TiO2纳米管半波脉冲直流电光电催化还原Cr（Ⅵ）

报道了在半波脉冲直流电(h-DC)作为电压驱动下,以阳极氧化法制备的TiO2纳米管(TNT)为工作电极,紫外光光电催化(PEC)还原Cr(VI)的研究.半波脉冲直流电相比稳压直流电(DC)和交流电(AC)具有更佳的载流子分离和光电催化作用.探讨了电压大小、频率及电解质NaCl浓度对Cr(VI)催化还原反应的影响.TNT光电催化和电催化还原Cr(VI)效率随外加电压和频率的增大而增大,但是频率过高对反应有一定的抑制作用.电解质NaCl对反应的影响不显著,这是因为在重金属还原体系中,NaCl作为活性氯物种的母体和增强溶液导电性的作用体现得不明显.     

Photoelectrocatalytic Reduction of Cr（Vl） over TiO2 Nanotube Arrays under Half-wave Pulsed Direct Current

报道了在半波脉冲直流电（h-DC）作为电压驱动下,以阳极氧化法制备的TiO2纳米管（TNT）为工作电极,紫外光光电催化（PEC）还原Cr（VI）的研究.半波脉冲直流电相比稳压直流电（DC）和交流电（AC）具有更佳的载流子分离和光电催化作用.探讨了电压大小、频率及电解质NaCl浓度对Cr（VI）催化还原反应的影响.TNT光电催化和电催化还原Cr（VI）效率随外加电压和频率的增大而增大,但是频率过高对反应有一定的抑制作用.电解质NaCl对反应的影响不显著,这是因为在重金属还原体系中,NaCl作为活性氯物种的母体和增强溶液导电性的作用体现得不明显.     

超支化胶原纤维吸附剂对Cr(VI)的吸附特性和机理研究

超支化聚合物改性胶原纤维(CF-HBPN)作为吸附剂处理含Cr(VI)模拟废水,研究了CF-HBPN吸附Cr(VI)时溶液pH、吸附剂用量和Cr(VI)初始浓度等对去除效率的影响;采用XPS,SEM-EDS等分析检测方法对CF-HBPN表面组成和结构进行表征,探索吸附机理.结果显示:CF-HBPN对Cr(VI)的去除率随溶液pH降低而升高,在pH为3.0时达到最大,随吸附剂用量增大而增大,随Cr(VI)初始浓度增加而减小.CF-HBPN对Cr(VI)的吸附容量随吸附剂用量增加而减小,随Cr(VI)初始浓度增加而增加,最后趋于稳定.30℃时,4.0 g L-1的CF-HBPN对50 mg L-1Cr(VI)溶液的去除率可达99.57%,最大吸附容量为38.94 mg g-1.0.18 mol L-1的NaOH溶液对吸附Cr(VI)后的CF-HBPN解吸效果最好.SEM-EDS分析结果表明CF-HBPN表面较粗糙,是一种具有空间网状结构的材料,吸附过程存在离子交换.XPS分析结果表明Cr(VI)主要吸附在CF-HBPN表面,铬酸根阴离子与质子化氨基的静电吸附作用为主要吸附作用.     

薄膜梯度扩散-分光光度法富集测量水中痕量Cr(VI)

建立了薄膜梯度扩散(DGT)-二苯碳酰二肼(DPC)分光光度法富集测量水中痕量Cr(VI)的分析方法。先以聚季铵盐(PQAS)溶液为结合相的DGT技术(PQAS DGT)原位分离富集水中Cr(VI),再以DPC分光光度法测定DGT结合相中Cr(VI)的含量,最后依据DGT方程计算水中Cr(VI)的浓度。DGT-DPC法测得配制水中Cr(VI)的回收率为95.1%~101.3%,相对标准偏差为1.60%~3.58%;测得工业废水中Cr(VI)的浓度为18.54~137.61μg/L,加标回收率为94.3%~101.8%。当采样时间为48h,PQAS DGT对水中Cr(VI)富集近10倍,可显著降低分析方法的检测限,实现水中痕量Cr(VI)的定量检测。     

