Catalytic dehydrogenation of isobutane in the presence of carbon dioxide

Summary The dehydrogenation of isobutane to isobutene in the presence and absence of carbon dioxide is discussed on the basis of catalytic studies. The V-Mg-O catalysts have been prepared using different preparation procedures. The structure and texture of the V-Mg-O catalysts were characterized by several techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), BET surface area measurements and infrared spectroscopy (IR). The results show that carbon dioxide enhances isobutane conversion in the reaction carried out over the V-Mg-O catalyst prepared by citrate method.     

Coupling dehydrogenation of isobutane in the presence of carbon dioxide over chromium oxide supported on active carbon

The dehydrogenation of isobutane （IB） to produce isobutene coupled with reverse water gas shift in the presence of carbon dioxide was investigated over the catalyst Cr2O3 supported on active carbon （Cr2O3/AC）. The results illustrated that isobutane conversion and isobutene yield can be enhanced through the reaction coupling in the presence of carbon dioxide. Moreover, carbon dioxide can partially eliminate carbonaceous deposition on the catalyst and keep the active phase （Cr2O3）, which are then helpful to alleviate the catalyst deactivation.     

Improvements in selectivity and stability of Rh catalysts modified by SnBu4. dehydrogenation of isobutane to isobutene

RhSn/SiO₂ bimetallic catalysts prepared via an organometallic route have proved to be very active and selective toward several hydrogenation reactions. In this work these catalysts were studied for the dehydrogenation of isobutane to isobutene. It was found that Rh/SiO₂ monometallic catalysts had a null selectivity to isobutene, and this selectivity increased up to more than 90% after the addition of tin, using SnBu₄ as precursor.     

Novel KF-TiO2catalysts for oxidative dehydrogenation of isobutane

A novel type of catalysts, KF-TiO₂, efficient for the oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of isobutane is presented. The effect of KF content and calcination temperature was studied. In the reaction conditions explored, the best performance (73 % selectivity to isobutene at 10.5 % conversion of isobutane) was observed over a catalyst with KF/TiO₂ = 0.2 (mol/mol). The surface properties of the catalysts were investigated by SPS (Surface Photo-voltage Spectroscopy) and XPS. The promotion effect of KF in the catalysts can be attributed to the formation of an oxyfluoro-compound, K₂Ti₄O₈F₂.     

Physicochemical study of catalysts for the oxidative dehydrogenation of isobutane: Cobalt,nickel, and manganese molybdates

Temperature-programmed desorption and IR spectroscopic studies of the physicochemical properties of cobalt, nickel, and manganese molybdates are reported. These properties are correlated with the catalytic properties of the molybdates in the oxidative dehydrogenation of isobutane with atmospheric oxygen. It is demonstrated by an analysis of the IR spectra of the molybdates that the isobutene yield grows as the proportion of tetrahedrally coordinated molybdenum in the catalyst structure increases in isobutane dehydrogenation. NiMoO₄ has the highest surface concentration of strong acid sites, and it binds adsorbed isobutene more strongly than the other catalysts     

NiO/Al_2O_3催化剂上二氧化碳气氛下异丁烷耦合脱氢制异丁烯

研究了二氧化碳气氛下NiO/Al2O3催化剂上异丁烷脱氢制异丁烯的反应性能,考察了助剂K2O对NiO/Al2O3催化性能的影响。结果表明,与在惰性气氛下的反应相比,在二氧化碳气氛下异丁烷脱氢与逆水煤气变换反应耦合,促进了异丁烷脱氢反应,异丁烯的收率得到提高。助剂K2O的加入,能降低催化剂的酸性,减缓反应过程中催化活性物种NiO的过度还原,并抑制异丁烷裂解及积炭生成等副反应,从而提高了异丁烯的收率以及催化剂的稳定性。     

异丁烷在Cr2（MOO4）3,Fe2（MoO4）3催化剂上的无氧脱氢与氧化脱氢

研究了Ｃｒ２（ＭｏＯ４）３、Ｆｅ２（ｍＯ４）３、对异丁烷无氧脱氢与氧化氢的催化性能，在无氧脱氧反应中，催化剂的表面酸性既有利于异丁烷活性生成异丁烯，又易引起裂和异构化等副反应，在氧化脱氢反应中，异丁烯选择性较低，催化剂的表面酸中心对反应中间体的吸附将导致深度氧化。     

