磁性纳米材料的生物医学应用

自本世纪初科学家实现高单分散纳米氧化铁的可控制备以来,基于高生物学安全性的纳米氧化铁或者掺杂纳米铁氧体磁性材料的生物医学应用研究出现了爆发式增长,成为目前纳米生物学和纳米医学领域前沿热点之一,特别是其独特的磁学性质,使得磁性纳米材料能够介导外磁场产生纳米尺度的物理效应,并作用于微纳尺度的生物靶点。通过多学科交叉研究,有望建立基于磁性纳米材料的可控、组织可穿透、安全和精准的疾病诊断和治疗新模式,提高疾病的治疗疗效并改善预后。文章综述了近年来氧化铁颗粒在生物医学应用中的一些最新进展,主要集中讨论了磁性纳米材料在新型磁共振成像对比剂、肿瘤磁热治疗和磁力生物调控等应用方向的机遇与发展。     

超快激光制备生物医用材料表面功能微结构的现状及研究进展

提高医疗植入材料的生物相容性,对提升植入医疗器械的安全性有重要意义。通过超快激光制造出微纳米级别尺寸的材料结构以改善材料的生物相容性,近年来已被广泛应用于生物医学领域。本文简单介绍了细胞与生物材料相互作用原理,从生物材料表面微结构对其生物相容性能的影响出发,综述了超快激光加工不同材料表面形貌特征对细胞粘附、迁移、增殖、分化的影响,并进一步指出超快激光制备微纳结构在生物材料领域的局限和发展趋势。     

生物体中的生物磁性纳米粒子及基因调控机制

生物磁性纳米粒子在所有三个生命领域的有机体中存在着,包括在原核生物、古细菌和真核生物中.这些生物体中的生物磁性纳米粒子具有相似的物理化学特性,也随着物种的不同存在着差别.在人体中的正常组织和病变组织中同样存在着生物磁性纳米粒子,这些粒子与其它物种中的生物磁性纳米粒子具有相似性和区别,人体病变组织中生物磁性纳米粒子数量的增多与人类神经退行性病变、癌症和动脉粥样硬化病等疾病有着密切的关系.基于比较基因组学研究方法,科学家认为生物体中生物磁性纳米粒子生物矿化过程有相似的基因调控机制,并给出了预测的基因调控机制模型.本文对以上内容做了简要描述,希望对有关研究提供借鉴.     

纳米磁性药物靶向动力学模拟

基于Navier-Stokes方程与Maxwell-Ampere理论建立了肿瘤细动脉中血液的非定常脉动模型,在磁场和流场耦合状态下研究引入纳米磁性药物后磁场对血液流场的影响.把离散模型和单相模型耦合,用有限元方法对纳米磁性药物在细动脉中的传输进行动力学模拟.模拟结果表明,磁场对纳米尺度磁性粒子的俘获形式明显不同于对微米尺度粒子,纳米磁性粒子运动轨迹与血液流线基本重合.由于磁性纳米粒子的存在,磁场影响了血液的流场分布,在磁体附近形成涡流区并长期滞留,以此方式实现对磁性药物的俘获.     

磁性纳米结构中由激光引起的超快自旋动力学研究

以单个磁性中心的NiO以及由Co和Ni等元素构成的双磁性中心的纳米结构为例,总结了近年所做的主要工作.为了在理论上实现磁性纳米结构中的超快自旋翻转和转移,提出了一种称为Λ进程(Λ process)的超快自旋转换机理.在实际计算中,首先采用量子化学第一性原理计算得到磁性纳米结构中精确的隙间d电子态,然后考虑外加磁场和自旋轨道耦合分析磁性原子中的自旋局域化程度,最后引入激光脉冲项,研究在其作用下材料的自旋态经由Λ进程实现转换的时间历程.研究结果表明自旋翻转和转移可以在线偏振光的作用下在亚皮秒的时间尺度内完成. 关键词： 超快自旋动力学 第一性原理计算 Λ进程 磁性纳米结构     

优化磁共振纳米医学中磁性纳米粒子的热疗效率（英文）

磁共振热疗(magnetic resonance hyperthermia)是近年来新兴的一种纳米医学治疗方法,由磁共振的硬件架构产生特定交变磁场,有效地加热磁性纳米粒子,以直接或间接地杀死癌细胞,体现诊疗一体化.提高磁性纳米粒子的加热效率是当前磁共振热疗领域亟待解决的难题之一.磁性纳米粒子的加热效率不仅与粒子本身的大小、性质以及尺寸分布有关,还和聚集状态有关.该研究利用3D Metropolis蒙特卡罗模拟方法,模拟了不同温度下磁性纳米粒子的磁共振热动力学行为及其团聚与分离现象;并通过修正过的郎之万方程,建立了相变临界温度与外加磁场频率的函数关系.模拟结果显示,磁性纳米粒子悬浮液中多聚体的相对含量随着温度的升高而降低,达到临界温度后,多聚体完全分离成单体;而提高交变磁场频率可以显著降低临界温度,且存在临界频率,高于此临界频率后临界温度不再受外加磁场频率影响,达到稳定.因而在临界频率下预热磁性纳米粒子悬浮液,使得多聚体分离成单体,可优化磁性纳米粒子的热疗效率.     