Photocatalytic Cr(VI) elimination over BUC‐21/N‐K2Ti4O9composites: Big differences in performance resulting from smalldifferences in composition

近年来,金属-有机骨架(MOFs)作为一种多相光催化剂因其合成方法多样、活性位点可调等优点被越来越多地应用于光催化还原Cr(VI)、还原CO2和降解有机污染物等领域.但多数MOFs被其电导率低、电子与空穴的快速复合以及仅在紫外光下激发下才能表现出光催化活性等缺点限制了其进一步应用.为此,与g-C3N4、Ag2CO3、TiO2、Bi24O31Br10等半导体、电活性聚合物(PANI)、导体(RGO)、贵金属纳米颗粒(Ag, Pd)等构建复合物是增强MOFs光催化性能的一个有效策略.本文采用简单的机械球磨法,以BUC-21和N-K2Ti4O9为前驱体快速制备了一系列BUC-21/N-K2Ti4O9复合材料(记为B1NX,其中X=0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 3和4,代表N-K2Ti4O9在复合物中的比例).采用粉末X射线衍射(PXRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、高倍透射电镜(HRTEM)、紫外-可见漫反射(UV-Vis DRS)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等技术对UAC-X复合物的形貌和结构进行了表征.研究了B1NX在紫外光和白光照射下光催化还原六价铬(Cr(VI))的性能.探究了不同pH (pH=2–8)、不同小分子有机酸(柠檬酸、酒石酸和草酸)及共存离子(自来水和湖水中的离子)对光催化还原Cr(VI)的影响.结果表明, PXRD谱图显示B1NX的衍射峰位置分别与BUC-21和N-K2Ti4O9峰位置完全吻合.SEM、TEM、EDS和HRTEM图片证明在B1NX复合物中BUC-21附着在N-K2Ti4O9表面.在紫外光照射下40 min后, B1N0.5的光催化活性最高,还原效率达到100.0%,且还原速率是BUC-21的1.42倍.而在白光照射下,随着N-K2Ti4O9含量的增加,复合物的光催化活性先增后减.最佳比例B1N3可在100 min时还原99%的Cr(VI),远远优于对Cr(VI)几乎无还原能力的BUC-21和N-K2Ti4O9.这是因为N-K2Ti4O9含量的增加不仅有利于电荷的转移,也有利于白光的利用.在紫外光和白光照射下,随着溶液pH值从2提高到8,还原效率逐渐降低.这是因为在酸性条件下H+浓度高有利于Cr(VI)还原为Cr(III),而当p H6时, Cr3+与OH–形成Cr(OH)3沉淀附着在催化剂表面,影响对光的吸收,降低了光催化效率.当反应体系中加入草酸、柠檬酸和酒石酸等小分子有机酸时,光催化速率得到显著提高,这是由于小分子链烃有机物容易捕捉光生空穴.共存离子实验表明,虽然湖水和自来水中的共存离子对B1N0.5和B1N3的还原性能稍有抑制,但当反应时间延长时,这种影响可忽略不计.表观量子效率实验证明B1NX还原Cr(VI)是光诱导过程.光致发光分析、时间分辨光致发光分析、电化学分析、电子自旋共振(ESR)和活性物质捕获实验显示, B1N0.5和B1N3中BUC-21最低未占轨道(LUMO)上的光生电子转移至N-K2Ti4O9导带,提高了光生电子和空穴的分离效率,最终增强了光催化还原Cr(VI)的活性.N-K2Ti4O9的引入也使得BUC-21的光吸收区域拓展至白光,实现了其实际应用的潜力.同时, B1N0.5在紫外光照射下和B1N3在白光照射下经过5次光催化循环实验后其还原Cr(VI)效率仍然可达99%,且PXRD谱图、SEM和TEM图像未见明显变化,表明其具有稳定性和重复利用性.综上,BUC-21/N-K2Ti4O9是一种具有应用前景的高效复合型光催化剂.     

