杂多酸存在下X3B染料光降解和Cr（Ⅵ）光还原的协同反应机理

以H3PW12O40(PW)和H4SiW13O40(SiW)杂多酸(POM)为催化剂,波长大于320 nm的高压氙灯为光源,研究了混合水溶液中活性艳红染料X3B的光致降解和重铬酸根(Cr(Ⅵ))的光致还原.结果表明,POM-X3B-Cr(Ⅵ)三元体系的反应效率高于POM-X3B、POM-Cr(Ⅵ)和X3B-Cr(Ⅵ)二元体系的反应效率,PW的光活性高于SiW,且X3B光降解和Cr(Ⅵ)光还原之间存在明显的协同作用.通过考察各组分起始浓度以及N2、O2、H2O2和乙醇的影响,实验发现,激发态POM-与H2O反应产生POM-和·OH是反应的决速步骤.X3B光降解和Cr(Ⅵ)光还原分别主要通过·OH和POM-进行,而X3B和Cr(Ⅵ)之间光化学反应的贡献较小.在二元和三元体系中POM浓度对反应速率表现出不同的影响,表明激发态POM*与H2O之间的反应具有可逆性.     

脉冲流光放电激发解离H2O分子的动力学过程

采用色散荧光光谱、时间分辨光谱和空间分辨光谱方法,在标准大气压(1.013×105 Pa)下,对以N2气为载气的H2O蒸气脉冲流光放电等离子体激发解离反应动力学过程进行了实验研究.将所得色散荧光谱归属于N2(C3∏u→B3∏8)、·OH(A2 ∑=→X2∏)、H(n=3→n=2)的辐射跃迁;并对N2*、·OH*、H*三种活性粒子的指纹灵敏谱线(337.2、308.4、656.5 nm)荧光信号进行了时间分辨测量.结果表明,·OH*和H*荧光信号分别滞后N2*荧光信号7.4 ns和17.6 ns,由此推断H2O分子的激发解离通道为:H2O分子与高能电子发生非弹性碰撞激发,被激发到第一激发电子态的高振动能级,然后自解离成激发态的·OH*自由基和基态的H原子.空间分辨测量结果表明,在距负电极0.5 mm附近,活性荧光粒子浓度最高,正好对应流光放电的负辉区,该区域电子温度和电子浓度最高,更有利于活性粒子的产生.     

采用溶胶-凝胶-溶剂热路径合成H_3PW_(12)O_(40)/TiO_2和H_4SiW_(12)O_(40)/TiO_2及其光催化降解二硝基甲苯(英文)

以非离子表面活性剂P123为结构导向剂,采用溶胶-凝胶与溶解热相结合方法,制备了两类介孔材料H3PW12O40/TiO2和H4SiW12O40/TiO2,并对其进行了表征.X射线粉末衍射和拉曼光谱分析表明,所制催化剂为锐钛矿晶型,体系中H3PW12O40和H4SiW12O40的Keggin结构经400°C焙烧后仍保持完整.H3PW12O40/TiO2和H4SiW12O40/TiO2的平均粒径分别为15.49和7.75 nm.N2吸附-脱附和扫描电镜结果表明,P123的加入使催化剂的粒径减小,比表面积和孔体积明显增大,其中H3PW12O40/TiO2和H4SiW12O40/TiO2的比表面积分别高达252.2和250.0 m2/g.紫外漫反射吸收光谱表明,与纯TiO2相比,复合催化剂的吸收光谱发生了明显的红移,且吸收强度明显增大.催化剂对DNT降解实验表明,在最佳操作条件下降解率可高达95%.     

