ICP光源中载气压力对等离子体辐射强度的影响

为了提高ICP光源等离子体的辐射强度,利用常规同心气动雾化器,增大载气压力,提高样品溶液的雾化效率,并且通过释放掉部分气溶胶的方法,以合适的流速将样品送入等离子体焰。经过测量水样品中元素Ca,Si,Sr和Zn的谱线强度表明,在常规条件下载气压力为0.05 MPa时有谱线峰值强度;当释放掉部分气溶胶以后,在0.07 MPa的载气压力下测得的峰值强度分别提高了38%,79%,45%和70%。另外,使用较高的载气压力并不影响等离子体辐射的稳定性。     

乙醇添加剂对ICP光源等离子体辐射的增强效应

利用光电检测法,研究了含乙醇水溶液的温度在20,40和60 ℃的条件下,对电感耦合等离子体(ICP)光源发射强度、等离子体参数(激发温度和电子密度)、试液物理性质(表面张力、粘度)及雾化特性(提升量、有效提升量和雾化效率)的影响。实验结果表明,随着乙醇含量及相应溶液温度的提高,分析物进入等离子体的速率增大了,元素Zn,Fe,Mg,Si和Sr的谱线强度有明显增强,而且随着含乙醇样品溶液温度的提高,等离子体中激发能力增强了。在溶液温度为60 ℃时,元素Zn,Fe,Mg,Si和Sr的最大谱线强度比20 ℃时分别高出了55.8%,45.4%,48.9%,17.7%和21.6%,这有利于痕量元素的检测。     

ICP-AES分析信号的变动——Ⅱ.观测高度和冷却气的影响

本文使用多道ICP发射光谱仪研究了观测高度和冷却气流速对7条物理特性差异很大的谱线信号间的相关性的影响。结果表明,载气流速的大小影响观测高度和各谱线信号间的相关性;冷却气流速大小对相关性似乎也有一定的影响。本实验似乎还表明,就用一条内标线提高具有不同特性谱线测定精度而言,最佳测定条件应是低载气流速、低冷却气流速,稍偏低的观测高度。     

ICP—AES分析信号的变动：Ⅰ.载气的影响

本文使用多道ICP光谱仪,在不同载气流速下同时观测14条常用的,具有不同特性的谱线信号,研究它们相关性和变动特征。结果表明:就选用一个内标元素作为具有不同特性谱线的内标,对提高测定精度而言,最佳载气流速应是低载气流速。     

BeAl_2O_4∶Cr~(3+)系统中~2E→~4A_2跃迁谱线随压力的变化

首次观察到液氮温度下BeAl_2O_4∶Cr~(3+)系统中压力对荧光谱线的影响,系统地测量了室温和液氮温度下,在0—120kbar压力范围内~2E→~4A_2跃迁谱线。结果表明,R_1、R_2、S_1和S_2谱线随压力变化的红移率各不相同,但每条谱线各自在室温与液氮温度下的红移率相同。同时也观察到随温度降低这些谱线位置的紫移。     

2.0 μm处CO2高温谱线参数测量研究

研究高温下待测气体的谱线属性, 如谱线强度、自加宽系数、空气加宽系数、温度系数等, 为高温环境中可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱技术反演温度、浓度、速度及其场分布提高精度和可靠性起着十分重要的作用. HITEMP数据库中的数据基本上是理论计算结果, 与实际情况存在相当的误差. 为了获得所选2.0 μm处的可用于燃烧诊断的CO₂谱线参数, 本文采用半导体激光器作为光源, 结合实验室的高温测量系统, 记录了700–1300 K温度范围内所选谱线的高温吸收光谱, 获得了各谱线在相应温度下的谱线强度、自展宽系数及温度系数等谱线参数. 测量得到CO₂的5006.978 cm^-1和5007.7874 cm^-1谱线强度与理论计算值相对误差小于11%; 获得了现有数据库缺少的温度系数和高温下自展宽系数数据. 所有各项参数对以后将要进行的燃烧诊断中的CO₂浓度检测有很大帮助. 关键词： 可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱 高温光谱 自展宽系数 温度系数     

