基于效应数据的微波器件HPM效应分析及建模方法

 HPM对微波器件的输出脉冲影响主要有幅度变化、脉宽变化、相位变化以及暂时性压制,以此为基础建立了4种效应参量的模型,分别是衰减因子、脉宽、相移和压制时间。在建立效应参量模型时,参照分离变量法,提出使用加权函数的方法把多维函数分解成多个１维函数相乘,基本解决了利用有限实验数据建立数学模型的问题。给出了利用效应数据建立数学模型所常用的几种数据处理方法,如曲线拟合、查表／插值和概率统计,并给出了该方法在TR放电管效应评估中的使用实例。     

微波效应实验最小样本量估计分析

 为规范微波效应实验最小样本量,采用区间估计的统计推断方法,开展了样本作用概率与总体作用概率对应关系的分析和研究工作,对满足一定置信度和一定总体作用概率下所需要的最小样本量进行估计。研究结果表明,实验最小样本量确定为10是较为合理的。在80％的置信度下,当10支样本量样本作用概率达到70％时,总体作用概率置信下限约为51.6％。通过该方法能够将所获取的微波效应数据通过同一指标“总体作用概率置信下限”进行有效整理。     

四种判别粗大误差准则的比较与讨论

目前用于判别含有粗大误差的异常值的准则有多种,本文将对格拉布斯准则、莱依达准则、肖维勒准则和t检验准则四种粗大误差剔除准则在实验测量次数落在3~100的情况下的选择讨论,给出测量次数落在区间3~100判断准则的选择意见。     

微波脉冲大气击穿临界场强估计

针对高功率微波在大气传输中可能出现的击穿现象,研究了脉冲序列中首次击穿时的延迟脉冲数,发现其与种子电子、脉冲击穿概率以及微波场强密切相关。研究发现,微波场强可通过作用于种子电子间接影响脉冲击穿概率和延迟脉冲数,由此提出利用延迟脉冲数估计微波击穿临界场强的方法,并定义在脉冲击穿概率大于一定值时的微波临界场强作为击穿阈值。推导了脉冲击穿概率的估计公式,并对估计量的性能进行了分析,随后利用S波段微波大气击穿模拟装置开展了实验验证。实验结果表明,在一定范围内,重复频率微波脉冲击穿延迟脉冲数仅与种子电子产生率和脉宽成反比,能用于估计脉冲击穿概率,进而给出击穿临界场强。     

用于三角方向鉴别测量的客观判别模型

为减小人为因素对三角方向鉴别测量的影响,有效提高测量效率,研究了以机器视觉系统替代观察者进行三角方向鉴别测量的途径,建立了一种专门针对三角方向鉴别测量的客观判别模型。该模型以人眼视觉系统对信号的处理过程以及人眼视觉系统的主要效应为基础,利用方向通道滤波器实现图像信号分解,通过计算视觉特征矢量相关度,实现三角形靶标方向的判别。结合凝视型成像系统虚拟样机提供的三角形靶标,进行了客观判别模型与观察者的判别性能对比实验,并给出三组不同靶标尺寸下的对比实验结果。实验结果表明,客观判别模型很好地预测了观察者的判别性能。     

概率神经网络在胃镜样品红外光谱检测中的应用

将人工神经网络方法应用于人体胃镜样品红外光谱检测,以克服常规线性判别分析方法的局限性,从而提高了胃镜样品判别的准确率。概率神经网络是一种适用模式分类的径向基神经网络,采用样本的先验概率和最优判定原则对新的样本进行分类,具有识别率高、训练速度快、不会陷入局部极值等优点。文章采用概率神经网络进行胃镜样品红外光谱模式识别,将预处理后的胃镜样品光谱进行主成分分析,将得分值作为输入,建立概率神经网络判别模型。文中选取118例胃镜离体样品进行红外光谱判别分析,其中正常胃组织19例,胃炎组织64例,胃癌35例,选取其中59例样品建立概率神经网络校正模型,其余样品作为预测集来检验模型。实验结果表明,正常、炎症及癌症胃镜样品检测的总体准确率达到81.4%,对胃镜样品的判别取得了较好的结果。     

被动测距系统的数字图像生成模块设计

为了检验和优化被动测距系统的设计,利用傅里叶光学理论设计并实现了一种数字图像生成模块,在给定光学系统参数条件下,模拟得到了系统的光学传递函数、点扩散函数等重要特性,在两种不同的光电被动测距方案下对该系统进行了系统仿真实验,实验结果验证了模块设计的合理性.     

