Calculating the Flexure Resistance of Bulk Solids Transported on Belt Conveyors

Belt conveyors are used extensively in the mining and mineral processing industries to transport bulk solid. As industry demands arise and conveying technology improves, belt conveyor installations are becoming progressively longer and belt speeds significantly faster. With longer conveying distances it becomes increasingly important to accurately calculate the motion resistances at the design stage, with the view of minimising these resistances to improve the efficiency of the installation. The motion resistances that occur along the length of the conveyor are known as the main resistances and include the belt and bulk solid flexure resistance, the rotational resistance of the idler rolls and the indentation rolling resistance of the conveyor belt.     

Calculation procedure to choose the design parameters of drying machines

The increased demand of the industry for lowering cost, minimizing loss, saving energy, and providing cleaner production calls for a continuous improvement of production lines, by accurate selection of parameters and with the use of new technologies and modern mechanical engineering methods. This article is aimed to provide iterative process of calculation and parameters selection of the vibratory conveyor of drying plant, the improved calculation is created taking into consideration set of factors influencing conveyor dynamics and process of vibratory displacement of the material, besides the alignment of the parameters of vibratory conveyor.     

一种压电超声波物料输送器*

利用压电陶瓷元件具有良好声电转换特性和输出特性,本文提出了一种新型结构的压电超声波物料输送器。设计了超声波物料输送器的结构并分析了其工作原理,采用纵扭复合型压电换能器为驱动源,对压电换能器进行了结构设计和参数计算,并对其进行了性能测试。由此研制出了压电超声波输送器的样机并进行了试验测试,结果表明:当频率为17.9 kHz–18.6 kHz时,输送器具有输送物料能力。驱动负载为1.5 kg时系统的谐振频率为18.3 kHz,输送速度最快,达到64个/min。随着电源输出功率的增大输送物料速度呈线性增加。该输送器的稳定性好,噪声低。与压电片式和电磁式输送器噪声进行对比,超声波输送器的工作噪声仅为31 dB,略小于压电片式,远小于电磁式。     

Acoustic load on the ear caused by headphones

The standardized method for measurement of complex impedances according to ISO 10534 Part 2 is applied to the acoustic impedance of the ear with an "open-pinna" condition and with different types of headphones. The method is based on measurement of the transfer function of two microphone locations in an impedance tube and subsequent signal processing of the complex signal spectra. The termination of the tube is interpreted as ear canal entrance, while the measurement direction is, apparently, from "inside" the head towards outside. A tube which was specifically designed for this purpose works well, even though extremely small impedances must be measured. The impedances of the free pinna are similar to the "soft" end condition in the open tube, approximately following the radiation impedance of a piston into free space. The headphone impedances can be separated according to the type of headphone. In addition, the absolute impedances as the differences to the open ear compared with a number of headphones are interesting and may be starting point for further investigations. One possibility is, of course, quality control of headphones. The results are also expected to be useful for psychoacoustic research, for better understanding of sound perception, and for use in development of audio equipment.     

An improved water-filled impedance tube

A water-filled impedance tube capable of improved measurement accuracy and precision is reported. The measurement instrument employs a variation of the standardized two-sensor transfer function technique. Performance improvements were achieved through minimization of elastic waveguide effects and through the use of sound-hard wall-mounted acoustic pressure sensors. Acoustic propagation inside the water-filled impedance tube was found to be well described by a plane wave model, which is a necessary condition for the technique. Measurements of the impedance of a pressure-release terminated transmission line, and the reflection coefficient from a water/air interface, were used to verify the system.     

Dynamical behavior of middle ear: theoretical study corresponding to measurement results obtained by a newly developed measuring apparatus

An attempt is made to develop a new measuring apparatus, and the dynamical characteristics of the middle ear of normal subjects and patients are measured with this apparatus. Applying the impedance theory of the tube to the external auditory canal, the aditus, and the tympanic and mastoid cavities, and applying the energy method to the eardrum and the ossicular chain, the equation of the middle ear, corresponding to the output of the apparatus and including the pressure difference effect upon the eardrum, is obtained. The numerical results are compared with the measurement results, and the effects of each part of the middle ear upon its dynamical characteristics are clarified. The great dependence of the dynamical characteristics of the middle ear upon the external auditory canal pressure is mainly caused by the pressure-dependent ossicular chain angular stiffness. The clearly different measurement results of the ossicular chain disorder patients from those of the normal subjects are obtainable by this apparatus, and these characteristics can be explained theoretically.     

