核壳结构葡萄糖敏感微凝胶的制备

用先合成聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(PNIPAM)微凝胶核再包一层N-异丙基丙烯酰胺/丙烯酸共聚物(P(NIPAM-co-AA))壳的办法合成了一系列核壳结构微凝胶.微凝胶壳层厚度随投入的壳储备溶液的增加而增加.研究了pH=3.5时核壳微凝胶的温敏体积相转变行为.由于PNIPAM核和P(NIPAM-co-AA)壳的相转变温度很接近,因此只观察到一个相转变.在EDC催化下使3-氨基苯硼酸与壳层中的羧基反应,将苯硼酸基(PBA)引入微凝胶,得到核为PNIPAM、壳为P(NIPAM-co-AMPBA)的核壳结构微凝胶.改性后的微凝胶表现出3个体积相转变过程.其中第一个对应于P(NIPAM-co-AMPBA)壳层的体积相转变.第二和第三个则是PNIPAM核的相转变过程.由于在沉淀聚合时交联剂BIS反应性更大,PNIPAM核结构不均一,形成BIS含量高的"核"和BIS含量低的"壳".BIS含量低的"壳"被一层疏水的P(NIPAM-co-AMPBA)壳包裹,拉大了其与"核"的相转变温度的差别,因此随着温度升高表现出两个相转变过程.PBA改性的微凝胶同样表现出葡萄糖敏感性,但在葡萄糖存在下溶胀度的改变较小.     

原位聚合法制备具有温敏PNIPAM壳的核-壳结构聚合物纳米微球的研究

结合大分子自组装和原位自由基聚合方法,采用油溶性引发剂偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN),在聚(ε-已内酯)(PCL)纳米粒子表面引发聚合单体N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(NIPAM)和交联剂亚甲基双(丙烯酰胺)(MBA),制备得到了核-壳结构的PCL/PNIPAM聚合物纳米微球.系统研究了单体和交联剂用量、壳层目标交联度、初始PCL/DMF溶液的浓度及引发剂AIBN含量4个反应参数对核-壳结构PCL/PNIPAM纳米微球的PNIPAM壳层得率、微球尺寸、温敏性能及电镜形貌的影响.结果表明,在制备核-壳结构PCL/PNIPAM纳米微球的反应过程中,PCL粒子表面的聚合和水中的聚合二者之间相互竞争.适当增加引发剂AIBN的添加量,有利于制备得到核/壳比例可控的PCL/PNIPAM纳米微球;交联剂MBA较高的反应活性导致形成了非均匀交联的PNIPAM壳层.     

基于葡萄糖和苯硼酸基元之间的可逆共价键构筑多重响应性高分子复合物胶束

通过可逆加成-断裂链转移(RAFT)的聚合方法,合成了分别含有苯硼酸基元和葡萄糖基元的聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺)-b-聚(丙烯酰胺基苯硼酸)(PNIPAM-b-PAPBA)和聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺)-b-聚(丙烯酰葡萄糖胺)(PNIPAM-b-PAGA)二嵌段聚合物.由于苯硼酸和葡萄糖基元之间在弱碱性条件下(pH9.3)形成硼酸酯共价键,两种二嵌段聚合物的水溶液混合后能自发形成以PAPBA/PAGA络合物为核,PNIPAM为壳层的高分子复合物胶束.由于硼酸酯共价键在pH值和葡萄糖浓度改变时能可逆形成和断裂,以及胶束PNIPAM壳层的温敏性,所制备的基于苯硼酸/葡萄糖可逆共价键的高分子复合物胶束对pH、葡萄糖和温度具有多重响应性.     

基于互穿网络结构的pH/温度双重刺激响应性微凝胶的研究

室温下采用氧化-还原引发体系,以低交联密度的聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺)(PNIPAM)微凝胶为种子,通过种子乳液聚合法合成由PNIPAM和聚丙烯酸(PAA)形成的具有互穿聚合物网络结构的微凝胶.傅立叶变换红外光谱分析结果表明微凝胶由PNIPAM和PAA两种聚合物组成,透射电镜表征结果证实微凝胶中PNIPAM和PAA两种聚合物形成了互穿网络结构.用动态激光光散射测试不同温度或pH值水介质中微凝胶的粒径,结果发现微凝胶具有良好的pH/温度双重刺激响应性.在水介质pH值大于5.5的情况下,PAA组分对微凝胶的体积相转变温度没有影响;而在水介质pH值为4.0的情况下,由于PAA与PNIPAM之间的氢键作用,微凝胶的体积相转变温度稍微降低.微凝胶中PAA组分含量越高,其pH刺激响应性越显著.     

