碳催化剂用于异丁烷直接脱氢制异丁烯（英文）

异丁烯用途广泛,被认为是除乙烯和丙烯外最重要的基础化工原料.异丁烯的来源主要是石油裂化过程中产生的碳四馏分,但随着对其需求量的逐年增加,分离法已逐渐无法满足,因此异丁烷直接脱氢工艺逐渐受到工业界和学术界的重视.铬系和铂系催化剂是两类传统工业催化体系,但铬对环境污染严重,铂作为贵金属成本较高,而且现有工艺大多存在催化剂稳定性较差需要反复再生的问题.近年来碳材料用于烷烃氧化脱氢反应的研究较多,并表现出较高的活性和稳定性,甚至有研究组提出金属催化剂在反应中快速生成的活性积碳(active coke)可能是真正的催化活性中心.但氧化脱氢反应不同于直接脱氢,需在反应中加入氧气,这在实际生产中会带来一系列问题:考虑到烷烃的爆炸极限,实际应用时反应气必须稀释,这不利于产物的收集;而且氧气会导致反应物过度氧化产生CO和CO2等副产物,也限制了氧化脱氢工艺在工业上的应用和发展.我们研究组将椰壳碳、煤质碳和碳纳米管等碳材料作为催化剂用于催化异丁烷直接脱氢反应,发现碳催化剂表现出较高的催化活性:在625o C,椰壳碳上异丁烷转化率和异丁烯选择性分别为70%和78%,连续反应3d后仍能维持34%的转化率,且选择性基本不变.与铬基催化剂相比,碳催化剂在稳定性方面表现出更大优势.我们进一步采用N2吸脱附、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和场发射扫描电子显微镜(FE-SEM)等手段对反应前后的碳催化剂进行了详细表征.N2吸脱附结果表明,椰壳碳比表面积高达1190.2 m2/g,这可能是其具有较高催化活性的原因;而结合催化剂活性数据,对比反应前后椰壳碳催化剂比表面积和异丁烷转化率可知,两者呈现近乎线性的相关性,进一步证实比表面积大小对碳催化剂催化活性有重要影响.XPS谱图证明椰壳碳在反应前表面除了有少量硅(0.73%)外,不存在金属氧化物等杂质,证实碳材料无需负载氧化物等即可表现出较高的催化活性;反应后沉积的积碳附着在催化剂表面,使硅含量降低至0.47%;催化剂中氧含量也由4.43%降低至3.78%,同时有碳酸盐生成.FTIR谱图进一步证实反应前的椰壳碳表面有丰富的有机官能团,但反应开始后有机官能团很快消失,而催化剂仍保持较高的催化活性,因此有机官能团并非碳催化剂催化活性高的必要因素,这与文献中已报道的结果不同.FE-SEM照片中观察到反应后椰壳碳催化剂表面形成积碳,随着反应时间延长积碳明显增多,这与XPS结果一致.碳材料具有来源广泛、绿色环保等显著优势,可作为一种新的催化体系应用于异丁烷直接脱氢反应,无需负载其他物质或添加氧化性气体即可表现出良好的催化活性和稳定性,其比表面积对催化活性有重要影响,反应中产生的积碳导致催化剂比表面积下降进而降低其催化活性,而有机官能团的存在对催化活性影响不大.     

NiO/Al_2O_3催化剂上二氧化碳气氛下异丁烷耦合脱氢制异丁烯

研究了二氧化碳气氛下NiO/Al2O3催化剂上异丁烷脱氢制异丁烯的反应性能,考察了助剂K2O对NiO/Al2O3催化性能的影响。结果表明,与在惰性气氛下的反应相比,在二氧化碳气氛下异丁烷脱氢与逆水煤气变换反应耦合,促进了异丁烷脱氢反应,异丁烯的收率得到提高。助剂K2O的加入,能降低催化剂的酸性,减缓反应过程中催化活性物种NiO的过度还原,并抑制异丁烷裂解及积炭生成等副反应,从而提高了异丁烯的收率以及催化剂的稳定性。     

异丁烷在钼酸锌上的催化氧化脱氢

研究了钼酸锌对异丁烷氧化脱氢反应的催化作用,考察了原料气中烷氧体积比、N₂及水蒸汽对反应结果的影响.提高反应原料气中的烷氧体积比能够提高异丁烯选择性,但也会降低异丁烷的转化率.原料气中加入N₂不利于反应;而加入水蒸汽可提高异丁烯选择性.催化剂表面主要是弱酸中心,对反应有利.     