光电化学水氧化用多孔单晶金红石TiO_2纳米棒阵列光阳极的设计和构建（英文）

光电化学电池(如染料敏化太阳能电池、量子点敏化太阳能电池以及光电化学水分解电池)是实现太阳能转化及存储的有效手段之一.其中,光电极是光电化学电池的核心组成部分,它集光吸收、光生电荷输运及转移等决定光转化效率的关键过程于一身,因此构筑高活性半导体光电极以实现高效太阳能转化利用引起研究者广泛关注.多孔Ti O2纳米颗粒堆垛薄膜光阳极因具有大的比表面积,可提供更多的染料(量子点)担载和反应活性位点,在光电化学电池中表现出优异活性而被广泛研究.然而,TiO 2纳米颗粒间大量存在的晶界对光生电荷有较强的散射作用,降低了光生电荷的收集效率.英国牛津大学Snaith研究小组利用模板辅助水热过程首次获得了(001)晶面占优的多孔单晶锐钛矿Ti O2微米颗粒,这种多孔单晶Ti O2微米颗粒在具有大比表面积的同时,其单晶结构还能有效去除晶界对电荷的散射作用,因而具有优异的电荷输运特性.利用这种多孔单晶Ti O2微米颗粒组建的光阳极用于染料敏化太阳能电池中,展现出优异的太阳能光电转化性能.受该工作启发,各种形貌的多孔单晶Ti O2微米颗粒作为光催化剂和光电化学分解水用光阳极材料被广泛研究,并表现出优异活性.在单晶微米颗粒堆垛成的薄膜光电极中,虽然单个单晶微米颗粒中晶界对电荷的散射作用被有效抑制,但是单晶颗粒间的晶界仍然存在并影响光生电荷的收集效率.为了彻底抑制晶界对光生电荷的散射作用,每个单晶颗粒都应该贯穿整个薄膜,例如一维Ti O2纳米棒单晶阵列薄膜.虽然一维单晶阵列薄膜能够有效提高光生电荷的收集效率,但相对于多孔薄膜具有较小的比表面积,限制了担载染料(量子点)和反应位点的数量.为了增大TiO 2单晶纳米棒阵列薄膜的比表面积,目前主要的手段包括调控纳米棒长径比、表面修饰Ti O2纳米颗粒以及二次生长构建Ti O2枝晶阵列.本文首次提出通过制备多孔单晶Ti O2纳米棒单晶阵列薄膜来获得高比表面积和高光生电荷收集效率的光阳极,提高光电化学电池的效率.在透明导电薄膜(FTO)表面利用水热生长Ti O2纳米棒阵列薄膜之前,预先在FTO基体上沉积一层Si O2球密堆模板,Ti O2纳米棒单晶阵列在从FTO表面向上生长过程中,会将SiO 2球模板包裹进Ti O2纳米棒中,再通过碱溶液将Si O2球模板溶解,首次在FTO基体上原位生长出多孔单晶Ti O2纳米棒阵列薄膜.将所得多孔单晶金红石Ti O2纳米棒阵列薄膜作为光电化学分解水电池光阳极,其光电化学分解水活性相对于实心单晶金红石Ti O2纳米棒阵列提高了2.6倍.多孔单晶金红石Ti O2纳米棒阵列光阳极性能的提升可归因于:(1)多孔结构赋予多孔单晶金红石Ti O2纳米棒阵列薄膜更大的比表面积,可提供更多的反应活性位点;(2)多孔结构能够有效缩短单晶金红石Ti O2纳米棒中光生电荷体相输运距离,提高光生电荷的收集效率;(3)多孔结构通过对光多次反射吸收可有效增强光吸收,产生更多光生电荷参与水分解反应;(4)在制备过程中引入Si掺杂,导致多孔单晶金红石Ti O2纳米棒带隙扩大了0.1 e V,带隙增大归因于导带位置负移0.1 e V,光生电子具有更强的还原能力,光电流起始电位相应负移约0.1 V.     