碳催化剂用于异丁烷直接脱氢制异丁烯

异丁烯用途广泛,被认为是除乙烯和丙烯外最重要的基础化工原料.异丁烯的来源主要是石油裂化过程中产生的碳四馏分,但随着对其需求量的逐年增加,分离法已逐渐无法满足,因此异丁烷直接脱氢工艺逐渐受到工业界和学术界的重视.铬系和铂系催化剂是两类传统工业催化体系,但铬对环境污染严重,铂作为贵金属成本较高,而且现有工艺大多存在催化剂稳定性较差需要反复再生的问题.近年来碳材料用于烷烃氧化脱氢反应的研究较多,并表现出较高的活性和稳定性,甚至有研究组提出金属催化剂在反应中快速生成的活性积碳(active coke)可能是真正的催化活性中心.但氧化脱氢反应不同于直接脱氢,需在反应中加入氧气,这在实际生产中会带来一系列问题：考虑到烷烃的爆炸极限,实际应用时反应气必须稀释,这不利于产物的收集;而且氧气会导致反应物过度氧化产生CO和CO2等副产物,也限制了氧化脱氢工艺在工业上的应用和发展.
　　我们研究组将椰壳碳、煤质碳和碳纳米管等碳材料作为催化剂用于催化异丁烷直接脱氢反应,发现碳催化剂表现出较高的催化活性：在625 oC,椰壳碳上异丁烷转化率和异丁烯选择性分别为70%和78%,连续反应3d后仍能维持34%的转化率,且选择性基本不变.与铬基催化剂相比,碳催化剂在稳定性方面表现出更大优势.我们进一步采用N2吸脱附、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和场发射扫描电子显微镜(FE-SEM)等手段对反应前后的碳催化剂进行了详细表征. N2吸脱附结果表明,椰壳碳比表面积高达1190.2 m2/g,这可能是其具有较高催化活性的原因;而结合催化剂活性数据,对比反应前后椰壳碳催化剂比表面积和异丁烷转化率可知,两者呈现近乎线性的相关性,进一步证实比表面积大小对碳催化剂催化活性有重要影响. XPS谱图证明椰壳碳在反应前表面除了有少量硅(0.73%)外,不存在金属氧化物等杂质,证实碳材料无需负载氧化物等即可表现出较高的催化活性;反应后沉积的积碳附着在催化剂表面,使硅含量降低至0.47%;催化剂中氧含量也由4.43%降低至3.78%,同时有碳酸盐生成. FTIR谱图进一步证实反应前的椰壳碳表面有丰富的有机官能团,但反应开始后有机官能团很快消失,而催化剂仍保持较高的催化活性,因此有机官能团并非碳催化剂催化活性高的必要因素,这与文献中已报道的结果不同. FE-SEM照片中观察到反应后椰壳碳催化剂表面形成积碳,随着反应时间延长积碳明显增多,这与XPS结果一致.
　　碳材料具有来源广泛、绿色环保等显著优势,可作为一种新的催化体系应用于异丁烷直接脱氢反应,无需负载其他物质或添加氧化性气体即可表现出良好的催化活性和稳定性,其比表面积对催化活性有重要影响,反应中产生的积碳导致催化剂比表面积下降进而降低其催化活性,而有机官能团的存在对催化活性影响不大.     

Kinetics and mechanism of the oxidative dehydrogenation of isobutane on cobalt,nickel, and manganese molybdates

The kinetics of oxidative dehydrogenation of isobutane in the presence of atmospheric oxygen on manganese molybdate has been studied. The experiments have been carried out in a circulation flow reactor at 470–530°C. The form of kinetic equations and the mechanism of the formation of isobutene, carbon oxides, and cracking products on manganese molybdate are similar to those found previously for the same reaction on cobalt and nickel molybdates. The highest yields of isobutene and propene (isobutane cracking products) are achieved on Co_0.95MoO₄. The mechanism of the process has been investigated by the unsteady-state response method. Manganese molybdate contains the largest amount of reactive oxygen, whereas nickel molybdate contains the smallest amount of reactive oxygen. The earlier conclusion that molybdate lattice oxygen and chemisorbed oxygen play the main role in the formation of iso-C₄H₈ and in deep oxidation processes, respectively, is confirmed.     