激光诱导击穿光谱检测水溶液中的Cr

利用激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)对溶液中的重金属元素Cr进行分析,开发一种快速、实时、在线的原位检测技术。采用1064nm的Nd∶YAG脉冲激光发生器作为光源,在相同的实验条件下,对配制的5种浓度的K2Cr2O7溶液进行击穿以产生等离子体,选取Cr的425.43nm线作为特征谱线,利用光谱仪自带的CCD探测器对谱线的LIBS信号进行收集,获得了5种浓度下Cr元素的光谱强度,建立了Cr元素谱线强度与其浓度拟合曲线。结果表明,溶液中Cr元素的浓度与其LIBS谱线强度有很好的线性关系,线性拟合决定系数达到0.9822。实验所得的结果为LIBS技术探测水质中的微量有毒金属元素提供了可行性,同时也为LIBS技术检测水质中金属元素含量提供了依据。     

等离子体密度对放电等离子体极紫外光源影响研究

等离子体状态是决定极紫外光源功率和转换效率的最重要因素之一,理论和实验研究上Xe气流量对放电等离子体极紫外光源辐射谱和等离子体状态的影响,对于优化光源工作条件具有重要的意义。理论上,采用碰撞-辐射模型,模拟了非局部热力学平衡条件下,不同电离度的离子丰度分布随电子温度和离子密度的变化。推导了Xe8+~Xe11+离子4d-5p跃迁谱线强度随电子温度的变化趋势。实验上,采用毛细管放电机制,利用罗兰圆谱仪测量和分析了不同等离子体密度条件下,放电等离子体极紫外光谱的变化,分析了Xe气流量对等离子体状态的影响。理论和实验结果表明： 相同的电流条件下,等离子体箍缩时的平均电子温度随着Xe气流量的增加而降低。对于4d-5p跃迁,低电离度离子与高电离度离子谱线强度的比值随着温度的增加而减少。电流28 kA、Xe气流量0.4 sccm(cm3·min-1)时,等离子体Z 箍缩平均电子温度位于29 eV附近。Xe气流量增加时,受离子密度和最佳电子温度的影响,实现Xe10+离子4d-5p跃迁13.5 nm(2%带宽)辐射谱线强度最优化的Xe气流量位于0.3~0.4 sccm之间。     

1.573μm处CO_2高温谱线参数研究

在吸收光谱测量,特别是高温光谱测量中,吸收分子谱线参数的准确性非常重要,目前普遍使用的HITRAN/HITEMP2004数据库中给出的各项参数具有一定的不确定性,为了对所选1.573μm处的9条可用于燃烧诊断的CO2谱线参数进行校准,文章采用窄线宽二极管激光器作为光源,结合自行搭建的实验室高温测量系统,记录了300～800 K温度范围内所选谱线的高温吸收光谱,获得了各谱线在相应温度下的谱线强度、空气加宽系数及其温度指数等谱线参数.通过实验结果与HITRAN/HITEMP2004数据库中数据间的对比发现两者之间吻合较好,其中谱线强度相对偏差小于3%,空气加宽系数及其温度指数相对偏差分别小于5%和2%.所有各项参数对以后将要进行的燃烧诊断中的CO2浓度监测会有很大帮助.     

半导体吸收型光纤温度传感器线性度分析

良好的线性度能提高有效测量区域的精度。为提高半导体吸收型光纤温度计的测量精度和范围, 根据光源发射谱应能覆盖半导体的吸收边原理, 利用在常温下发射波长为850nm的光源, 着重讨论了半导体吸收谱线和光源辐射光谱的相互关系对温度测量线性度的影响。通过对GaAs材料的吸收谱随光子能量变化规律的理论分析, 以及光源输出光强随温度变化的实验数据的分析, 将温度线性测量范围从20 ℃～80 ℃拓宽至10 ℃～90 ℃; 从光源的发射光谱特性和选用半导体材料的吸收谱线两个方面着手, 得出提高光源输出功率可相应拓宽温度的线性测量范围的结论, 为半导体吸收型光纤温度传感器的高精度测量提供参考。     

空心针-板电极大气压氩气辉光放电的特性研究

大气压均匀放电等离子体在工业领域具有非常广泛的应用前景,它是利用直流电源激励的空心针-板放电装置,以氩气为工作气体在大气压空气中产生均匀稳定的放电。对氩气流量和气隙间距对辉光放电发光特性的关系进行了研究,结果表明放电所产生的等离子体柱连接两个电极,发光较为均匀(观察不到放电丝)。在板电极附近放电等离子体柱直径最大,最大直径随着电流和气流的增大而增大。放电伏安特性研究发现,与低气压辉光放电相类似,两电极间的电压随着电流的增大而减小,并且随气流和气隙间距的增大而增大。对该大气压直流均匀放电在扫描范围为330～450 nm的光学发射光谱进行分析,获得了放电等离子体的分子振动温度和谱线强度比I_391.4/I_337.1随氩气流量和气隙间距的变化关系。I_391.4/I_337.1均随流量和气隙间距的增大而降低。对等离子体柱的I_391.4/I_337.1沿气流方向(等离子体柱轴向)进行了空间分辨测量,并进行了定性分析,结果表明,振动温度及电子平均能量随着远离空心针口距离的增大而增大。这些结果对大气压辉光放电在工业中的应用具有重要意义。     