杂多酸存在下X3B染料光降解和Cr(VI)光还原的协同反应机理

以H3PW12O40(PW)和H4SiW12O40(SiW)杂多酸(POM)为催化剂, 波长大于320 nm的高压氙灯为光源, 研究了混合水溶液中活性艳红染料X3B的光致降解和重铬酸根(Cr(VI))的光致还原. 结果表明, POM-X3B-Cr(VI)三元体系的反应效率高于POM-X3B、POM-Cr(VI)和X3B-Cr(VI)二元体系的反应效率, PW的光活性高于SiW, 且X3B光降解和Cr(VI)光还原之间存在明显的协同作用. 通过考察各组分起始浓度以及N2、O2、H2O2和乙醇的影响, 实验发现, 激发态POM*与H2O反应产生POM-和·OH是反应的决速步骤. X3B光降解和Cr(VI)光还原分别主要通过·OH 和POM-进行, 而X3B和Cr(VI)之间光化学反应的贡献较小. 在二元和三元体系中POM浓度对反应速率表现出不同的影响, 表明激发态POM*与H2O之间的反应具有可逆性.     

多胺型阴离子交换纤维吸附铬(VI)的动力学

以聚丙烯腈纤维为原料, 采用化学改性法, 制备了多胺型阴离子交换纤维. 研究该纤维对Cr(VI)的吸附特性. 在研究的温度及浓度范围内, 该纤维对Cr(VI)吸附的平衡数据符合Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温方程, 对Cr(VI)有较强的亲和力, 吸附反应易于进行. 重点研究了该纤维对Cr(VI)的吸附动力学特性, 分别采用Lagergren一级动力学方程、修正伪一级动力学方程、伪二级动力学方程和颗粒内扩散方程进行拟合, 计算相应的速率常数. 研究表明, 该吸附是一个快速吸附过程, 20 min即可接近吸附平衡, 吸附过程符合伪二级动力学方程, 以化学吸附为主, 该纤维能够多次反复对Cr(VI)进行吸附.     

四乙烯五胺功能化纳米高分子材料对Cr(VI)与磷酸盐共存体系的吸附机理

合成了四乙烯五胺功能化纳米高分子材料(TEPA-NP),采用傅里叶变换红外光谱分析(FTIR)、有机元素分析(EA)、X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)等手段对其进行了表征,重点考察了其对水中Cr(VI)与磷酸根离子共存时的吸附机理.结果表明,溶液p H对TEPA-NP的吸附性能影响较大.对于Cr(VI)或磷酸盐单一体系,p H 2.5时TEPA-NP的吸附效果最佳;吸附热力学均符合Langmuir模型,吸附动力学均符合准二级速率方程.TEPA-NP对Cr(VI)的饱和吸附量为123.5 mg/g;吸附过程为吸热熵增的自发过程,ΔH为16.06 k J/mol,ΔS为59.02 J/(mol K),308 K时ΔG为-2.10 k J/mol;吸附活化能为30.28 k J/mol.TEPA-NP对磷酸盐的饱和吸附量为149.2 mg/g;吸附过程为放热熵增的自发过程,ΔH为-1.74 k J/mol,ΔS为1.91J/(mol K),308 K时ΔG为-2.32 k J/mol;吸附活化能为18.85 k J/mol.当磷酸盐的共存浓度小于100 mg/L时,磷酸盐对TEPA-NP吸附Cr(VI)几乎没有影响;而当Cr(VI)的共存浓度大于5 mg/L时,Cr(VI)对TEPA-NP吸附磷酸盐的影响已较为明显,可使TEPA-NP吸附磷酸盐的饱和吸附量减小17.3%;结合红外和XPS表征可以推测TEPA-NP对Cr(VI)的吸附涉及静电与配位相互作用,而对磷酸盐以静电吸附为主;Cr(VI)与磷酸盐共存时,TEPA-NP优先吸附Cr(VI).Cr(VI)可以通过竞争取代吸附在TEPA-NP上的磷酸根,且随着Cr(VI)初始浓度增大,TEPA-NP上吸附的总磷脱附的比例增大;而磷酸根对Cr(VI)的竞争吸附较难实现.     