负载型VOx／SBA-15催化剂催化CO2气氛下乙苯脱氢反应的研究

利用浸渍法制备了系列不同钒含量的VOx/SBA-15乙苯脱氢催化剂.并采用BET、UV-vis、XRD、TPO和O2脉冲等物理化学表征手段对催化剂进行了表征.二氧化碳气氛下的乙苯氧化脱氢反应结果表明,在550℃,当V2O5的含量为20%时,催化剂表现出最好的脱氢性能.乙苯的转化率达到74.1%,同时也获得95.7%的苯乙烯选择性.20VOx/SBA-15具有较高的比表面积、较多的酸性、较少的积碳,这可能是该催化剂表现出较好的催化性能的原因.     

羟基化氮化硼催化乙烷氧化脱氢制乙烯

乙烯是最为重要的化工原料之一,目前其工业来源主要来自于烃类的水蒸汽裂解过程.该过程本质上是一个高温均相裂解过程,温度(>800?℃)高,能耗大,碳排放严重.乙烷氧化脱氢制乙烯属于放热反应,反应温度低,速率快,无积碳等限制,是一条更富有竞争力的工艺路线.然而,常用的金属或金属氧化物催化剂容易导致乙烯深度氧化,从而降低了乙烯选择性.纳米碳材料在烃类氧化脱氢反应中展现出一定的催化活性,但容易被氧化,难以用于反应温度高的乙烷氧化脱氢反应.本文报道了羟基化的氮化硼(BNOH)可高效催化乙烷氧化脱氢制乙烯.氮化硼边沿羟基官能团脱氢生成了动态活性位,从而引发了乙烷的脱氢反应.BNOH对乙烷氧化脱氢制乙烯显示出高选择性.当乙烷转化率在11%,乙烯选择性可高达95%;当乙烷转化率增加到40%,乙烯选择性保持在90%.重要的是,当乙烷转化率超过60%时,BNOH仍然可保持80%的乙烯选择性以及50%的乙烯收率.这些性能指标与现有工业乙烷水蒸气裂解过程运行性能相当.进一步优化反应条件,BNOH催化剂能够实现高达9.1 gC2H4 gcat-1 h-1的时空收率.经过200 h的氧化脱氢反应测试,BNOH催化剂活性和选择性基本恒定,表明其具有非常好的稳定性.X射线粉末衍射结果显示,反应前后BNOH催化剂的物相没有发生变化.透射电子显微镜测试证实,反应后BNOH催化剂的形貌和微观结构也没有明显改变.X射线光电子能谱结果显示,反应200 h后BNOH催化剂表面的氧含量仅从反应前的6.9 atom%微增到8.3 atom%.1H固体核磁共振谱测试显示,反应200 h后,BNOH催化剂上羟基含量无明显改变.结合原位透射红外光谱和同位素示踪实验,初步确定了BNOH催化剂上引发乙烷氧化脱氢反应的活性中心.氮化硼边沿的氧官能团并不能引发乙烷的氧化脱氢反应,而羟基官能团才是氧化脱氢反应发生的活性位.在乙烷氧化脱氢条件下,分子氧脱除羟基官能团上的氢原子动态生成BNO·?和HO2·?活性位.密度泛函理论计算表明,乙烷首先在BNO·?或HO2·?位活化生成乙基自由基,这些中间物进一步与气相氧物种发生反应脱氢生成乙烯.动力学测试结果也验证了上述实验和理论结果.     