Long distance magnetic conveyor for precise positioning of ultracold atoms

We describe a chip-based magnetic conveyor that transports ultracold atoms with high positioning accuracy over long distances, into an interaction region which is well separated from the magneto-optical trap and gives good optical access to the atoms. The conveyor can work in two different modes, with or without external bias field. The transport potential is generated by a two-layer conductor pattern, enabling a significantly smoother transport than our earlier single-layer conveyor. This is confirmed by numerical field calculations, using an optimization procedure that minimizes shape deformations as well as deviations from the linear transport path. We experimentally demonstrate the use of this conveyor in the mode with external bias field, transporting a cloud of cold atoms over a linear distance of 6 cm and a total distance of 24 cm. We also describe an on-chip quadrupole trap that can be rotated by π/2. This trap is used to remove design constraints on the orientation of the laser beams in the surface magneto-optical trap. The long-distance conveyor is a versatile tool for experiments with trapped cold atoms, and can achieve sub-micrometric positioning precision. Possible applications of this tool are discussed.     

Detection of freeze injury in oranges by magnetic resonance imaging of moving samples

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is applied for on-line inspection of fruits. The aim of this work is to address the applicability of MRI for freeze injury detection in oranges directly on a distribution chain. Undamaged and damaged oranges are conveyed at 50 and 100 mm/s by a specially designed conveyor within a 4.7 T spectrometer obtaining fast low-angle shot images. An automatic segmentation algorithm is proposed that allows the discrimination between undamaged and damaged oranges.     

对三代微光管光谱响应的测试分析

利用自行研制的光谱响应测试仪对国产三代微光管进行了光谱响应测试,给出了三代微光管的光谱响应特性,利用曲线拟合方法估算了GaAs光电阴极材料的性能参数。结果显示该三代微光管的积分灵敏度约800μA/lm左右,所选GaAs材料的电子扩散长度为2.0μm,与1.6μm的阴极厚度相当,电子表面逸出几率为0.38,后界面复合速率为106cm/s。发现GaAs材料的扩散长度偏低,以及阴极的后界面复合速率太大是限制三代微光管光电发射性能进一步提高的重要原因。     

Proposal of a frequency-synthesis chain between the microwave and optical frequencies of the Ca intercombination line at 657 nm using diode lasers

We propose a frequency synthesis chain which can directly connect a microwave atomic clock with a visible laser. We design this chain for the frequency measurement of a visible laser locked on the intercombination transition of Ca at 657 nm. The proposed chain is based on both an optical difference frequency divider and an optical frequency comb generator, and it is designed to use nine visible and near-infrared diode lasers. We discuss the technical requirements to realize the frequency measurement accuracy level of 10^–14.     

A method to obtain pulse contrast on a single shot

A novel method for obtaining a single shot multi-point high dynamic range pulse contrast measurement is presented. We use Dammann gratings to generate multiple beamlets by division of amplitude on ultrashort laser pulses. The analysis results show that this method can achieve high dynamic range in pulse contrast measurement on a single shot by using photomultiplier tube （PMT） detectors and the long working distances to minimize cross talk between channels. Some distortion of pulse shape is also analyzed detailedly with the Dammann grating and its compensation grating, which may degrade the pulse contrast measurement in some degree by pulse stretching and spectrum clipping.     

激光束截面光强分布参数及其稳定性的测量

报道了使用光束诊断仪对市售He-Ne激光管输出激光束的截面光强分布的测量结果及几种激光束截面光强分布参数的稳定性,并对测量结果作了定性说明。     

Flat-response sound source technique for using the two-microphone method in an impedance tube

In this letter, to improve the acoustic impedance measurement in a tube using the two-microphone method, a sound source technique is developed that is capable of generating incident sound waves of uniform intensity over the entire frequency range of interest. The basic principle is to use a digitally synthesized compensation input signal to achieve a flat response of the sound source provided by one or more loudspeakers. The present sound source technique has been demonstrated to be very effective and easily implemented with the current impedance tube testing systems.     

基于四水听器的充水弹性管声速测量方法

实验室中水声材料声学参数的测量主要在水声声管中进行。管内平面波声速是正确测量这些参数的基础。该文提出一种基于四水听器结合不同边界的测量充水弹性管中声速的新方法。该方法利用4个固定位置处的水听器,采用最小二乘的方法,使得两组水听器分别得到的声管末端入射波声压差值的平方最小的声速即为管内平面波声速。该方法利用单频信号,在每一频率点均可测得声速,可以在任一种声管末端边界下进行测量,同时无需知道各水听器到边界的精确距离,在文中的3种边界下声速测量结果具有很好的一致性,实验操作简单、误差很小。该方法的仿真结果与管内声速的理论值吻合得很好,同时实验测量结果与仿真值之间的误差很小,证明了方法的准确性以及鲁棒性,为声管声速测量提供一个很好的思路。     

一种间接测量惯性管阻抗的方法

惯性管是脉冲管制冷机的一个重要部件,需要保证其在脉冲管热端提供合适的阻抗幅值和相位。如何准确确定惯性管阻抗一直是个难点。本文利用直线压缩机背腔内压力波动计算体积流率,从而间接得到惯性管入口体积流率,进而得到惯性管阻抗特性,并与DeltaEC计算做了详细对比,为进一步优化脉冲管制冷机打下基础。本文首先介绍了惯性管的热声计算模型及其湍流修正方法,并详细介绍利用压缩机了测量体积流率的方法。实验中重点考察了频率、惯性管入口压力波动、气库体积大小对阻抗的影响,并对实验结果进行了分析。实验结果表明,阻抗幅值及相角跟湍流模型计算结果总体而言相当吻合,但在某些区域还需进一步修正。     