Glow Discharge Characteristics of Hollow Needle-Plate Electrode in Atmospheric Pressure ArgonSCIEI北大核心CSCD

Atmosphere pressure uniform plasma has the broad application prospect in the industrial field. Using hollow needle cathode - plate anode device excited by direct-current voltage, a uniform and stable glow discharge is generated at atmospheric pressure in ambient air with argon used as working gas. The influence of the experimental parameters (including gas flow rate and the gas gap width) on discharge has been investigated by optical method. It can be found that a glow-discharge plasma column can bridge the two electrodes. The plasma column is uniform, and no filaments can be discerned. Near the plate electrode, the diameter of the plasma column is largest of all positions. The maximal diameter of the plasma column increases with increasing the discharge current or the gas flow rate. Through electrical method, the voltage-current characteristic has been investigated. It has been found that the discharge voltage decreases with increasing the current which is similar with the characteristic of glow discharge in low pressure. It increases with increasing the gas gap width or the gas flow rate. By analyzing the optical emission spectrum scanning from 330 to 450 nm emitted from the direct-current glow discharge, the molecular vibrational temperature and the intensity ratio of spectral lines I-391.4/I-337.1 have been investigated as functions of the gas flow rate and gas gap width. Results indicate that both the vibrational temperature and the intensity ratio of spectral lines I-391.4/I-337.1 decrease with increasing the gas flow rate or the gas gap width. In addition, the molecular vibrational temperature and the intensity ratio of spectral lines I-391.4/I-337.1 have been investigated in spatial resolution along the direction of gas flow(plasma column axial), and give a qualitative analysis as well. It is found that the vibrational temperature and the average electron energy increase with increasing the distance from the hollow needle cathode. These results are important to the industrial applications of glow discharge.     

气体压强对纳秒激光诱导空气等离子体特性的影响

环境气体的压强对激光诱导等离子体特性有重要影响.基于发射光谱法开展了气体压强对纳秒激光诱导空气等离子体特性影响的研究,探讨了气体压强对空气等离子体发射光谱强度、电子温度和电子密度的影响.实验结果表明,在10-100 kPa空气压强条件下,空气等离子体发射光谱中的线状光谱和连续光谱依赖于气体压强变化,且原子谱线和离子谱线强度随气体压强的变化有明显差别.随着空气压强增大,激光击穿作用区域的空气密度增加,造成激光诱导击穿空气几率升高,从而等离子体辐射光谱强度增大.空气等离子体膨胀区域空气的约束作用,增加了等离子体内粒子间的碰撞几率以及能量交换几率,并且使离子-电子-原子的三体复合几率增加,因此造成原子谱线OⅠ777.2 nm与NⅠ821.6 nm谱线强度随着气体压强增大而增大,在80 kPa时谱线强度最高,随后谱线强度缓慢降低.而离子谱线N Ⅱ 500.5 nm谱线强度在40 kPa时达到最大值,气体压强大于40 kPa后,谱线强度随压强增加而逐渐降低.空气等离子体电子密度均随压强升高而增大,在80 kPa后增长速度变缓.等离子体电子温度在30 kPa时达到最大值,气体压强大于30 kPa后,等离子体电子温度逐渐降低.研究结果可为不同海拔高度的激光诱导空气等离子体特性的研究提供重要实验基础,为今后激光大气传输、大气组成分析提供重要的技术支持.     