石墨烯和六方氮化硼纳米片的几何结构、电子结构、磁性及边缘特性研究

采用基于密度泛函理论(DFT)的第一性原理计算方法,计算了多种尺寸的石墨烯和六方氮化硼纳米片的性质,系统研究了其中的量子尺寸效应.研究的最大尺寸纳米片的直径约为5.5 nm,包含816个原子.对纳米片及其边缘的几何结构、电子结构、磁性性质以及电子分布进行了深入探讨,发现石墨烯和六方氮化硼纳米片最外层原子有由锯齿形向圆形变化的趋势,使得纳米片最外层更加平滑.随着纳米片尺寸的增加,能级由分立逐渐变得连续,纳米片由孤立分子态逐渐变得接近无限的晶体;禁带宽度总体有下降的趋势,符合量子尺寸效应.纳米片存在明显的磁性,磁矩主要集中在最外层原子上,且在相对平滑的地方容易出现磁性,相对弯曲的地方不易出现磁性.当增加体系的电子数时,增加的电子主要分布在最外层,使得纳米片整体磁性呈递减的趋势;当减少体系的电子数时,减少的电子的分布逐渐由最外层向内收缩,体系的总磁矩略有增加.研究结果对石墨烯和六方氮化硼纳米片的应用有参考价值.     

自旋极化扫描隧道显微镜的研究进展

自旋极化扫描隧道显微镜(spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscope,SP-STM)将扫描隧道显微镜(scanning tunneling microscope,STM)的实空间分辨率和对自旋敏感的磁成像技术结合起来,已经成为人们研究纳米磁性物理的最有效工具之一.文章介绍了SP-STM的工作原理及其在低维磁性物理领域的应用和最新进展,如对磁性薄膜、磁性纳米岛、磁性原子及不共线结构的研究等,并对我国在这一领域的研究现状和发展前景进行简要评述.     

脉冲占空比对磁性微泡介导的聚焦超声温升效应的影响

集合多种诊断和治疗功能的声/磁造影剂微泡的研究与开发已经成为当前医学超声、生物医学工程及临床应用领域共同关注的热点问题.超顺磁氧化铁纳米颗粒具有独特的磁性特征和良好的生物相容性,可被用作核磁共振造影剂来提升影像对比度、空间分辨率及临床诊断准确性.我们的前期工作表明,通过将超顺磁氧化铁纳米颗粒挂载于常规超声造影剂微泡表面,可以成功构建多模态诊断及治疗介质,显著改变超声造影剂微泡的尺度分布及包膜粘弹系数等物理特性,进而影响微泡造影剂的声散射特性及其声空化效应和热效应.然而,此前的研究仅考虑了声场强度和微泡浓度等影响因素,对于脉冲超声时间特性对磁性微泡造影剂动力学响应的影响的相关研究仍有所欠缺.本文通过热电偶对凝胶仿体血管模型中流动的双模态磁性微泡在不同占空比超声脉冲信号作用下,产生温升效应开展了系统的实验测量,并基于有限元模型对实验结果进行了仿真验证.结果显示,脉冲信号占空比的提升是增强血管中磁性微泡在聚焦超声作用下温升效果的关键性时间影响因素.本文的研究成果将有助于更好地理解不同超声作用参数对双模态磁性微泡的热效应的影响机制,对保障双模态磁性微泡在临床热疗应用中的安全性和有效性具有重要的...     

机械合金化制备纳米晶和软磁性

简述机械合金化制备纳米晶和纳米晶磁性特征,以及影响纳米晶磁性的因素。纳米晶磁性主要受尺寸因素和球磨粉末的应力影响。     

Gd二元合金纳米固体的磁热熵特性

考察了Ｇｄ的二元合金系列制备成纳米粉末后具有一些奇异特性：其居里温度降低，比热增大．部分纳米材料的磁热熵效应超过常规晶态材料，这对研制新型增强磁热熵效应的磁致冷工质材料具有重要意义 关键词：     

Biomaterials and Biotechnologies Based on Nanotube Membranes

In this review, we consider materials and systems based on nanotubes formed within the pores of synthetic nanoporous membranes. The topics considered are of potential interest in the fields of biomaterials or biotechnology. There are three general membrane-based strategies that have been used to prepare materials: In the first strategy, template synthesis, nanometer scale pores are used to synthesize and modify materials. In the second strategy, we describe steps toward the design of nanotube-based membrane sensors. In the third approach, nanometer scale pores are used to separate species that translocate the membrane. In this review we consider the materials and techniques used to create, manipulate, and interrogate these bio-oriented nanotube membrane systems.     