羟基化氮化硼催化乙烷氧化脱氢制乙烯（英文）

乙烯是最为重要的化工原料之一,目前其工业来源主要来自于烃类的水蒸汽裂解过程.该过程本质上是一个高温均相裂解过程,温度(800℃)高,能耗大,碳排放严重.乙烷氧化脱氢制乙烯属于放热反应,反应温度低,速率快,无积碳等限制,是一条更富有竞争力的工艺路线.然而,常用的金属或金属氧化物催化剂容易导致乙烯深度氧化,从而降低了乙烯选择性.纳米碳材料在烃类氧化脱氢反应中展现出一定的催化活性,但容易被氧化,难以用于反应温度高的乙烷氧化脱氢反应.本文报道了羟基化的氮化硼(BNOH)可高效催化乙烷氧化脱氢制乙烯.氮化硼边沿羟基官能团脱氢生成了动态活性位,从而引发了乙烷的脱氢反应.BNOH对乙烷氧化脱氢制乙烯显示出高选择性.当乙烷转化率在11%,乙烯选择性可高达95%;当乙烷转化率增加到40%,乙烯选择性保持在90%.重要的是,当乙烷转化率超过60%时,BNOH仍然可保持80%的乙烯选择性以及50%的乙烯收率.这些性能指标与现有工业乙烷水蒸气裂解过程运行性能相当.进一步优化反应条件,BNOH催化剂能够实现高达9.1g_(C2H4)g_(cat)~(-1)h~(-1)的时空收率.经过200 h的氧化脱氢反应测试,BNOH催化剂活性和选择性基本恒定,表明其具有非常好的稳定性.X射线粉末衍射结果显示,反应前后BNOH催化剂的物相没有发生变化.透射电子显微镜测试证实,反应后BNOH催化剂的形貌和微观结构也没有明显改变.X射线光电子能谱结果显示,反应200 h后BNOH催化剂表面的氧含量仅从反应前的6.9 atom%微增到8.3 atom%.~1H固体核磁共振谱测试显示,反应200 h后,BNOH催化剂上羟基含量无明显改变.结合原位透射红外光谱和同位素示踪实验,初步确定了BNOH催化剂上引发乙烷氧化脱氢反应的活性中心.氮化硼边沿的氧官能团并不能引发乙烷的氧化脱氢反应,而羟基官能团才是氧化脱氢反应发生的活性位.在乙烷氧化脱氢条件下,分子氧脱除羟基官能团上的氢原子动态生成BNO~·和HO_2~·活性位.密度泛函理论计算表明,乙烷首先在BNO~·或HO_2~·位活化生成乙基自由基,这些中间物进一步与气相氧物种发生反应脱氢生成乙烯.动力学测试结果也验证了上述实验和理论结果.     

不同载体负载的Cr基催化剂催化CO2氧化异丁烷脱氢制异丁烯

制备了介孔分子筛MSU-1,γ-A12O3,AC(活性炭)和MgO负载的CrOx催化剂,并考察了其催化CO2氧化异丁烷脱氢制异丁烯反应性能.结果表明,各催化剂活性的顺序为:CrOx/MSU-1 ＞CrOx/A12O3＞ CrOx/AC＞ CrOJMgO.其中在CrOx/MSU-1催化剂上,异丁烷的转化率和异丁烯的收率分...     

水蒸汽对Ni/Ce-Zr-Al-Ox催化剂上CO2-CH4反应积碳的影响

采用水热合成-负载法制备了Ni/Ce-Zr-Al-Ox催化剂,进行了CO2重整CH4的反应,并采用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、程序升温加氢(TPH)等方法表征了在反应过程中催化剂表面的积碳物种,考察了添加少量水蒸汽对积碳的影响以及水蒸汽和表面积碳物种的作用.TPH实验测得有两类碳物种,一类是在250～350℃出现的少量α-碳,应主要是活性高的CH4解离碎片;另一类是在700℃附近出现的β-碳,应是导致催化剂失活的趋于石墨化或已经石墨化的积碳.β-碳比α-碳更容易同水蒸汽作用,添加少量水蒸汽到反应气中能够明显抑制β-碳的生成.活性测试结果表明,Ni/Ce-Zr-Al-Ox催化剂显示了89%的CH4转化率和良好的稳定性,添加3.2%(ψ)的水蒸汽后活性提高到94%,由于对非活性积碳的抑制,可以预料其稳定性也将进一步提高.     

MOF衍生的MnCeOx低温催化降解甲苯

以MOF-74为前驱体成功制备了Ce改性的MnCeO_x催化剂用于甲苯的催化氧化反应，并对催化剂进行了XRD、SEM、TEM、XPS等方面的测试表征。结果表明，MOF衍生的MnCeO_x具有较大的比表面积和较大的孔径，Ce掺杂使催化剂具有丰富的氧空位、良好的氧迁移率和较高的表面Mn4+的含量。XPS显示MnCeO_xMOF具有较高的Mn⁴⁺、Ce³⁺含量，以及在O_ads/O_latt具有优势。在催化甲苯的分解反应中，MOF衍生的MnCeO_x催化剂表现出了良好的低温催化氧化性能，甲苯完成90%的转化率时的温度(T₉₀)仅为231℃，与对比催化剂相比有明显优势。并在连续反应20 h后仍保持较高的催化活性，表现出Ce改性的MnCeO_x-MOF催化剂具有良好的稳定性。     