活性炭纤维电吸附重金属及磺胺甲恶唑性能研究

使用盐酸对吸附剂活性炭纤维（activated carbon fiber,ACF）进行改性,通过SEM、BET和FTIR对改性前后的ACF形貌及结构进行系统表征发现,改性后ACF较改性前表面杂质减少且沟壑更加明显,比表面积提高22%,微孔体积增加5%,含氧官能团（C-O和C=O）明显增多. 以水中重金属离子（Zn(II)及Cr(VI)）和抗生素磺胺甲恶唑（Sulfamethoxazole,SMX）为目标污染物,研究改性后ACF对目标污染物的吸附（静吸附和电吸附）性能,考察了浓度、pH、外加电压对吸附的影响. 结果表明,ACF用量为5 g,电压为1.2 V,Zn(II)、Cr(VI)及SMX浓度均为10 mg·L^-1,Zn(II)溶液pH为5时,ACF吸附水中Zn(II)的最大吸附量为9.25 mg·g^-1,是静吸附条件的2.15倍;Cr(VI)溶液pH为4时,ACF吸附Cr(VI)的最大吸附量为8.86 mg·g^-1,是静吸附条件的1.96倍;SMX溶液pH为6时,ACF吸附SMX的最大吸附量为8.32 mg·g^-1,是静吸附条件的1.84倍. ACF吸附Zn(II)、Cr(VI)及SMX的动力学曲线均符合准二级动力学模型,吸附过程为化学吸附. Freundlich等温模型能更好地描述ACF对Zn(II)、Cr(VI)及SMX的吸附特性,其吸附形式为多分子层吸附. ACF通过电极反接方式进行循环再生,脱附速率快且脱附效果明显,经4次循环再生后,ACF对Zn(II)、Cr(VI)及SMX的去除率均在90%以上.     

Analysis of the factors controlling performances of Au-modified TiO_2 nanotube array based photoanode in photo-electrocatalytic(PECa) cells

The efficiency of photo-electrocatalytic(PECa) devices for the production of solar fuels depends on several limiting factors such as light harvesting, charge recombination and mass transport diffusion. We analyse here how they influence the performances in PECa cells having a photo-anode based on Au-modified TiO_2 nanotube(TNT) arrays, with the aim of developing design criteria to optimize the photo-anode and the PECa cell configuration for water photo-electrolysis(splitting) and ethanol photo-reforming processes.The TNT samples were prepared by controlled anodic oxidation of Ti foils and then decorated with gold nanoparticles using different techniques to enhance the visible light response through heterojunction and plasmonic effects. The activity tests were made in a gas-phase reactor, as well as in a PECa cell without applied bias. Results were analysed in terms of photo-generated current, H_2 production rate and photoconversion efficiency. Particularly, a solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of 0.83% and a Faradaic efficiency of 91%were obtained without adding sacrificial reagents.     

ZnO纳米棒阵列基-芴类共轭聚合物膜的制备及对TNT的检测评价

将共轭芴类荧光聚合物涂覆在纳米Zn O棒阵列上,制成荧光传感膜检测痕量TNT。通过水热法生长的Zn O纳米棒阵列具有较好的取向性,作为衬底可有效增大荧光膜荧光强度,同时,Zn O纳米棒阵列的高比表面积可提高膜对TNT气体的响应效率,使20s内的荧光猝灭率可达72%。     

In vitro corrosion resistance and cytocompatibility of minerals substituted apatite/biopolymers duplex coatings on anodized Ti for orthopedic implant applications