PNI PAM/CS微凝胶的性质测定

以N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(NIPAM)、壳聚糖(CS)为单体,N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBA)为交联剂,制备了PNIPAM/CS微凝胶.测定了不同单体配比对微凝胶体积相转变温度(VPTT)的影响和25℃不同pH条件下微凝胶液浊度及粒径的变化.研究表明,PNIPAM/CS微凝胶具有温敏性;并且随着pH的增大,微凝胶粒径先变小后变大,显示pH敏感性;浊度法测定结果与粒径测定一致.     

浊度法表征温敏性微凝胶体积的相转变行为

以N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(NIPAM)、甲基丙烯酸(MAA)为单体,N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBA)为交联剂,制备了温敏性聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺)(PNIPAM)和具有温度、pH敏感性的聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺-co-甲基丙烯酸)(PNIPAM-MAA)微凝胶。通过测定不同温度和pH条件下微凝胶浊度变化,表征微凝胶的温度及pH敏感性,描述了NaCl浓度和pH对微凝胶体积相转变温度的影响。同时,测定了微凝胶的临界聚沉浓度及临界絮凝温度,表征了微凝胶的稳定性,讨论了影响微凝胶的稳定性因素。     

温度敏感水凝胶包覆长周期光纤光栅传感器研究

以N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(NIPAM)为单体、N,N'-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBAA)为交联剂、安息香二甲醚(DMPA)为引发剂,利用紫外光引发聚合制备了一系列温度敏感性聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺)(PNIPAM)水凝胶,并对其性能进行了测定.结果表明,PNIPAM水凝胶的平衡膨胀比随着交联程度的变化而改变.当交联程度适当时,水凝胶可具有最大的溶胀比.在此研究基础上,利用浸渍提拉法在长周期光纤光栅(LPFG)包层外制备了PNIPAM水凝胶薄膜包覆层.研究了得到的LPFG传感器对温度和湿度的响应性,该类型传感器表现出对温度的灵敏响应性.     

无皂种子分散聚合法制备单分散双重响应性微凝胶

以N-异丙基丙烯酰胺及2-乙烯基吡啶为主要单体, 采用无皂种子分散聚合法制备了单分散的、具有温度及pH双重响应性能的核-壳结构微凝胶, 并以扫描电镜及动态激光光散射等手段对微凝胶粒子的结构和性能进行了研究. 溶胀行为研究表明, 微凝胶粒子具有独立的互不干扰的温度及pH敏感性能, 其体积相变温度与纯聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(PNIPAM)凝胶基本一致, 说明局部分布的弱电离单体不会对PNIPAM凝胶的体积相变温度造成影响.     

温敏性荧光纳米材料的合成

合成了以荧光材料罗丹明B/SiO2为核,交联聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(PNIPAM)为壳的具有核/壳结构的纳米颗粒。用氢氟酸除去二氧化硅模板核后,形成了核壳结构的温敏荧光微球。28～36℃范围内的温敏性实验表明,该粒子的低临界溶解温度(LCST)为33℃,具有温敏性,用SEM、TEM、XRD、FT-IR等手段对温敏荧光微球的组成和结构进行了表征和分析,探讨了磁性温敏纳米颗粒的制备机理。     

以Au@Ag双金属纳米棒为核的热响应性核壳复合微凝胶的制备及性能表征

本文采用种子沉淀聚合法将交联的聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺)(PNIPAM)包覆在单分散性良好的Au@Ag双金属纳米棒(Au@AgNR)表面,制得以Au@AgNR为核、交联PNIPAM为壳层的Au@AgNR@PNIPAM复合微凝胶。用透射电镜观察到复合微凝胶具有规整的核壳结构,动态激光光散射测试结果证实复合微凝胶存在热响应性。当环境温度从20℃升高到50℃,复合微凝胶中Au@AgNR的纵向局域表面等离子体共振波长从695nm红移到719nm,表明复合微凝胶内的Au@AgNRs的LSPR光学性能可利用温度来进行调节。以该复合微凝胶为SERS分析的基底,检测水溶液中痕量的难以吸附在金属粒子表面的1-萘酚(3×10-5M),结果发现复合微凝胶在发生体积相转变时对1-萘酚具有捕捉效应,因此可通过调节测试温度来达到提高待分析物的SERS的信号强度的目的。     

获得环境响应聚合物胶束和空心球的途径

概述了本研究组近年来发展的几种制备环境敏感的聚合物纳米胶束和空心球的新方法,包括通过聚合物间的氢键相互作用构建“非共价键合胶束”的自组装方法,将聚合物自组装与单体的原位聚合相结合的方法以及利用接枝共聚物中的主链和支链间的络合作用诱导胶束化和胶束与空心球的可逆转化等.讨论了这些聚合物纳米微球和空心球对温度、pH及离子强度等的响应特性.     