Isobutane Dehydrogenation Assisted by CO2 over Silicalite‐1‐Supported ZnO Catalysts: Influence of Support Crystallite Size

The ZnO catalysts supported on Silicalite‐1 zeolites with different crystallite sizes (0.08, 0.35, 1 and 1.7 μm, respectively) and 5% Zn were synthesized via an incipient wetness method. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, N₂ adsorption, SEM, TEM‐EDX, DRIFT spectra and NH₃‐TPD, and their catalytic performance in isobutane dehydrogenation assisted by CO₂ was investigated. The catalytic activity is strongly dependent on the crystallite size of Silicalite‐1 support. The ZnO/S‐1‐0.35 catalyst with ca. 0.35 μm crystallite size displays the highest activity, affording an initial isobutane conversion of 51.0% and 74.5% isobutene selectivity. This can be attributed to a higher amount of acid sites present on this catalyst as well as the largest amount of nest silanols possessed by the S‐1‐0.35 support.     

Synergistic effect between Sn and K promoters on supported platinum catalyst for isobutane dehydrogenation

Catalytic dehydrogenation of isobutane has recently received considerable attention because of the increasing demand for isobutene.In this study,the synergistic effect between Sn and K on PtSnK/γ-Al2O3 catalysts has been investigated by changing the content of Sn.It was found that with the presence of potassium,suitable addition of Sn could not only increase the metal dispersion,but also reduce the catalyst acidity.In these cases,the synergistic effect could also strengthen the interactions between the metal and support,which resulted in an increase in both catalytic activity and stability.In our experiments,Pt-0.6SnK/Al catalyst exhibited the lowest deactivation rate (12.4%) and showed a selectivity to isobutene higher than 94% at the isobutane conversion of about 45.3% after running the reaction for 6 h.However,with the excessive loading of Sn,surface property of active sites and the interactions between metal and support were changed.As a result,the initial optimal ratio between the metallic function and acid function would be destroyed,which was disadvantageous to the reaction.     

Dehydrogenation of Isobutane to Isobutene with Carbon Dioxide over SBA‐15‐Supported Chromia‐Ceria Catalysts

A series of SBA‐15‐supported chromia‐ceria catalysts with 3% Cr and 1%–5% Ce (3Cr‐Ce/SBA) were prepared using an incipient wetness impregnation method. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, N₂ adsorption, SEM, TEM‐EDX, Raman spectroscopy, UV–vis spectroscopy, XPS and H₂‐TPR, and their catalytic performance for isobutane dehydrogenation with CO₂ was tested. The addition of ceria to SBA‐15‐supported chromia improves the dispersion of chromium species. 3Cr‐Ce/SBA catalysts are more active than SBA‐15‐supported chromia (3Cr/SBA), which is due to a higher concentration of Cr⁶⁺ species present on the former catalysts. The 3Cr‐3Ce/SBA catalyst shows the highest activity, which gives 35.4% isobutane conversion and 89.6% isobutene selectivity at 570 °C after 10 min of the reaction.     

Effect of chelating agents on catalytic performance of Cr/γ-Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> dehydrogenation catalysts

Chromia/alumina (Cr₂O₃/γ-Al₂O₃) catalysts with addition of chelating agents (citric acid or oxalic acid) were prepared by the incipient impregnation method. The resulting catalysts with different citric acid (CA) or oxalic acid (OA) contents were applied to the dehydrogenation of isobutane to isobutene. The influence of chelating agents on the catalysts was investigated by means of BET, SEM, H₂-TPR, NH₃-TPD, and TG-DTG. The results showed that the Cr₂O₃/γ-Al₂O₃ catalysts with addition of CA or OA exerted slightly increase on specific surface area. The addition of the chelating agents as expected, determined a general decrease in the surface acidity. The catalysts with CA or OA have a better anti-coking ability by inhibiting the side reaction of cracking and carbon formation. The addition of CA or OA for preparing these catalysts resulted in a beneficial effect on the reducibility of the Cr species to diminish the reduction temperature. The appropriate content of chelating agents could improve dispersion of metal species in the γ-Al₂O₃ support. The catalytic activity showed an important enhancement when the metal species was impregnated in the presence of CA or OA.     

Dehydration of isobutane in fixed bed on the stable to carbon deposition chromia-alumina catalysts

Study of chromia-alumina catalysts obtained from products of a thermochemical activation of aluminum trihydroxide for fixed-bed dehydrogenation of light paraffin hydrocarbons demonstrated that an increase in activity is observed in dehydrogenation of isobutane at a temperature of 590°C during the first 30 min of the catalytic process and then the activity slightly decreases. It was shown that the amount of carbon-deposition products on the surface of the synthesized catalysts after 120 min of isobutene dehydrogenation is 1–2 wt %. One of reasons for the high stability of chromia-alumina catalysts against carbon deposition is their porous structure. The use of the proposed catalysts in industry can improve the efficiency of the paraffin dehydrogenation processes by increasing the time of the reaction, while regeneration time is reduced.     

