacturers and customers in finding an applicable standard, an annotated list of the most relevant standards and reports on unwanted electrostatic discharges is given. This compilation does not include special electrostatic processes such as electrostatic copying or material separation except for those processes executed in explosive atmosphere.     

A mathematical expression for air ESD current waveform using BP neural network

A curve-fitting method based on backpropagation (BP) neural network (NN) is proposed for fitting electrostatic discharge (ESD) current waveforms and giving the corresponding expressions in order to analyze the characteristics of ESD and calculate the ESD electromagnetic pulse radiation field. According to IEC61000-4-2, this method is used to fit the ideal contact current waveform of human-metal ESD to obtain the mathematical expression. The waveform parameters of the fitting curve meet the requirements of the IEC61000-4-2. By fitting the measured air ESD current waveform at 4 kV discharge, the mathematical expression is obtained. This paper proposes the mathematical expression for arbitrary curves and analyzes the factors affecting the effects of curve-fitting.     

静电防护研究与进展

文章综述了形成静电危害的基本条件和静电放电作用机理、静电测试技术、静电放电理论模型与散电放电模拟技术及静电防护理论与技术等方面的研究现状和该领域当前研究的热点与进展。     

Laser standards for medical purposes

The two standards to which medical lasers should be designed are IEC 601-1 (Medical Electrical Equipment, Part 1 General Requirements) and IEC 825 (Radiation Safety of Laser Products, Equipment Classification Requirements and User's Guide).These standards do not cover all the requirements so there is a Part 2 to IEC 601-1 being produced which also relates to IEC 825 which supplements, amends or deletes clauses in both main documents as applicable. This Part 2 is not expected to be available until August 1990 so until then it is the two main standards which should be applied as far as possible by manufacturers and test houses.With 1992 only two years away the European Community is trying to produce standards for use within the Community after that date. Clearly, to utilize existing standards from some member countries has attractions from an efficiency standpoint but it does mean that other countries have not had the opportunity of contributing to the standard and are presented with a fait accompli. A number of European countries are therefore fielding very strong teams of representatives to standards meetings to try and get their standards accepted as the European Norm.IEC 601-1 has just been revised and a 1988 edition is available but the 1977 edition is still in force, IEC 825 is undergoing revision so the position so the position is rather fluid. It is recommended that manufacturers design their equipment to the latest edition as there will be a changeover period during which both old or new standards are acceptable.     

栅耦合型静电泄放保护结构设计

提出了一种新型栅耦合型静电泄放(ESD)保护器件——压焊块电容栅耦合型保护管.该结构不仅解决了原有栅耦合型结构对特定ESD冲击不能及时响应的问题，而且节省了版图面积，提高了ESD失效电压.0.5 μm标准互补型金属氧化物半导体工艺流片测试结果表明，该结构人体模型ESD失效电压超过8 kV.给出了栅耦合型ESD保护结构中ESD检测结构的设计方法，能够精确计算检测结构中电容和电阻的取值. 关键词： 静电泄放 栅耦合 金属氧化物半导体场效应管 压焊块电容     

基于TLP建模的系统级静电放电效应仿真

系统级静电放电(ESD)效应仿真可以在电子系统进行测试之前进行有效的静电放电效应防护,缩短研发周期。根据传输线脉冲测试(TLP)结果,对瞬态电压抑制(TVS)二极管和芯片引脚进行spice行为建模,结合ESD脉冲源的等效电路模型,PCB板的S参数模型,采用场路协同技术完成了系统级静电放电效应的仿真。针对一个典型的电子系统,在IEC 61000-4-2 ESD应力作用下,完成了一款开关芯片防护电路的仿真,并对电路进行了加工、放电测试,仿真与测试芯片引脚的电压波形吻合良好,验证了该仿真方法的有效性。     

静电放电火花产生的电磁场树枝模型

 静电放电火花产生的电磁脉冲会对电子系统的正常工作造成严重的干扰，甚至造成系统的损伤。利用时域有限差分法建立了静电放电火花产生的电磁场的数值模型，模型中充分考虑了放电电极上的静电荷对电场的影响。把由此模型放电计算的电磁场值与由此解析方法得到的场值进行了比较，结果吻合良好。由此可以用此模型来研究静电放电火花产生的电磁场与电子系统的能量耦合问题。     

Evaluation of ESD hardness of fingerprint sensor LSIs

We evaluated the electrostatic discharge (ESD) hardness of capacitive fingerprint sensor large scaled integrated circuits (LSIs) with two kinds of ESD test methods.We used three kinds of fingerprint sensor LSIs, i.e., a conventional planar sensor LSI, a sensor LSI with a grounded wall (GND wall) structure where each sensor plate was surrounded by a lattice-like wall, and a sensor where some of the sensor plates had been replaced with GNDs. In human body model (HBM)-based contact discharge tests, the sensor LSI with the GND wall structure and the one with the GNDs demonstrated a high ESD hardness compared with the planar sensor LSI. An air discharge test was also carried out in accordance with IEC61000-4-2 specifications because other ESD tests cannot be used to estimate over ±8 kV. The ESD hardness of the GND wall structure was ±20 kV, whereas that of the other sensor with the GND structure was below ±12 kV. It was evident from our findings that the ESD hardness of sensor LSIs obviously depends on the number of GNDs in the sensor region, their arrangement, and the GND structure, and that the sensor LSI with the GND wall had the highest ESD hardness.