烷基三甲基溴化铵对羧甲基纤维素钠亚浓缠结溶液流变行为的影响

以羧甲基纤维素钠(Na CMC)-烷基三甲基溴化铵(CnTAB)复合体系为研究对象,在Na CMC亚浓缠结溶液中考察了CnTAB烷基尾链长度对CnTAB临界缔合浓度(cac)及溶液流变行为的影响.采用荧光探针法测得cac值,根据吉布斯自由能定量分析了烷基尾链对胶束缔合行为的影响.稳态流变测试结果表明,较高浓度CnTAB对Na CMC亚浓缠结溶液有强烈的增黏作用.显微观察表明,低浓度CnTAB形成孤立胶束(约5nm),而较高浓度CnTAB则形成胶束复合聚集体(约30 nm).扣除胶束电荷中和所致降黏作用后,孤立胶束表现为等效刚性球,Na CMC亚浓缠结溶液的黏度变化符合Einstein方程;相反,胶束在临界浓度以上发生逾渗,形成胶束复合聚集体,进一步形成贯穿于Na CMC分子缠结网路的胶束逾渗网络.首次揭示了复合体系增黏的实质是胶束网络逾渗,而不是由胶束吸附聚电解质链形成物理网络.增黏阶段Na CMC亚浓缠结溶液的黏度变化符合逾渗模型和平均场理论.长程静电相互作用控制胶束缔合与逾渗行为,逾渗临界胶束体积分数随CnTAB尾链长度增加而降低,临界胶束表面间距随CnTAB尾链长度增加而增大.     

SDS对PEO-PPO-PEO嵌段共聚物溶液行为的影响

对PEO-PPO-PEO（127）三嵌段共聚物的水溶液行为及添加十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）后对共聚物溶液行为的影响进行了研究．利用荧光探针技术对不同SDS浓度下F127／SDS体系的胶来形成进行研究,并研究了SDS对F127浓溶液凝胶化行为的影响．结果表明：随着SDS浓度的增大,F127稀溶液胶束的形成受到抑制,SDS浓度愈大,形成的胶束结构就愈疏松．对F127浓溶液来说,SDS与F127摩尔比小于2时,体系易于凝胶化;但当SDS浓度增大,其与F127摩尔比大于2时,体系开始难于凝胶化,直至摩尔比大于5时,体系不再形成凝胶．     

聚苯乙烯磺酸钠在1-烯丙基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐中的流变行为

研究了聚苯乙烯磺酸钠(Na PSS)在1-烯丙基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐(AmimCl)中的流变行为,并与其在AmimCl/H_2O混合溶剂中的流变行为进行了对比.聚合物浓度单位为每升溶剂中所含链段单元的摩尔数(mol/L).研究发现,Na PSS在AmimCl中表现出与其在无盐、有盐水溶液以及中性聚合物在离子液体(ILs)溶液中不同的流变行为.Na PSS在AmimCl含量不同的AmimCl/H_2O混合溶剂中的流变行为也不相同,随着AmimCl含量的增加,Na PSS在混合溶剂中的特性黏数[η]逐渐降低,表明分子线团逐渐塌缩,溶液的增比黏度随Na PSS浓度变化的标度所表现出的性质由聚电解质无盐水溶液特点逐渐变为中性聚合物溶液在θ状态下特点.当溶剂为纯AmimCl时,0.007~0.8 mol/L的浓度范围在0.29 mol/L处被分成2个浓度区.动态流变行为研究表明c0.29 mol/L浓度区为稀溶液区,溶液的增比黏度和弛豫时间随Na PSS浓度变化的标度关系为:ηsp~c1.4p和τ~c0p,与无盐聚电解质水溶液在缠结区的行为相似;c0.29 mol/L浓度区为溶液的亚浓非缠结区,溶液在该浓度区内增比黏度和弛豫时间随Na PSS浓度变化的标度关系为:ηsp~c3.5p和τ~c1.9p,接近于中性聚合物良溶液在亚浓缠结区的行为.这一特殊现象可能由混合体系中强烈的长程静电耦合作用引起.     