高功率微波与大气等离子体相互作用研究

研究了高功率微波持续击穿大气产生等离子体的演化过程，给出了微波干扰给定等离子体形成黑障效应的结果。     

微波器件微放电阈值功率自适应扫描方法

传统的粒子模拟软件在获得微放电阈值时需要进行多次微放电模拟,而且不具备自动功率扫描功能,在不考虑电子运动所产生的自洽场的情况下,提出了一种微波器件微放电阈值功率自适应扫描方法,对同一微波器件中的电磁场只计算一次并重复利用,改变输入功率,获得不同功率下的粒子数目变化的趋势,结合阈值功率判断方法,进而能够快速获得微放电阈值。首先,采用MSAT粒子模拟软件计算单位功率下微波部件中的电磁场分布,接着利用蛙跳法求解粒子运动轨迹,然后结合二次电子发射模型确定出射粒子数目。在微放电模拟过程中对粒子数目曲线进行分析,建立微放电阈值判据方法,根据二分法改变输入功率使得粒子模拟软件在给定初始功率后自动给出微放电阈值。以微波阶梯阻抗变换器与同轴腔体滤波器为研究对象,采用该方法分别计算其微放电阈值并与实验结果进行对比,结果表明,该方法具有准确性。     

高功率微波对建筑物内计算机作用效果评估方法

提出了一种评估高功率微波对建筑物内计算机作用效果的方法。建立建筑物的电磁计算模型,利用时域有限差分法对高功率微波进入建筑物的过程进行数值模拟,求出计算机所在高度面上的时域最大场强,定义大于效应阈值区域的面积与建筑物总面积的比例为有效面积比,高功率微波对建筑物内计算机的作用比例即等于有效面积比。并开展实验对此方法的有效性进行验证,估计的计算机效应比例和实验结果相差20%以内。改变入射场强,得到计算机效应比例与入射场强的关系,与理论分析结果一致。     

Correlation dimension: A pivotal statistic for non-constrained realizations of composite hypotheses in surrogate data analysis

Currently surrogate data analysis can be used to determine if data is consistent with various linear systems, or something else (a nonlinear system). In this paper we propose an extension of these methods in an attempt to make more specific classifications within the class of nonlinear systems.

In the method of surrogate data one estimates the probability distribution of values of a test statistic for a set of experimental data under the assumption that the data is consistent with a given hypothesis. If the probability distribution of the test statistic is different for different dynamical systems consistent with the hypothesis, one must ensure that the surrogate generation technique generates surrogate data that are a good approximation to the data. This is often achieved with a careful choice of surrogate generation method and for noise driven linear surrogates such methods are commonly used.

This paper argues that, in many cases (particularly for nonlinear hypotheses), it is easier to select a test statistic for which the probability distribution of test statistic values is the same for all systems consistent with the hypothesis. For most linear hypotheses one can use a reliable estimator of a dynamic invariant of the underlying class of processes. For more complex, nonlinear hypothesis it requires suitable restatement (or cautious statement) of the hypothesis. Using such statistics one can build nonlinear models of the data and apply the methods of surrogate data to determine if the data is consistent with a simulation from a broad class of models. These ideas are illustrated with estimates of probability distribution functions for correlation dimension estimates of experimental and artificial data, and linear and nonlinear hypotheses.     

A tracking filter method of active sonar subject to unknown target maneuver

A tracking filter algorithm based on the maneuvering detection delay is presented in order to solve the fuzzy problem of target maneuver decision introduced by the measure?ment errors of active sonar. When the maneuvering detection is unclear, two target moving hypotheses, the uniform and the maneuver, derived from the method of multiple hypothesis tracking, are generated to delay the final decision time. Then the hypothesis test statistics is constructed by using the residual sequence. The active sonar?s tracking ability of unknown prior information targets is improved due to the modified sequential probability ratio test and the integration of the advantages of strong tracking filter and the Kalman filter. Simulation results show that the algorithm is able to not only track the uniform targets accurately, but also track the maneuvering targets steadily. The effectiveness of the algorithm for real underwater acoustic targets is further verified by the sea trial data processing results.     