异丁烷脱氢反应的热力学分析

利用HSC5.0软件对异丁烷脱氢反应进行热力学分析,计算了异丁烷脱氢过程中各反应的平衡常数和不同温度、压力及氢烃比的异丁烷脱氢反应的平衡转化率.结果显示,裂解反应平衡常数比脱氢反应大约3个数量级,在热力学上裂解反应更易进行.在异丁烯异构化产物中,trans-C4 H8生成的平衡常数最大,cis-C4 H8其次,1-C4...     

Dehydrogenation of isobutane in the presence of carbon dioxide over supported vanadium oxide catalysts

Summary The dehydrogenation of isobutane to isobutene in the presence of carbon dioxide was carried out over supported vanadium oxide catalysts. The influence of the support on the catalytic performance was investigated. The isobutane conversion and isobutene selectivity in the presence of carbon dioxide were compared with the results obtained during the dehydrogenation reaction in the presence of helium (inert gas). The catalysts were characterized by temperature-programmed techniques (TPR, TPD-NH₃, TPD-CO₂).     

Catalytic dehydrogenation of isobutane in the presence of carbon dioxide

Summary The dehydrogenation of isobutane to isobutene in the presence and absence of carbon dioxide is discussed on the basis of catalytic studies. The V-Mg-O catalysts have been prepared using different preparation procedures. The structure and texture of the V-Mg-O catalysts were characterized by several techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), BET surface area measurements and infrared spectroscopy (IR). The results show that carbon dioxide enhances isobutane conversion in the reaction carried out over the V-Mg-O catalyst prepared by citrate method.     

Phosphated ceria,selective catalysts for oxidative dehydrogenation of isobutane

The oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of isobutane over pure ceria and phosphated ceria catalysts, containing two different amounts of phosphorus, was examined at temperatures ranging from 450 to 610 °C. The catalysts were characterized using nitrogen adsorption, DRX, SEM, EDX, XPS and TPR techniques. Adding phosphorus to ceria and increasing the phosphorus content results in a modification of the physicochemical characteristics of the catalyst, the redox ability of the catalytic material being strongly diminished. At the same time, by adding phosphorus to ceria and increasing the phosphorus content, a decrease of the catalytic activity accompanied by an important increase of the selectivity for isobutene, mainly at the expense of carbon oxides, was observed. A compensation effect in catalysis was also observed for the isobutane conversion on this series of catalysts.     

水热法合成的MoVTeNbOx多组分氧化物催化剂上异丁烷的选择氧化

采用水热法合成了MoVTeNbOx多组分氧化物催化剂, 并用XRD, ICP, BET和SEM等方法对催化剂进行了表征, 考察了MoVTeNbOx多组分氧化物催化剂的组成、反应温度和空速对异丁烷选择氧化反应性能的影响. 其中组成为MoV0.3Te0.17Nb0.12Ox的催化剂显示出最好的催化活性和选择性, 在673 K下, 异丁烷的转化率为10.8%, 甲基丙烯醛(MAL)和甲基丙烯酸(MAA)的收率累积达到6.5%.     

不同活性炭负载的镍基催化剂上废塑料裂解制碳纳米管性能

以椰壳炭、竹炭和木炭三种活性炭为载体,采用浸渍法制备炭负载金属镍的催化剂,考察其在废塑料裂解制备碳纳米管过程中的催化反应性能;采用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、透射电镜、拉曼光谱仪、同步热分析仪、比表面积分析仪等手段分析了催化剂和产物碳纳米管的形貌和结构。结果表明,椰壳活性炭为载体制备的镍基催化剂上碳纳米管产量最高、石墨化程度最好。以椰壳活性炭为载体制备的镍基催化剂为例,研究了反应温度和镍负载量对其催化性能的影响。     