表面活性剂胶束化物理化学性质研究

通过电导法考查温度和盐浓度对十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)临界胶束浓度(CMC)的影响,研究表面活性剂形成胶束过程的物理化学性质。根据拟相分离模型求得胶束化热力学函数,并讨论体系电导活化能随温度和SDS浓度变化关系。结果表明:SDS的CMC随温度升高而增加,随氯化钠浓度增大而减小。在热力学上SDS在水溶液中形成胶束是一个自发、放热、熵增的过程;在动力学上,SDS溶液电导率与温度关系符合Arrhenius公式,通过电导活化能信息可揭示离子型表面活性剂形成胶束的机理特征。     

树枝聚醚改性聚丙烯酰胺和阴离子表面活性剂的缔合行为

采用粘度法、荧光探针技术和^1H NMR驰豫和自扩散方法，研究了树枝聚醚疏 水改性丙烯酰胺共聚物(PDAM)和十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)在水溶液中的相互作用．这 种共聚物含有少量的树枝聚醚，具有疏水性，容易和SDS发生相互作用，在表面活 性剂浓度远低于临界胶束浓度(cmc)的情况下，生成混合胶束状聚集体．它们的缔 合行为和溶液性质明显地取决于表面活性剂的浓度，随着聚合物溶液中加入SDS， 溶液粘度发生急剧变化，并在较低的表面活性剂浓度处出现很大的最高点．荧光和 ^1H NMR测定结果表明，这是由于在不同SDS浓度范围内，PDAM/SDS形成的聚集体结 构不同的缘故．     

十二烷基硫酸钠减慢二苯胺-4-重氮盐及重氮树脂在水溶液中热分解反应的机理

以二苯胺重氮盐(DDS)为模型化合物, 系统考察了其在水中热分解反应与十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)的浓度以及溶液中小分子电解质的关系, 结合荧光分析结果, 证实了DDS及重氮树脂(DR)在SDS溶液中热稳定性的提高是由于DDS和DR分子与SDS分子间的疏水相互作用和静电吸引作用使它们同SDS分子共同形成混合预胶束或胶束, 通过预胶束或胶束的静电及极性效应使其中的DDS和DR分子上的重氮基得到保护. 随着SDS浓度和小分子电解质(NaCl)浓度的增加, 进入预胶束或胶束中的DDS和DR的量越多, 体系的热稳定性提高得越大. 由于DDS和DR在远低于SDS的临界胶束浓度时(≈10-5 mol/L)形成了预胶束, 从而在SDS浓度很低时即能对DDS和DR起明显的保护作用.     

荧光探针法确定胶束的宏观结构参数

胶束是表面活性剂分子在溶液(水溶液或非水溶液)中簇集而成的。在表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度(cmc)以上不太高的浓度范围内,胶束的结构被认为是球状的。水溶液中胶束的结构示于图1。近年来胶束在模拟酶、催化反     

二苯胺重氮盐,重氮树脂与表面活性剂的相互作用及基于重氮树脂的超薄感光膜的研究

重氮树脂(DR)是二苯胺-4-重氮盐(DDS)与甲醛的缩合产物,它是最重要的阴图胶印版的感光剂.DR和DDS的缺点是热稳定性差,特别是在水中.本论文第一部分内容是关于DDS和DR与表面活性剂相互作用的研究.研究结果表明:DR和DDS的热稳定性在阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)水溶液中得到显著提高.原因是DDS和DR分子与SDS分子间的疏水相互作用和静电吸引作用使它们可以进入SDS的胶束相,同SDS分子共同形成混合胶束.所以DR和DDS在S DS水溶液中存在胶束相和水相的分配平衡.处于胶束相的DDS或DR,由于胶束的静电及极性效应使它们的重氮基得到保护.进入胶束相的DDS和DR的量越多,它们水溶液的热稳定性提高越显著.由于DDS和DR与SDS间较强的相互作用使SDS浓度(≈10-5mol/L)在远低于临界胶束浓度(8×10-3mol/L)时形成了混合预胶束,预胶束对DDS和DR同样具有保护作用.     