制备核-壳结构聚合物纳米微球和空心球的原位聚合方法的普适性研究

采用原位聚合制备核-壳结构聚合物纳米微球和空心球的新方法, 利用甲基丙烯酸2-羟丙酯(HPMA)和乙酸乙烯酯(VAc)两种单体, 在类似的反应条件下, 成功地制备了以聚(ε-己内酯)(PCL)为核, 分别以交联PHPMA和PVAc为壳的纳米微球; 将微球的核酶解后, 分别得到了对应的交联PMAA空心球和交联PVA空心球. 结果表明, 原位聚合制备核-壳结构聚合物微球的新方法具有一定的普适性, 适用于单体可溶于水而生成的聚合物不溶于水的体系.     

New approaches to stimuli-responsive polymeric micelles and hollow spheres

This article briefly describes some new approaches to stimuli-sensitive polymeric micelles and hollow spheres, which were developed in the authors’ laboratory in recent years. (1) Self-assembly of component polymers to non-covalently connected micelles (NCCM) driven by specific interactions. For example, in water, PCL and PAA formed core-shell nanospheres due to interpolymer hydrogen bonding. After crosslinking the PAA shell and removing the PCL core, “nanocages” made of PAA network were obtained. This hollow structure shows perfect reversible size-pH dependence. (2) Simultaneous in-situ polymerization of monomers and self-assembly of the polymers. In this approach, PNIPAM network was formed by radical polymerization covering PCL particles. Hollow spheres of PNIPAM network were then obtained by biodegradation of the PCL core. Both the core-shell spheres and hollow spheres show reversible size dependence on temperature change because of the phase transition of PNIPAM around 32°C. (3) Complexation-induced micellization and transition between the micelles and hollow spheres. Graft copolymers of hydroxylethyl cellulose (HEC) and PAA were prepared by free radical polymerization. The copolymers showed pH dependent micellization, i.e., micelles formed when pH of the graft copolymer solution decreased to around 3. The micellar structure could be locked by crosslinking the PAA grafts. The resultant cross-linked micelles undergo pH-dependent transition between the micelles and hollow spheres, which accompanies a remarkable particle size change. Both the micellization and the structure transition were found to be reversible and associated with H-bonding complexation between the main chain and grafts. __________ Translated from Acta Polymerica Sinica, 2005, 650(5) (in Chinese)     

两亲性杂壳聚合物粒子的高效制备及以其作为模板合成金纳米簇合物

将等质量的嵌段聚合物聚乙烯基萘聚丙烯酸和聚氧化乙烯聚丙烯酸（P2VN-b-PAA和PEO-b-PAA）溶解于N,N′-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)中,加入小分子二元胺（1,2-丙二胺,PDA）,制备出均匀的两亲性杂壳聚合物纳米粒子(MSNPs)。 该粒子以PEO和P2VN混合嵌段为壳层,非共价键交联的PAA嵌段为核,在水相及有机相中均可稳定分散,具有典型的两亲性特点。 扫描电子显微镜和光散射测试结果表明,该杂壳聚合物粒子(MSNPs)的粒径在300 nm左右,分布较均匀,并显示出壳层可塌缩变形的疏松核（软粒子）特征。 以该聚合物粒子(MSNPs)为模板,可以方便制备出金纳米粒子簇合物。     

聚丙烯酸-b-聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺)嵌段共聚物的合成及其温度和pH值敏感性自组装研究

通过原子转移自由基聚合方法, 在丁酮/异丙醇混合溶剂中合成了分子量可控和分布较窄的聚丙烯酸叔丁酯-b-聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(PtBA-b-PNIPAM)嵌段共聚物, 用GPC和 1 H NMR对其结构进行了表征. PtBA-b-PNIPAM在甲苯中水解得到聚丙烯酸-b-聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(PAA-b-PNIPAM). 用动态光散射技术对PAA-b-PNIPAM在水溶液中的自组装行为随pH值和温度变化的响应进行了初步研究.     