脉冲流光放电激发解离H2O分子的动力学过程

采用色散荧光光谱、时间分辨光谱和空间分辨光谱方法, 在标准大气压(1.013×10⁵ Pa)下, 对以N2气为载气的H2O蒸气脉冲流光放电等离子体激发解离反应动力学过程进行了实验研究. 将所得色散荧光谱归属于N2(C3∏u→B3∏g)、·OH(A2∑+→X2∏)、H(n=3→n=2)的辐射跃迁; 并对N2*、·OH*、H*三种活性粒子的指纹灵敏谱线(337.2、308.4、656.5 nm)荧光信号进行了时间分辨测量. 结果表明,·OH*和H*荧光信号分别滞后N2*荧光信号7.4 ns 和17.6 ns, 由此推断H2O分子的激发解离通道为: H2O分子与高能电子发生非弹性碰撞激发, 被激发到第一激发电子态的高振动能级, 然后自解离成激发态的·OH*自由基和基态的H原子. 空间分辨测量结果表明, 在距负电极0.5 mm附近, 活性荧光粒子浓度最高, 正好对应流光放电的负辉区, 该区域电子温度和电子浓度最高, 更有利于活性粒子的产生.     

基于金属氧簇和铜-四氮唑配合物构建的空旷骨架:合成、结构及性能

在水热条件下,通过CuCl2 6H2O、5-(2-吡啶基)-四唑与不同的金属氧簇阴离子反应,合成了3个基于金属氧簇与铜-四氮唑构建的空旷骨架:Cu4(2-ptz)4(H2O)7SiW12O40 4H2O(1),Cu5(2-ptz)6(OH)(H2O)3PW12O40 H2O(2),Cu9(μ-O)6(2-ptz)6(H2O)9(H6P2W18O62)3H2O(3)(2-ptz=5-(2-吡啶基)-四唑),并通过元素分析、红外光谱、热失重曲线、紫外-可见光谱、粉末衍射和单晶X射线衍射等手段进行了表征.结构分析表明:它们均为三维结构.化合物1是由分立的Z字形的Cu-(2-ptz)配合物单元与412 40SiW O-簇阴离子连接而成;化合物2是由二维的Cu-(2-ptz)网络与312 40PW O-簇单元桥连形成的;化合物3则是一个不常见的基于一维Cu-(2-ptz)链与62 18 62P W O-簇单元构建的.磁性研究结果表明:化合物1和2表现出反铁磁性,而化合物3表现出不常见的亚铁磁性.     

铬取代杂多阴离子PW11O39Cr（Ⅲ）（H2O）4-可见光催化降解罗丹明B

为了利用太阳光能去除水体有机染料污染物,以Keggin型铬取代杂多阴离子PW11O39Cr(III)(H2O)4-(PW11Cr)为光催化剂, 详细研究在可见光照射下PW11Cr对水体有机染料污染物罗丹明B(RhB)的光催化降解作用, 考察RhB和PW11Cr初始浓度以及溶液pH对RhB可见光催化降解速率的影响, 并通过可见吸收光谱和荧光发射光谱研究水溶液中PW11Cr和RhB的相互作用, 提出PW11Cr光催化作用的机理. 实验结果表明,含有50 μTTmol·L-1 PW11Cr和10 μTTmol·L-1 RhB的水溶液在200 W可见光下照射120 min, RhB的降解率达到100%,总有机碳去除率约32%. 在PW11Cr浓度较大和pH<3.5的酸性条件下, PW11Cr与RhB之间易发生络合, 导致RhB光降解速率变慢,而PW11Cr浓度为50 μTTmol·L-1和溶液接近中性条件下, RhB的光降解速率较快.     

室温固相化学反应法合成Cd(OH)2纳米棒

在表面活性剂聚乙二醇(PEG)存在下,利用Cd(Ac)2·2H2O,CdCl2·2.5H2O,3CdSO4·8H2O和CdCO3分别与NaOH在室温下进行固相化学反应,合成了一系列的Cd(OH)2纳米棒,并利用XRD,TEM和SEM对其结构和形貌进行了表征.实验结果表明,表面活性剂PEG在Cd(OH)2纳米棒的形成过程中充当软模板,对产物形貌的控制起到决定作用.利用这种表面活性剂辅助的软模板固相化学反应法合成一维纳米材料,具有简便易行、反应条件温和以及能耗低等优点.     