稳态荧光探针法测定临界胶束聚集数

以芘为荧光探针、二苯甲酮为猝灭剂,用稳态荧光探针法测定了SDS和AS的胶束聚集数(Nm).以芘的饱和水溶液为溶剂配制表面活性剂溶液,二苯甲酮的适宜浓度取小于1.00 mmol•L－1时,可以获得满意的实验结果.当表面活性剂溶液浓度为5～9倍cmc时,Nm随表面活性剂浓度增大而线性增大,而随温度的变化略有波动.cSAA=cmc时,Nm值为一本征值,定义为临界胶束聚集数[Nm].[Nm]值可从Nm－cSAA实验曲线外延得到.25℃时SDS的临界胶束聚集数[Nm]为57;40℃时SDS的[Nm]为49,AS的[Nm]为55.     

疏水缔合效应对聚丙烯酰胺类水溶液结构和流变性质的影响

以聚合物驱油为背景,研究了部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)和缔合型部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(AHPAM)水溶液的结构与流变性质的差别.通过粘度法和静态激光光散射法得到了所分析的聚丙烯酰胺的分子量,用动态激光光散射法和粘度法分析了特定AHPAM分子缔合形态,并用流变学法测定了AHPAM在地层温度与矿化度条件下的线性粘弹性与非线性流变特性.着重讨论了临界缔合浓度的概念,研究了结构和流变性质的关系,以及分析了缔合对聚合物驱油的可能影响.实验结果表明,AHPAM水溶液在宽浓度范围存在分子缔合;一般临界缔合浓度的概念实际反映在进入亚浓溶液范围分子间缔合的效应,剪切速率约为10 s-1时,剪切粘度突降数倍,反映缔合结构在剪切场中的变化,该现象在高缠结浓度下较不明显;拉伸粘度随拉伸速率变化与HPAM定性不同,该拉伸特性反映了疏水缔合近程作用的本质.     

十二烷基聚氧乙烯硫酸钠胶束体系的流变性质研究

用流变学方法研究了无机电解质KBr存在时,阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基聚氧乙烯(3)硫酸钠(SDES)水溶液中胶束的生长和结构。通过测量体系的稳态剪切粘度(η)和应力(σ)关系,得到零剪切粘度(η0)、复合粘度(|η^*|)、动态模量[储能模量(G')和损耗模量(G")、平台模量(G0)、结构松驰时间(τ)等流变学参数,并应用Cox-Merz规则和Cole-Cole图,发现在SDES/KBr体系中可以形成蠕虫状胶束网络结构,体系为假塑性流体,偏离Maxwell模型,具有非线性粘弹性,没有单一的结构松驰时间。     

冷冻/解冻制备的聚乙烯醇水凝胶的结构和流变性研究

研究了冷冻/解冻法制备的不同浓度(5wt%～25wt%)聚乙烯醇(PVA)水凝胶的结构和流变行为之间的关系.由XRD确定了凝胶中PVA的结晶度和晶粒尺寸.用应力流变仪研究了凝胶的流变行为,包括动态模量和蠕变等.在频率为1Hz和低应力的条件下,测量了凝胶的储能模量和损耗模量.在该试验条件下,PVA水凝胶的形变是完全可以回复的.低频率区和低应变区的储能模量随浓度增加而变大,但当浓度超过20wt%时,储能模量增加速率明显降低.由PVA水凝胶在1Hz时的储能模量和结晶度的数据,理论分析得到了形成PVA水凝胶的最低PVA浓度和最小结晶度.当PVA浓度低于15wt%时,储能模量主要由PVA的微晶控制,分子链间的氢键影响很小.通过低应变区储能模量的数值计算出了凝胶网孔尺寸的结构参数.同时对不同温度下PVA水凝胶的储能模量数据进行了标度分析.PVA水凝胶的蠕变行为显示,随浓度提高,凝胶的蠕变黏弹性由线性向非线性转变.     