In this work, strategies for the formation of duplex coatings with enhanced bioactivity, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance have been focused. TiO₂ arrays were fabricated on Ti alloy were carried out in a single step using suitable electrolyte by anodization method. Here, we have synthesized a novel bioactive material, minerals incorporated Hydroxyapatite (La/Tb-HAP)-chitosan-casein duplex coatings on anodized Ti via electrodeposition method. The fabricated novel composite coatings were characterized by FT-IR, XRD, FESEM and EDAX analyses. Also, the mechanical properties of duplex coatings were scrutinized by Dermitron thickness and microhardness tester. The corrosion resistance of the as-developed duplex coatings was studied by electrochemical techniques using Ringers solution as the electrolyte. In addition, the antibacterial activity, cell viability, live and dead staining were executed to substantiate the biocompatibility of TNT/CS-CA@M-HAP duplex coatings. From the overall summary of this work, it is proved that the resultant CS-CA@M-HAP coatings on TNT exhibit excellent bioactivity and improved corrosion resistance over pure Ti and serve as a potential candidate for orthopedic applications.     

An efficient method to prepare high-performance dye-sensitized photoelectrodes using ordered TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> nanotube arrays and TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> quantum dot blocking layers

High-performance dye-sensitized photoelectrodes using ordered TiO₂ nanotube arrays (TNTs) and TiO₂ quantum dot blocking layers are fabricated. The free-standing TNT membranes with perfect ordered morphology are prepared by three times of anodic oxidation on Ti foils. These TNT membranes can be easily transported to conductive glasses to fabricate front-side illuminated photoelectrodes. By changing anodic oxidation duration, the thickness of TNT membranes can be controlled, which shows significant influence on the UV-Vis reflectance and absorption abilities of TNT-based photoelectrodes and further influence photovoltaic performance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of DSSCs about 6.21 % can be obtained by using TNT membranes prepared with anodic oxidation of 3 h. For further improving photovoltaic performance of DSSCs, TiO₂ quantum dot (QDs) blocking layers are inserted between conductive glasses and TNT membranes in the photoelectrodes, which show remarkable effects. The highest PCE of DSSCs with this kind of blocking layers can increase to 8.43 %, producing 35.75 % enhancement compared with that of the counterparts without TiO₂ QD blocking layers.     

Highly ordered MnO2 nanowire array thin films on Ti/Si substrate as an electrode for electrochemical capacitor

AAO/Ti/Si substrate was successfully synthesized by a two-step electrochemical anodization of the aluminum film on the Ti/Si substrate and then used as template to grow nanowire arrays. The ordered MnO₂ nanowire arrays with about 40 nm diameters had been directly fabricated on AAO/Ti/Si substrate by direct current (DC) electrodeposition. The microstructure of the nanowire arrays was investigated by field-emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Their electrochemical characterization was performed using cyclic voltammetry in 0.5 M Na₂SO₄ aqueous solution. The synthesized MnO₂ nanowires had amorphous nature until 400 °C. The deal capacitive behavior was obtained when the as-prepared sample was heat-treated at 200 °C. The specific capacitance of the electrode was about 254 F/g.     

染料敏化的TiO2纳米管薄膜的光电浸润性

采用阳极氧化法在钛箔表面制备TiO2纳米管阵列, 并在其表面修饰N3染料(Ruthenium dye)作敏化剂, 用氟硅烷来提高表面疏水性, 获得超疏水薄膜. SEM测定结果表明, 纳米管薄膜具有各向异性浸润结构, 同时阳极氧化的非均匀性增加了表面的粗糙度. UV-Vis吸收光谱及电化学阻抗谱结果表明, 薄膜具有优异的光电性能. 通过施加超过一定阈值的电压, 液滴在薄膜表面由超疏水状态转变为亲水状态. 利用光电协同激励作用时, 阈值电压比单独使用电激励时降低了10 V, 这是使用高效的N3染料光电敏化层的结果.     