含混合配体多酸超分子化合物的水热合成、晶体结构及催化活性

在水热条件下合成了四个含混合配体4,4’-bipy和2,2’-bipy/phen的多酸配位聚合物[Cu(4,4’-bipy)(2,2’-bipy)2]2[SiW12O40]?4H2O (1),[Ag4(4,4’-bipy)3(2,2’-bipy)2][SiW12O40]?2H2O (2),[Cu(4,4’-bipy)(phen)]2[H3O]2[SiW12O40]?8H2O (3)和[Cu(4,4’-bipy-Cl)(phen)]2[H3O][PW12O40]?H2O (4) (bipy = 联吡啶,phen = 邻菲罗啉),通过红外光谱、热重、元素分析、X-单晶衍射对聚合物进行了表征,在苯乙烯催化环氧化反应中,3和4显示了较高的催化活性,这与结构中存在配位不饱和金属中心有关.     

Keggin结构纳米硅钨酸铵的室温固相合成与物性

首次以H4SiW12O40 * 22H2O和(NH4)2C2O4 * H2O为原料,室温固相反应合成出(NH4)4SiW12O40纳米微粒;用元素分析、 FTIR确定产物的组成和结构; XRD、 TEM和BET对产物的形貌、晶粒尺寸和比表面积进行了表征; TG-DTA确定了产物的稳定温区.结果表明,产物为纳米粒子,平均粒径为60 nm,比表面积为108.7 m2/g,在430℃以下具有良好的热稳定性.在固相反应中,研磨和放热反应热效应能加快反应物扩散速率和生成物成核速率,使产物粒径减小;反应物含有结晶水和生成物H2C2O4 * 2H2O,对形成小粒径的(NH4)4SiW12O40纳米粒子起关键作用.     

色谱法研究杂多酸I: 反相高效液相色谱法分离钨杂多酸

以CH3-OH-磷酸缓冲溶液作流动相,研究反相高效液体色谱法直接分离几种钨的杂多酸离子:K8SiW11O39,K3PW12O40,K4SiW12O40,K3PW12O40和K5SiW11Fe(H2O)O39.结果表明电荷数少,保留值大;缓冲溶液的pH值和甲醇的浓度增大,四价钨硅酸离子的保留值降低,而八价钨硅酸离子在各种条件下保留值均不改变,缓冲溶液的pH值在3.76和4.66之间,所获色谱峰最佳.     

Reaction Mechanism on the Synergistic Photodegradation of Dye X3B and Photoreduction of Dichromate in the Presence of Polyoxometalate

Photodegradation of a textile dye X3B and photoreduction of dichromate (Cr(VI)) in an acidic aqueous solution were studied under 320 nm cut-off UV light irradiation in the presence of two polyoxometalates (POM), H₃PW₁₂O₄₀ (PW), and H₄SiW₁₂O₄₀ (SiW). The reactions in POM-X3B-Cr(VI) system were faster than those in POM-X3B, POM-Cr(VI), and X3B-Cr(VI) systems. For all reactions, PW was more photoactive than SiW. The reaction rates were proportional to the initial concentration of each component. The effects of N₂, O₂, and air were small but regular, indicating Cr(VI) photoreduction by a reduced POM. Quenching experiments with H₂O₂ and ethanol revealed that X3B photodegradation mainly occurred through hydroxyl radical (OH). It was proposed that the production of OH and a reduced POM⁻ by the reaction between H₂O and excited POM^* was the rate determining step, with which all evidence could be well interpreted. Different effects of POM concentration in a two- or three-component system on the reaction rates suggested that the reaction between H₂O and excited POM^* was reversible.     

One-electron redox processes during polyoxometalate-mediated photocatalytic reactions of TiO(2) studied by two-color two-laser flash photolysis

The one-electron redox processes of several compounds during polyoxometalate (POM)-mediated photocatalytic reactions of TiO(2) were investigated using the two-color two-laser flash-photolysis technique. The efficiency of the one-electron oxidation of aromatic sulfides by the trapped hole (h(tr) (+)) or the surface-bound OH radical (OH(s) (.)) is found to be significantly enhanced due to electron transfer from the conduction band (CB) of TiO(2) to the POM. The efficiency of the electron transfer from the CB of TiO(2) to the POM decreases in the order H(2)W(12)O(40) (6-) < SiW(12)O(40) (4-) < PW(12)O(40) (3-), that is, it depends on the reduction potential (E(red)) of the POMs. Electron injection from PW(12)O(40) (4-) in the excited state (PW(12)O(40) (4-*)) to the CB of TiO(2) was clearly observed using the two-color two-laser flash-photolysis technique. Storage of electrons in the TiO(2)/PW(12)O(40) (3-)/methyl viologen (MV(2+)) ternary system was also achieved upon two-color two-laser irradiation.     