The solubilization of n-pentane gas in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyethylene glycol solutions with and without electrolyte

The solubility of n-pentane gas in aqueous solution of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), SDS-0.1 wt% polyethylene oxide (PEG), SDS-0.1 wt% PEG+NaCl (0.1 mol/l), and SDS-0.1 wt% PEG+NaOH (0.1 mol/l) has been determined at 318.15 K. The concentration of SDS (m(SDS)) is up to 50 mmol/kg. The solubility increases linearly with the concentration of SDS above its critical micelle concentration (CMC) or critical aggregation concentration (CAC), indicating that micelles in the solutions solubilize the gas molecules and the solubility of n-pentane gas in the micelles is independent of the SDS concentration. It was found that the solubilization ability of micelles bound to PEG and free micelles to n-pentane gas is almost the same. The solubility of n-pentane gas in micelle phase is three magnitudes higher than that in the bulk solution. The solubilization property of SDS is changed by the addition of PEG, although the solubilizing effect of the polymer alone is not considerable. NaCl and NaOH affect the solubilization noticeably and increase the interaction strength between SDS and PEG. The standard Gibbs energies for the transfer of n-pentane gas from bulk phase to micelle phase are large negative values, indicating that the hydrocarbon gas prefers to exist in the hydrophobic interior of the micelles.     

阴离子疏水缔合共聚物/阳离子蠕虫状胶束协同增粘自组装网络

将阴离子疏水缔合丙烯酰胺共聚物P(NaAMC14S-b-AM)与阳离子蠕虫状胶束十六烷基三甲基溴化铵/水杨酸钠(CTAB/NaSal)在水溶液中自组装制备了新型的缔合增粘体. 由稳态剪切和动态流变实验结果得出: 自组装体系在80 ℃下仍具有显著的协同增粘效应, 其流变行为符合Maxwell模型. 同蠕虫状胶束相比, 自组装体系的稳态模量G0、力学松弛时间τR和缠结点密度ν都有增加, 由此分析缔合体系中两组分间形成了相互缠结的网络结构, 在链缠结处共聚物主链上的疏水侧链嵌入到了蠕虫状胶束的内核.     

氧化石墨烯对聚乙烯醇/硼酸水凝胶流变性能的影响

研究了氧化石墨烯(GO)对聚乙烯醇(PVA)/硼酸(borate)水凝胶线性及非线性流变性能的影响。 通过扫描电子显微镜、硼谱核磁共振波谱以及流变研究了水凝胶的流变性能。 结果表明,GO质量浓度在稀溶液区时,GO片层与PVA链间通过硼酸根离子形成了具有弹性活性的缔合点,有效地提高了水凝胶的平台模量、松弛时间和零切粘度;当GO进一步增加到亚浓溶液区,部分的交联剂被GO的团聚体捕获并处于非弹性活性的缔合状态,处于有效缔合状态的交联剂变少,导致平台模量、松弛时间和零切粘度降低。 稳态剪切测试下,样品在剪切增稠区的粘度增加随着GO添加量的增加明显加强,这与剪切场下取向的氧化石墨烯片层参与网络结构的重排有关。     

Rheology of viscoelastic anionic micellar solutions in the presence of a multivalent counterions

The growth and structure of anionic micelles sodium dodecyl trioxyethylene sulfate (SDES) in the presence of a multivalent counter-ion, Al³⁺, were investigated by means of rheological methods and the technique of freeze-fracture transmission electron microscopy. It was found that wormlike micelles and network structures could be formed in SDES/AlCl₃ aqueous micellar solutions, according to the measurements of the zero-shear viscosity, the complex viscosity and the dynamic moduli (storage modulus and loss modulus), and the application of the Cox–Merz rule and a Cole–Cole plot. The cyclic shear test, the plateau modulus and the relaxation time were also studied to express the rheological properties of the wormlike micellar solutions. The structure was of a character of a nonlinear viscoelastic fluid and departed from the simple Maxwell model. Received: 23 November/2000 Accepted: 31 January 2001     

Interaction of Diphenylamine Diazonium Salt with Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate in Aqueous Solution

The interaction of diphenylamine-4-diazonium salt (DDS) with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in aqueous solution was investigated. The results show that in a 2.1-2.3 molar ratio of SDS/DDS, the solution viscosity increases suddenly to a thousand times the original and then drops rapidly as the ratio beyond the region. The dramatic increase in the viscosity was proposed to be due to aggregated micelles that form in solution due to the interaction of diphenylamine diazonium salt and micelles formed from SDS, and when further SDS was added drops rapidly, because the aggregated micelles were separated by the electrostatic repulsion force originated from the overfeeding of SDS. It is interesting that the viscosity of the solution is very susceptible to UV light, i.e., the increased viscosity decreases gradually when the solution was exposed under UV light because the irradiation decomposes the diazonium group. The influence of [SDS] and the ratio of SDS/DDS on the viscosity of the solution were also investigated. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.     