The coherent scattering function of the reptation model: Simulations compared to theory

We present results of Monte Carlo simulations measuring the coherent structure function of a chain moving through an ordered lattice of fixed topological obstacles. Our computer experiments use chains up to 320 beads and cover a large range of wave vectors and a time range exceeding the reptation time. For additional information we also measured the coherent structure function of internal pieces of the chain. We compare our results i) to the predictions of the primitive chain model, ii) to an approximate form resulting from Rouse motion in a coiled tube, and iii) to our recent evaluation of the full reptation model. i) The primitive chain model can fit the data for times , where T ₂ is the Rouse time of the chain. Besides some phenomenological amplitude factor this fit involves the reptation time T ₃ as a second fit parameter. For the chain lengths measured, the asymptotic behavior is not attained. ii) The model of Rouse motion in a tube, which we have criticized before on theoretical grounds, is shown to fail also on the purely phenomenological level. iii) Our evaluation of the full reptation model yields an excellent fit to the data for both total chains and internal pieces and for all wave vectors and all times, provided specific micro-structure effects of the MC dynamics are negligible. Such micro-structure effects show up for wave vectors of the order of the inverse segment size and enforce the introduction of some phenomenological, wave-vector-dependent prefactor. For the dynamics of the total chain our data analysis based on the full reptation model shows the importance of tube length fluctuations. Universal (Rouse-type) internal relaxation, however, is unimportant. It can be observed only in the form of the diffusive motion of a short central subchain in the tube. Finally, we present a fit formula which in a large range of wave vectors and chain lengths reproduces the numerical results of our theory for the scattering from the total chain.Received: 9 July 2003, Published online: 11 November 2003PACS: 83.10.Kn Reptation and tube theories - 82.35.Lr Physical properties of polymers - 83.10.Rs Computer simulation of molecular and particle dynamics     

Traveling wave tube measurements for low-frequency properties of underwater acoustic materials

A traveling wave tube measurement technique for measuring acoustic properties of underwater acoustic materials was developed.Water temperature and pressure environments of the ocean can be simulated in a water-filled tube,and the acoustic parameters of samples of underwater acoustic materials are measured in the range of low-frequency.A tested sample is located at central position of the tube.A pair of projectors is separately located at both ends of the tube.Using an active anechoic technique,the sound wave transmitting the tested sample is hardly reflected by the surface of secondary transducer.So the traveling sound field is built up in the tube.By separately calculating the transfer functions of every pair of double hydrophones in the sound fields from the both sides of the sample,its reflection coefficients and transmission coefficients are obtained.In the measurement system,the inside diameter of the tube isΦ208 mm,the working frequency range is from 100 to 4000 Hz,the maximum pressure is 5 MPa.The reflection coefficients and transmission coefficients of a water layer and a stainless steel layer samples are measured actually and calculated theoretically.The results show that the measured values are in good agreement with the values calculated,and the measurement uncertainty is not greater than 1.5 dB.     

Thermal grating velocimetry

A method is reported for time- and space-resolved nonintrusive velocimetry of high-speed gas flows by measurement of the Doppler shift of light scattered from a laser-induced thermal grating. The principle is demonstrated by use of a pulsed frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser to induce a thermal grating in NO(2) seeded into an argon flow. Signals are generated by Bragg scattering of probe beams at the fundamental frequency of the same Nd:YAG laser. Flow velocities in the range 30-180 ms(-1) are measured, in agreement with values obtained with a Pitot tube. The measurement uncertainties obtained indicate that a precision of 1% is feasible for flows at Mach 1.     

线激光辅助的皮带撕裂视觉检测方法

为了快速、准确地检测出输送机皮带工作时发生的纵向撕裂事故,提出了一种基于线激光的视觉检测方法.“一”字线激光器向皮带底面投射直线激光条纹,使用CCD相机获取图像并提取出光条中心,通过分析光条中心畸变特征来判断皮带表面是否存在撕裂.首先采用阈值法对激光条纹进行分割;然后在光条区域上利用重心法实现光条中心的粗略提取;最后利...     

Measurement of the eardrum impedance of human ears

The determination of an acoustical impedance requires measurements of pressure and volume velocity. As no direct method is available for measuring velocity in an ear canal, a technique was developed which is based on pure pressure measurements. The ear canal is used as a measuring tube, the area function of which is also deduced from the pressure measurements. High-frequency measurements in living subjects involve many sources of errors. A criterion for deciding if a good measurement has been made is given. The technique of measurements is described, regarding both the use of probe tube microphones and the computer aided data recording. Finally, the results are presented, and some comments are given. A reliable interpretation of the results seems to be impossible because of lack of our knowledge of the middle ear function at high frequencies.