Si取代Keggin型多酸催化光解水产氢机理

本文采用DFT和TD-DFT方法研究了Keggin型多酸[SiW12O40]4-光催化劈裂水产氢气机理。计算结果显示反应主要包括四个步骤：(i) 光激发,(ii) 电荷转移和生成单电子还原(OER)中间体,(iii) 生成双电子还原(TER)中间体,(iv)氢气从多酸表面解离和催化剂重生。当第一个电子从甲醇转移到多酸后,后续反应存在均为热力学上有利的放热途径,并推动第二个电子从甲醇自由基,H[SiW12O40]4-或[SiW12O40]5-转移到OER中间体H[SiW12O40]4-或[SiW12O40]5-生成TER中间体[SiW12O40]6-,H[SiW12O40]5-或H2[SiW12O40]4-,并伴随着H2产生。耦合的电子和质子转移路径在能量上最有利。甲醇和水分子的参与有利于H2产生。多酸在整个催化循环中,扮演了光敏剂、催化剂、电子的受体和给体。     

Theoretical study of the relative stabilities of the alpha/beta3-[XW11O39](m-) lacunary polyoxometalates (X = P, Si)

A computational study of the relative stability of the monolacunary Keggin polyoxotungstates alpha and beta 3-[XW 11O 39] ( m- ) (X = P, m = 7; X = Si, m = 8) was performed. The influence of the nature of different grafted cations and of the central anion XO 4 ( n- ) on the relative stabilities of the lacunary isomers was analyzed. From these results, an interpretation of the structural difference in the metallic frameworks of alpha-[PW 11O 39{Ru(DMSO) 3(H 2O)}] (5-), alpha-[PW 11O 39{Ru(C 6H 6)(H 2O)}] (5-), and beta 3-[SiW 11O 39{Ru(DMSO) 3(H 2O)}] (6-) is proposed, and conclusions are drawn as to how to favor the formation of beta 3 derivatives in future syntheses.     

Mechanisms of formation of 8-oxoguanine due to reactions of one and two OH* radicals and the H2O2 molecule with guanine: A quantum computational study

Mechanisms of formation of the mutagenic product 8-oxoguanine (8OG) due to reactions of guanine with two separate OH* radicals and with H2O2 were investigated at the B3LYP/6-31G, B3LYP/6-311++G, and B3LYP/AUG-cc-pVDZ levels of theory. Single point energy calculations were carried out with the MP2/AUG-cc-pVDZ method employing the optimized geometries at the B3LYP/AUG-cc-pVDZ level. Solvent effect was treated using the PCM and IEF-PCM models. Reactions of two separate OH* radicals and H2O2 with the C2 position of 5-methylimidazole (5MI) were investigated taking 5MI as a model to study reactions at the C8 position of guanine. The addition reaction of an OH* radical at the C8 position of guanine is found to be nearly barrierless while the corresponding adduct is quite stable. The reaction of a second OH* radical at the C8 position of guanine leading to the formation of 8OG complexed with a water molecule can take place according to two different mechanisms, involving two steps each. According to one mechanism, at the first step, 8-hydroxyguanine (8OHG) complexed with a water molecule is formed ,while at the second step, 8OHG is tautomerized to 8OG. In the other mechanism, at the first step, an intermediate complexed (IC) with a water molecule is formed, the five-membered ring of which is open, while at the second step, the five-membered ring is closed and a hydrogen bonded complex of 8OG with a water molecule is formed. The reaction of H2O2 with guanine leading to the formation of 8OG complexed with a water molecule can also take place in accordance with two different mechanisms having two steps each. At the first step of one mechanism, H2O2 is dissociated into two OH* groups that react with guanine to form the same IC as that formed in the reaction with two separate OH* radicals, and the subsequent step of this mechanism is also the same as that of the reaction of guanine with two separate OH* radicals. At the first step of the other mechanism of the reaction of guanine with H2O2, the latter molecule is dissociated into a hydrogen atom and an OOH* group which become bonded to the N7 and C8 atoms of guanine, respectively. At the second step of this mechanism, the OOH* group is dissociated into an oxygen atom and an OH* group, the former becomes bonded to the C8 atom of guanine while the latter abstracts the H8 atom bonded to C8, thus producing 8OG complexed with a water molecule. Solvent effects of the aqueous medium on certain reaction barriers and released energies are appreciable. 5MI works as a satisfactory model for a qualitative study of the reactions of two separate OH* radicals or H2O2 occurring at the C8 position of guanine.     