Magnetization anisotropy of Ni dots with several tens of nanometer diameter

We have studied the magnetization of Ni dot with 50 to 70 nanometer diameter and 12 nanometer thickness using a magnetic force microscopy with an in-plane magnetic field. The Ni dots were prepared using self-assembled dot patterns with poly (styrene-b-methyl mathacrylate) diblock copolymers on Ni film and ion etching. It was found that the remanent magnetization direction of the dot was perpendicular to the plane as prepared. From the vibrating sample magnetometer measurement, a hysteresis loop was found in the perpendicular magnetization. When an in-plane external magnetic field was applied, the magnetization was rotated into a horizontal direction with low coercivity along the field direction.     

Mössbauer spectroscopy of magnetic small particles with emphasis on barium ferrite

Ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic particles have been of scientific and technological interest for several decades. The study of nanometer clusters or particles is currently a developing subject. Such materials may be in a non-equilibrium or quasi-equilibrium phase; different properties as compared to the bulk and indeed even new physical phenomena may be expected. Some ways to synthesize clusters and fine particles are described. Mössbauer spectroscopy is shown to be particularly useful for the study of nanometer particles; an outline of how it actually works is given. As an illustration, barium ferrite small particles, a material of topical interest, is considered in detail. In particular, methods of preparation, the crystal and magnetic structure, the magnetic characteristics, recently obtained Mössbauer results, and potential and realized applications are reviewed.     

A phenomenological model of percolating magnetic nanostructures

Transport and magnetotransport properties were analysed systematically in percolating magnetic nanostructures such as Ni-rich and films. These granular magnetic films exhibit giant Hall effect. We identified features which are common and unique to these systems. Among the features are the correlation between a -like temperature dependent resistivity and a particle size distribution having a large fraction of small nanometer sized particles, and the power law dependence between the magnetoresistivity and the room temperature resistivity. Assuming the presence of nanometer sized particles in the percolating conduction channels whose contributions are sensitive to temperature and the external magnetic field, we developed a phenomenological model to explain all the common features. Received 4 November 1998     

Spatially resolved inhomogeneous ferromagnetism in (Ga,Mn)as diluted magnetic semiconductors: a microscopic study by muon spin relaxation

Thin epitaxial films of the diluted magnetic semiconductor (DMS) GaMnAs have been studied by low energy muon spin rotation and relaxation (LE-microSR) as well as by transport and magnetization measurement techniques. LE-microSR allows measurements of the distribution of magnetic field on the nanometer scale inaccessible to traditional macroscopic techniques. The spatial inhomogeneity of the magnetic field is resolved: although homogeneous above Tc, below Tc the DMS consists of ferromagnetic and paramagnetic regions of comparable volumes. In the ferromagnetic regions the local field inhomogeneity amounts to 0.03 T.     

Coulomb promotion of spin-dependent tunneling

We study transport of spin-polarized electrons through a magnetic single-electron transistor (SET) in the presence of an external magnetic field. Assuming the SET to have a nanometer size central island with a single-electron level we find that the interplay on the island between coherent spin-flip dynamics and Coulomb interactions can make the Coulomb correlations promote rather than suppress the current through the device. We find the criteria for this new phenomenon--Coulomb promotion of spin-dependent tunneling--to occur.     

纳米TiO_2薄膜的带宽研究(英文)

利用磁控溅射方法制备了纳米TiO2 薄膜,通过Raman光谱和UV Vis光谱讨论了TiO2 薄膜的带宽随着厚度变化的规律。随着薄膜厚度的增加,TiO2 薄膜的带宽变窄,这是由于纳米薄膜的纳米效应所致     

半导体纳米材料和物理

半导体纳米材料是纳米材料的一个重要组成部分，纳米结构的电子和光子器件将成为下一代微电子和光电子器件的核心。文章介绍了半导体纳米材料研究的新进展，包括四个方面：半导体自组织生长量子点，纳米晶体，微腔光子晶体和纳米结构中的自旋电子学。本世纪开始的半导体纳米材料的研究是上世纪半导体超晶格量子阱研究的延续，同时又开辟了一些新的领域，如：单电子的电子学、单光子的光子学，微腔和光子晶体，稀磁半导体和自旋电子的相干输运等，这些研究将为研制在新原理基础上的新器件和实现量子计算、量子通信打下基础。     

Observation of magnetic ripple and nanowidth domains in a layered ferromagnet

We investigated ferromagnetic domain structures on nanometer to micrometer scale for single crystals of a layered ferromagnet, La(2-2x)Sr(1+2x)Mn2O7 (0.32 < or = x < or = 0.40), as functions of x and temperature by means of Lorentz electron microscopy. We have succeeded in observing the evolution of magnetic ripple structure, dynamically, related to a spin reorientation transition where the magnetization direction switches between parallel and perpendicular to the layers. Our high-resolution magnetic domain imaging revealed that the ripple state is characterized by the evolution of magnetic nanowidth domains.