Rheological Behavior of Aqueous Solutions of Cationic Guar in Presence of Oppositely Charged Surfactant

The cationic guar (CG) is synthesized and the rheological behavior of aqueous solutions of CG in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is studied in detail. The steady viscosity measurements show that the zero shear viscosity enhancement can be almost 3 orders of magnitude as the concentration of SDS increases from 0 to 0.043%. The gel-like formation is observed as the concentration of SDS is greater than 0.016%. The oscillatory rheological measurements of CG solutions in the presence of SDS show that the crossover modulus is almost independent of the concentration of SDS whereas the apparent relaxation time increases swiftly upon increasing the concentration of SDS. The experimental results indicate that the strength rather than the number of the cross-links is greatly affected bySDS molecules. The mechanism concerning the effect of SDS upon the rheology of CG solutions can be coined by the two-stage model. Before the formation of cross-links at the critical concentration, the electrostatic interaction between SDS and cationic site of CG chains plays a key role and the SDS molecules bind to CG chains through the electrostatic interaction. After the formation of cross-links at the concentration greater than the critical concentration, the cooperative hydrophobic interaction become dominant and SDS molecules bind to the cross-links through the hydrophobic interaction. The rheological behavior of aqueous solutions of CG in the presence of SDS is chiefly determined by the micelle-like cross-links between CG chains. In fact, the flow activation energy of CG solution, obtained from the temperature dependence of the apparent relaxation time, falls in the range of transferring a hydrophobic tail of SDS from the micelle to an aqueous environment.     

Rheology Behaviors of C22-Tailed Carboxylbetaine in High-Salinity Solution

Viscoelastic wormlike micelles have attracted special interests over the past decade due to their unique rheological response. Few efforts were however devoted to the rheological properties of worms in high-salinity solution. Here, worm-containing viscoelastic fluid is designed from single N-erucamidopropyl-N,N-dimethyl carboxybetaine (EMAB), using brine water (total dissolved solids: 32,868 mg L^?1; [Ca²⁺] + [Mg²⁺]: 873 mg L^?1) as solvent. Upon increasing concentration, EMAB brine solution shows remarkable macroscopic viscoelasticity above a low overlapping concentration (0.04 wt%) without adding special hydrotropes, implying a giant 3D network-like entanglement formation. Such a viscoelastic network aggregates exhibit thermo-induced thickening behavior in a comparable temperature range due to the hydrogen bond interaction, and excellent thermal stability. The apparent viscosity at 170 s^?1 can keep above 50 mPa · s at 130°C for 2 hours. These preliminary results will give EMAB a rich prospective for use as rheological modifier, especially for using in some extremely environment such high temperature, high salinity, and high shear.     

Shear rheology and porous media flow of wormlike micelle solutions formed by mixtures of surfactants of opposite charge

The rheology of solutions of wormlike micelles formed by oppositely charged surfactant mixtures (cationic cetyl trimethylammonium p-toluene sulfonate, CTAT, and anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS), in the dilute and semi-dilute regimes, were studied under simple shear and porous media flows. Aqueous mixtures of CTAT and SDS formed homogeneous solutions for SDS/CTAT molar ratios below 0.12. Solutions of mixtures exhibited a strong synergistic effect in shear viscosity, especially in the semi-dilute regime with respect to wormlike micelles, reaching a four order of magnitude increase in the zero-shear rate viscosity for solutions with 20 mM CTAT. Oscillatory shear results demonstrated that the microstructure of CTAT wormlike micelles is sensitive to SDS addition. The cross-over relaxation times of wormlike micelles of 20 mM CTAT solutions increased by three orders of magnitude with the addition of up to 2 mM of SDS, and the solutions became increasingly elastic. The shear thickening process observed in shear rheology became more pronounced in porous media flow due to the formation of stronger cooperative structures induced by the extensional component of the flow.