Assembly of an undeca-nuclear nickel substituted POM through polycarboxylate ligand

An undeca-nuclear nickel substituted POM, namely [Ni(H(2)O)(6)][Ni(11)(PW(9)O(34))(2)(IDA)(3)(en)(2)(Hen)(2)(OH)(6)]·(H(2)O)(7)·(H(2)en)(2) (1) (en = 1,2-ethylenediamine, H(2)IDA = iminodiacetic acid), was synthesized through hydrothermal reaction of Na(6)PW(9)O(34), en, H(2)IDA and NiCl(2)·6H(2)O. Single-crystal structure reveals that 1 can be viewed as Ni(6)PW(9) and Ni(5)PW(9) units linked by a μ(3)-O bridge and two IDA(2-) ligands. Magnetic investigation indicates the presence of dominantly ferrimagnetic interactions within the Ni(11) core. Electrochemistry study shows that 1 displays a stable and reproducible voltammetric graph.     

Methane oxidation mechanism on Pt(111): a cluster model DFT study

The electronic energy barriers of surface reactions pertaining to the mechanism of the electrooxidation of methane on Pt (111) were estimated with density functional theory calculations on a 10-atom Pt cluster, using both the B3LYP and PW91 functionals. Optimizations of initial and transition states were performed for elementary steps that involve the conversion of CH(4) to adsorbed CO at the Pt/vacuum interface. As a first approximation we do not include electrolyte effects in our model. The reactions include the dissociative chemisorption of CH(4) on Pt, dehydrogenation reactions of adsorbed intermediates (*CH(x) --> *CH(x-1) + *H and *CH(x)O --> *CH(x-1)O + *H), and oxygenation reactions of adsorbed CH(x) species (*CH(x) + *OH --> *CH(x)OH). Many pathways were investigated and it was found that the main reaction pathway is CH(4) --> *CH(3) --> *CH(2) --> *CH --> *CHOH --> *CHO --> *CO. Frequency analysis and transition-state theory were employed to show that the methane chemisorption elementary step is rate-limiting in the above mechanism. This conclusion is in agreement with published experimental electrochemical studies of methane oxidation on platinum catalysts that have shown the absence of an organic adlayer at electrode potentials that allow the oxidation of adsorbed CO. The mechanism of the electrooxidation of methane on Pt is discussed.     

A microwave-assisted and heteropolyacids-catalysed cyclocondensation reaction for the synthesis of 4(3H)-quinazolinones

We have investigated a microwave-assisted synthesis of 4(3H)-quinazolinones by condensation of anthranilic acid, orthoesters (or formic acid) and substituted anilines,using Keggin-type heteropolyacids (H(3)PW(12)O(40).13H(2)O, H(4)SiW(12)O(40).13H(2)O,H(4)SiMo(12)O(40).13H(2)O or H(3)PMo(12)O(40).13H(2)O) as catalysts. We found that the the use of H(3)PW(12)O(40).13H(2)O acid coupled to microwave irradiation allows a solvent-free, rapid (approximately 13min) and high-yielding reaction.