Oxidation of isobutane over hydrothermally synthesized Mo-V-Te-Nb-O mixed oxide catalysts

MoV_0.3Te_0.17 and MoV_0.3Te_0.17Nb_0.12 catalysts were prepared by a hydrothermal synthesis route and tested for the oxidation of isobutane and isobutene. Characterization results showed that the structure and property of Mo-V-Te-based catalysts are relatively different depending on the presence of the Nb element. Catalytic tests showed that the selectivity of methacrolein can comparatively be improved by the addition of Nb into the MoV_0.3Te_0.17 catalyst for the selective oxidation of isobutane.     

Effect of calcination conditions on the catalytic behavior of Te-Mo mixed oxide catalysts in oxidation of isobutane and isobutene

A series of Te-Mo-O catalysts were prepared by decomposing (NH₄)₆TeMo₆O₂₄·nH₂O telluromolybdate under different conditions and tested for the selective oxidation of isobutane and isobutene. Characterization results showed that their structure and properties depend on the calcination conditions. Catalytic tests showed that molybdenum may be the key element for the activation of isobutane, whereas the selective oxidation of isobutene to methacrolein might proceed mainly on the surface of a TeMo-containing crystalline phase.     

Dehydrogenation of isobutane with carbon dioxide over a vanadium-magnesium oxide catalyst

The activity of the vanadium-magnesium oxide catalyst was tested in the reaction of isobutane dehydrogenation reaction in the presence and absence of carbon dioxide. The data were compared with the results obtained in the Boudouard and the reverse water gas shift reactions. It has been found that carbon oxide is produced with both RWGS reactions coupled with the simple dehydrogenation of isobutane (i.e., two-step pathway) and the one-step oxidative dehydrogenation reaction.     

Kinetic and Mechanistic Study of the Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Isobutane over Cobalt and Nickel Molybdates

The kinetics and mechanism of the oxidative dehydrogenation of isobutane on nickel and cobalt molybdates are studied. Cobalt molybdate is found to be more active than nickel molybdate. The rate laws and mechanisms for the formation of isobutene, carbon oxides, and cracking products are the same for both catalysts. Isobutene is formed via the redox mechanism with the participation of lattice oxygen. The formation of carbon oxide occurs with the participation of chemisorbed oxygen. The steps of the mechanism are proposed.     

异丁烷在钼酸锌上的催化氧化脱氢

研究了钼酸锌对异丁烷氧化脱氢反应的催化作用,考察了原料气中烷氧体积比、N₂及水蒸汽对反应结果的影响.提高反应原料气中的烷氧体积比能够提高异丁烯选择性,但也会降低异丁烷的转化率.原料气中加入N₂不利于反应;而加入水蒸汽可提高异丁烯选择性.催化剂表面主要是弱酸中心,对反应有利.     

Isobutane dehydrogenation over chromia alumina catalysts prepared from MIL-101: Insight into chromium species on activity and selectivity

Various mesoporous chromia alumina catalysts were prepared by five different methods based on a metal-organic framework MIL-101 and their catalytic performances over isobutane dehydrogenation were investigated. The highly dispersed chromium species were produced on catalyst KCr Al-I1 with largest specific surface area of 198 m2 g-1prepared with aluminium isopropoxide(Al(i-OC3H7)3) by ultrasonic impregnation method. However, the catalyst KCr Al-I2 synthesized by stirring impregnation possessed crystalline α-Cr2O3 phase, which was poorly dispersed. Two types of Cr-rich and Al-rich Crx Al2-xO3 solid solutions, designated as Cr Al-I and Cr Al-II phase, were formed over the catalysts KCr Al-I3(prepared by Al(i-OC3H7)3with nitric acid regulation), KCr Al-C4(prepared by aluminium chloride hexahydrate) and KCr Al-N5(prepared by aluminium nitrate nonahydrate). Catalytic evaluation results revealed that KCr Al-I1 exhibited the high isobutane conversion due to its highly dispersed chromium species. However, KCr Al-I3, KCr Al-C4 and KCr Al-N5 showed the higher isobutene selectivity(95.2%-96.4%) on account of the formation of chromia alumina solid solutions in the catalysts. Moreover, the solid solution over the chromia alumina catalysts could greatly suppress the coke formation.