电子助进化学气相沉积金刚石中的光发射谱特性

采用蒙特卡罗方法,对以CH₄/H₂为源料气体的电子助进化学气相沉积(EACVD)金刚石中的氢原子(H_α, H_β, H_γ)、碳原子C(2p3s2p2∶λ=165.7 nm)以及CH(A2Δ→X2Π∶λ=420～440 nm)的光发射过程进行了模拟,气体温度随空间的变化采用温度梯度变化,研究了不同反应室气压及衬底温度下的光发射谱特性。结果表明,不同衬底温度下各谱线强度均随气压的增大先增大后减小; 当气压较低时,谱线强度随衬底温度的增大而减少,而气压较高时,谱线强度随衬底温度的增大而增大。     

Inverse effects of the gas feed positioning on sonochemistry and sonoluminescence

Purging of solutions to enhance sonochemical reactions is a common practice. A fundamental study combining sonoluminescence spectroscopy and sonochemical activity is adopted to study the effects of continuous Ar gas flow in the solution and of the position of the gas inlet tube on high-frequency sonolysis of aqueous solutions. It has been observed that neither sonochemical activity nor sonoluminescence intensity is controlled by the gas solubility only. Besides, the change in position of the gas inlet tube leads to opposite effects in sonoluminescence intensity and sonochemical activity: while the former increases, the latter decreases. Such an observation has never been reported despite sonochemical reactions have been carried out under different gas environments. Sonoluminescence spectroscopy indicates that more extreme conditions are reached at collapse with the gas inlet on the side, which could be explained by a more symmetrical collapse. Finally, it is shown in certain conditions that it is possible to favor the formation of some sonochemical products simply by positioning the gas inlet at different positions, which has practical significance in designing large scale sonochemical reactors for industrial applications.     

碳硅石压腔在高温高压拉曼光谱研究中的应用

描述了碳硅石压腔的结构和特点。碳硅石压腔主要包括碳硅石压砧、支撑加压系统、加热系统和金属垫片等部分。合成碳硅石的硬度高、热导性好、膨胀系数小、热稳定性好,并且它的晶体颗粒大,透明度好,价格也很便宜,因此是一种很好的压砧材料。还介绍了应用碳硅石压腔对Na₂CO₃溶液、Na₂SO₄溶液、水的拉曼光谱进行高温高压原位测量的实例。     

激光聚变空心玻璃微球靶丸充氖工艺

 叙述了空心玻璃微球用渗透法进行高温充氖诊断气体工艺研究。分析了影响球内气体压力的一些因素；获得了向不同类型的玻璃微球中充氖诊断气体的最佳充气条件。利用该法在空心玻璃微球中充入了0.02～3MPa的氖诊断气体。     

Measurement of neutral gas temperature in inductively coupled plasmas

Dependence of the neutral gas temperature on the gas pressure and discharge power in an inductively coupled plasma source has been investigated using optical emission spectroscopy. Both nitrogen and argon plasmas have been studied separately. In the case of argon plasma, about 5% nitrogen was added to the total gas flow as an actinometer. The maximum temperature was found to be as high as 1850 K at 1 Torr working pressure and 600 W radiofrequency power. The temperature increases almost linearly with the logarithm of the gas pressure, but changes only slightly with the discharge power in the range of 100–600 W. In a nitrogen plasma, a sudden increase in the neutral gas temperature occurs when the gas pressure is increased at a given discharge power. This suggests a discharge-mode transition from the H-mode (high plasma density) to the E-mode (low plasma density). In the H-mode, the gas temperature is proportional to the logarithm of the gas pressure, as in the argon plasma. However, the gas temperature increases almost linearly with the discharge power, which is in contrast to the case of argon plasma. The electron density in the nitrogen plasma is about 10% of that in the argon plasma. This may explain the observation that the nitrogen neutral temperature is always lower than the argon neutral temperature under the same discharge power and gas pressure.     

Experimental investigation of the effect of collisions and temperature on degenerate four-wave mixing

An experimental investigation (including a comparison with a simple theoretical model) of the effect of buffer-gas composition, pressure and temperature on resonant Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing (DFWM) has been performed. The DFWM signal from NO in a quartz cell was measured and the effect of quenching as well as elastic (phase-changing) collisions was studied by varying the total and partial pressures of N₂ and CO₂ as buffer gases. It was found that the DFWM signal first slowly increased with buffer-gas pressure (up to 10 mbar) and then rapidly decreased. It was furthermore found that the DFWM signal was considerably less sensitive to quenching collisions as compared to Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF) (for laser intensities approximately equal to half the DFWM saturation intensity of the transition). On the other hand, while LIF is virtually insensitive to elastic collisions, DFWM displays a larger sensitivity to elastic collisions than to quenching collisions. The DFWM saturation intensity was found to increase with buffer-gas pressure (although slower than expected). When varying the temperature of the gas composition, it was found that the DFWM signal decreased markedly with increasing temperature. This decrease is too fast to be explained solely by a change in the population of the molecular state probed by the laser.