富氮空心蠕虫状碳材料的合成及其苯甲醇非金属选择性催化氧化的高活性

Carbon materials have become one of the research hotspots in the field of catalysis as a typical representative of non-metallic catalytic materials. Herein, a facile synthetic strategy is developed to fabricate a series of hollow carbon nanoworms (h-NCNWs) that contain nitrogen up to 9.83 wt% by employing graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) as the sacrificing template and solid nitrogen source. The h-NCNWs catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM), N₂ adsorption-desorption, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermal gravimetric (TG), Raman spectra, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies (XPS). The catalytic activities of the h-NCNWs catalysts for selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol with O₂ were also evaluated. The characterization results revealed that the h-NCNWs catalysts displayed a unique hollow worm-like nanostructure with turbostratic carbon shells. The nitrogen content and shell thickness can be tuned by varying the relative ratio of resorcinol to g-C₃N₄ during the preparation process. Furthermore, nitrogen is incorporated to the carbon network in the form of graphite (predominantly) and pyridine, which is critical for the enhancement of the catalytic activity of carbon catalysts for the selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol. At a reaction temperature of 120 ℃, a 24.9% conversion of benzyl alcohol with > 99% selectivity to benzaldehyde can be achieved on the h-NCNWs catalyst prepared with a mass ratio of resorcinol to g-C₃N₄ of 0.5. However, the catalytic activities of the h-NCNWs catalysts were dependent on the amount of N dopants, in particular graphitic nitrogen species. The conversion of benzyl alcohol markedly decreased to 13.1% on the h-NCNWs catalyst prepared with a mass ratio of resorcinol to g-C₃N₄ of 1.5. Moreover, the h-NCNWs catalyst showed excellent stability during the reaction process. The conversion of benzyl alcohol and the high selectivity to aldehyde can be kept within five catalytic runs over the h-NCNWs0.5 catalyst. These results indicate that rationally designed carbon materials have great potential as highly efficient heterogeneous catalysts for oxidation reactions.     

Selective Oxidation of Isobutane over NH4CsFePVMoAs Heteropolycompound Catalysts

A series of NH4Cs1.5Fe0.08HxPVMo11AsαOy heteropolycompound catalysts for the selective oxidation of isobutane, having Keggin structure, were synthesized by using co-precipitation method. The catalysts were characterized by FT-IR, H2-TPR, TG-DTA, SEM and XRD. Effects of the As content,reaction time, reaction temperature and molar ratio of isobutane to oxygen in feedstock on the activity and selectivity of the catalyst were investigated. The activation energy of the catalysts was measured by kinetics researches. Results showed the introduction of Cs^ into the catalysts shortened the stable period of them and enhanced their catalytic activity for the selective oxidation of isobutane. The highest conversion of isobutane and the total selectivity to liquid products were 18.6% and 81.2%, respectively,which were obtained at 380 *(3 with a space velocity of 975h^-1 over the NH4Cs1.5Fe0.08HxPVMo11 As0.3Oy heteropolycompound catalyst. It is confirmed that completely oxidized products were controlled well.     

Isobutane Dehydrogenation Assisted by CO2 over Silicalite‐1‐Supported ZnO Catalysts: Influence of Support Crystallite Size

The ZnO catalysts supported on Silicalite‐1 zeolites with different crystallite sizes (0.08, 0.35, 1 and 1.7 μm, respectively) and 5% Zn were synthesized via an incipient wetness method. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, N₂ adsorption, SEM, TEM‐EDX, DRIFT spectra and NH₃‐TPD, and their catalytic performance in isobutane dehydrogenation assisted by CO₂ was investigated. The catalytic activity is strongly dependent on the crystallite size of Silicalite‐1 support. The ZnO/S‐1‐0.35 catalyst with ca. 0.35 μm crystallite size displays the highest activity, affording an initial isobutane conversion of 51.0% and 74.5% isobutene selectivity. This can be attributed to a higher amount of acid sites present on this catalyst as well as the largest amount of nest silanols possessed by the S‐1‐0.35 support.     

基于石墨烯基材料的非金属液相催化反应

非金属碳基催化剂因其具有合成简单、结构稳定、比表面积大、可调控性强等特点受到了研究者的关注,已成为最活跃的研究领域之一。以二维、单原子层、六方结构的碳为基础的石墨烯和其高度氧化形态——氧化石墨烯是一类新兴的碳基材料。这类材料在催化领域的应用在近五年内才刚刚兴起。此类材料可用于烃类转化、有机化学合成、能源转化等多种催化反应,本文主要综述了采用化学氧化还原法制备的石墨烯和氧化石墨材料为催化剂的各类催化反应的最新研究进展。