Electrochemical study of methylene blue/titanate nanotubes nanocomposite and its layer-by-layer assembly multilayer films

Titanate nanotubes (TNT) were proven to be efficient support for the immobilization of methylene blue (MB). UV–vis absorption and Fourier transform infrared spectra showed that the effect of MB absorbed on TNT was better than nanocrystalline anatase TiO₂ (TNP). The quantity of MB absorbed onto TNT was found to be greater than that of TNP and the electrode modified with the MB–TNT film was more stable due to the strong interaction between TNT and MB as well. The absorption of MB on TNT was impacted by the pH value of the reaction solution for the change of surface charge. Electrochemical oxidation of dopamine (DA) at different electrodes was studied. The result showed that the MB–TNT composite film exhibited excellent catalytic activities to DA compared to those of pure TNT, which is a result of the great promotion of the electron-transfer rate between DA and the electrode surface by the MB–TNT film. Furthermore, the layer-by-layer self-assembly behavior of the electrochemically functional MB–TNT nanocomposite was also discussed after obtaining the stable colloid suspension of MB–TNT. The excellent electrochemical ability and the easy fabrication of layered nanocomposite make the MB–TNT nanocomposite very promising in electrochemistry study and new nanotube-based devices.     

A novel photoanode architecture of dye-sensitized solar cells based on TiO2 hollow sphere/nanorod array double-layer film

A novel TiO(2) double-layer (DL) film consisting of TiO(2) hollow spheres (HSs) as overlayer and single-crystalline TiO(2) nanorod arrays (RAs) as underlayer was designed as the photoanode of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). This new-typed TiO(2) HS/RA DL film could significantly improve the efficiency of DSSCs owing to its synergic effects, i.e. the relatively large specific surface area of TiO(2) HSs for effective dye adsorption, enhanced light harvesting capability originated from TiO(2) RA film, and rapid interfacial electron transport in one-dimensional TiO(2) nanorod arrays. The overall energy-conversion efficiency of 4.57% was achieved by the formation of TiO(2) DL film, which is 16% higher than that formed by TiO(2) HS film and far larger than that formed by TiO(2) RA film (η=0.99%). The light absorption and interfacial electron transport, which play important roles in the efficiency of DSSCs, were investigated by UV-vis absorption spectra and electrochemical impedance spectra.     

掺钴氧化钛电极的制备、表征及其光电性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法在纯钛片上制备了掺Co氧化钛薄膜光电极,运用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、 X射线衍射(XRD)等分析手段对其进行表征,并对其结构和性能的相互关系进行了研究.结果表明,掺5%Co, 500℃热处理的TiO2电极具有最大的可见光响应.过量的Co掺入将析出新相CoTiO3,并促使TiO2由锐钛矿型转变为金红石型,使电极光电效应减低.而高温处理的掺钴TiO2也将析出CoTiO3,对电极光电性能有阻碍作用.     

Selective detection of gas-phase TNT by integrated optical waveguide spectrometry using molecularly imprinted sol-gel sensing films

A chemical sensor was developed to detect the explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) utilizing planar integrated optical waveguide (IOW) attenuated total reflection spectrometry. Submicron thick films of organically modified sol-gel polymers were deposited on the waveguide surface as the sensing layer. Sol-gels were molecularly imprinted for TNT using covalently bound template molecules linked to the matrix through 1 or 2 carbamate linkages. Upon chemical cleavage of the template and displacement of the TNT-like pendant groups from the matrix, shape-selective binding sites were created that possess a primary amine group. The amine was used to deprotonate bound TNT yielding an anionic form that absorbs visible light. Binding of TNT and subsequent conversion to the anion results in the attenuation of light propagating through the waveguide, thus creating a spectrophotometric device. Sensitivity can be achieved by taking advantage of the substantial pathlength provided by the use of single mode IOWs. The limit-of-detection to gas-phase TNT was found to be five parts-per-billion (ppbV) in ambient air at a flow rate of 40 mL min⁻¹ given a 60 s sampling time. The sensor is highly selective for TNT due to the selectivity of binding site recognition of TNT and the subsequent generation of the TNT anion. Response to TNT is not reversible which results in an integrating sensor device which, in theory, can improve the ability to detect small amounts of the explosive if the exposure time is sufficient in length.