Self-assembly of Hollow PNIPAM Microgels to Form Discontinuously Hollow Fibers

A new kind of hollow hydrogel microfiber with discontinuous hollow structure was prepared by an ice-segregation-induced self-assembly process. Monodisperse thermo-responsive hollow poly（N-isopropylacrylamide）（PNIPAM） microgels were first synthesized by seed precipitation polymerization using colloidal Si O2 nanoparticles as seeds, followed by removing the silica cores of the formed Si O2/PNIPAM core/shell composite microgels with hydrofluoric acid. Then, the discontinuously hollow hydrogel microfibers were produced by unidirectional freezing of 1 wt% hollow PNIPAM microgel aqueous dispersion in liquid nitrogen bath, followed by freeze-drying to remove the formed ice crystals. Many orderly arrayed dents were observed on the surfaces of the hydrogel microfibers by field-emission scanning electron microscopy, indicating that they are constructed by closely packed monodisperse hollow PNIPAM microgels. The effect of freezing method and the hollow microgel concentration in the aqueous dispersion on the morphological structure of the hollow hydrogel microfibers was investigated.     

pH-responsive core-shell particles and hollow spheres attained by macromolecular self-assembly

According to our "block-copolymer-free" strategy for self-assembly of polymers, noncovalently connected micelles (NCCM) with poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) as the core and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) as the shell in aqueous solutions were attained due to specific interactions between the component polymers. The micellar structure was then locked in by the reaction of PAA with diamine. Afterward, hollow spheres based on PAA network were obtained by either core degradation with lipase or core dissolution with dimethylformamide of the cross-linked micelles. The cavitation process was monitored by dynamic light scattering, which indicated a mass decrease and size expansion. The hollow structure is confirmed by transmission electron microscopy observations. The resultant hollow spheres are pH- and salt-responsive: there is a substantial volume increase when pH changes from acid to base, and vice versa. The volume change takes place dramatically over the pH-range from 5.8 to 7.5. Furthermore, this volume-pH-dependence is found to be completely reversible provided the effect of ionic strength is excluded. The volume change can be adjusted by changing the shell thickness and the cross-linking degree of the hollow spheres. The salt effect on the hollow sphere size depends on pH: with increasing salt concentration the size shows an increase, a decrease, and a little change in acidic, basic, and neutral media, respectively.     

Preparation and characterization of low dispersity anionic multiresponsive core-shell polymer nanoparticles

We prepared anionic multistimuli responsive core-shell polymer nanoparticles with very low size dispersity. By using either acrylic acid (AA) or methacrylic acid (MA) as a comonomer in the poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAM) shell, we are able to change the distribution of negative charges in the nanoparticle shell. The particle size, volume phase transition temperature, and aggregation state can be modulated using temperature, pH, or ionic strength, providing a very versatile platform for applications in sensors, medical diagnostics, environmental remediation, etc. The nanoparticles have a glassy poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) core of ca. 40 nm radius and a cross-linked PNIPAM anionic shell with either AA or MA comonomers. The particles, p(N-AA) and p(MA-N), respectively, have the same total charge but different charge distributions. While the p(MA-N) particles have the negative charges preferentially distributed toward the inner shell, in the case of the p(N-AA) particles the charge extends more to the particle outer shell. The volume phase transition temperature (T(VPT)) of the particles is affected by the charge distribution and can be fine-tuned by controlling the electrostatic repulsion on the particle shell (using pH and ionic strength). By suppressing the particle charge we can also induce temperature-driven particle aggregation.     

P(AA-g-NIPAM)与PNIPAM间络合作用的荧光技术研究

利用UV透光率、荧光探针和荧光各向异性研究了稀水溶液中聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(PNIPAM)与接枝共聚物聚丙烯酸接枝聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺[P(AA-g-NIPAM)]间的络合作用. 结果表明, PNIPAM和P(AA-g-NIPAM)之间通过氢键作用形成络合物. 络合作用依赖于溶液pH及P(AA-g-NIPAM)接枝共聚物中AA的相对含量. 溶液pH越小, AA相对含量越高, 络合作用越强. 这种络合作用使得聚合物主链变得较为收缩, 体系亲水性降低, 表现出一定的疏水性.