接收机工作特性曲线在红外成像系统检测性能评估中的应用

提出了一种红外弱小目标检测算法性能评估的方法。该方法通过假设的数学模型给出了评价指标的理论推导过程,得到了虚警概率与检测门限,检测概率与信噪比之间的关系,绘出了接收机工作特性（ROC）曲线。同时,给出了在目标与背景分布函数未知的情况下,利用红外图像序列绘出ROC曲线来评估算法的检测性能。利用该方法得到了四种典型的弱小目标检测算法的ROC曲线,比较了四种算法的检测性能。     

Continuous quantum hypothesis testing

I propose a general quantum hypothesis testing theory that enables one to test hypotheses about any aspect of a physical system, including its dynamics, based on a series of observations. For example, the hypotheses can be about the presence of a weak classical signal continuously coupled to a quantum sensor, or about competing quantum or classical models of the dynamics of a system. This generalization makes the theory useful for quantum detection and experimental tests of quantum mechanics in general. In the case of continuous measurements, the theory is significantly simplified to produce compact formulas for the likelihood ratio, the central quantity in statistical hypothesis testing. The likelihood ratio can then be computed efficiently in many cases of interest. Two potential applications of the theory, namely, quantum detection of a classical stochastic waveform and test of harmonic-oscillator energy quantization, are discussed.     

变分模态分量降噪后重构的水声弱信号检测

针对能量检测法在低信噪比下对非合作水声探测信号的检测性能显著下降的问题,提出了一种组合变分模态分解和小波变换降噪重构的信号检测方法。以信号分解出的各个本征模态函数的近似熵与互相关系数比值作为分量分类参数,将所得分量分为信号分量、含噪信号分量与噪声分量,然后利用第二代小波变换对含噪信号分量降噪后与信号分量组成重构信号,最后对重构信号进行检测。数值仿真结果表明该方法可以在无先验信息的情况下对CW和LFM信号自适应降噪,信噪比0 dB以下时CW信号重构后信噪比提升约12 dB,宽带LFM信号信噪比提升约8～9 dB,有效提升了低虚警概率下信号的检测概率。湖试结果表明,虚警概率为0.1时检测概率可提升至0.9以上,验证了该方法的有效性。     

无人机外壳屏蔽效能测试方法

为研究无人机壳体的屏蔽效能,基于数值仿真软件CST建立了无人机外壳的计算模型,分析了电磁波辐照方向、极化方式对无人机壳体内部电磁场分布的影响,得到了无人机壳体的屏蔽效能随壳体材料电磁参数的变化规律。提出了使用频率搅拌混响室测试无人机外壳屏蔽效能的方法,给出了测试流程,构建了测试系统,验证了该方法的有效性。结果表明:混响室频率搅拌方式能够在无人机壳体内部得到统计均匀的电磁场,在1~10 GHz频段壳体屏蔽效能在8~10 dB,不同测量位置得到的屏蔽效能测试结果偏差小于3 dB的概率为94%。     

A probabilistic method for analysis of sound localization performance

We propose a novel probabilistic method for quantitative analysis of the sound localization performance. The analysis is based on the two kinds of probability distributions estimated from a single dataset containing listening test results for sound localization. The quantitative parameters of the von Mises probability distributions provide meaningful interpretations on the localization performance. The mean direction represents the listener’s perceptual bias, and the shape parameters and the circular variance provide information on how much the responses are concentrated about the mean direction. The front-back confusion can be determined more systematically by the proposed method than the conventional one, especially for the responses near the boundary of front-back confusion region based on the conventional criterion. The proposed method can be easily extended to analyze the up-down and left-right confusions. To investigate the feasibility of the proposed method, the already published dataset originally obtained by Iida et al. was analyzed using the proposed probabilistic method. The results showed that the proposed method can provide meaningful and reasonable interpretations on the localization performance.     

水下目标多平台协同定位和跟踪方法

提出了一种融合多平台方位观测数据的水下声学目标定位跟踪方法。该方法采用多级多假设跟踪对目标状态进行滤波和关联,第一级基于每个平台波束域检测结果独立使用多假设跟踪方法对目标方位角进行初级跟踪;第二级首先通过多平台联合似然概率估计多目标初始位置,再用多假设跟踪方法对不同平台初级跟踪的方位角航迹进行关联,最后通过关联的角度值和扩展卡尔曼滤波对多目标位置进行序贯估计。仿真结果证明,该方法能以更少计算量实现更优定位性能,优于单级多假设跟踪方法.海试数据处理结果表明,存在较多干扰的情况下,单级方法跟踪过程中丢失目标,而多级方法实现了对目标的全程跟踪,且收敛后定位误差在70m内。该方法可降低噪声干扰对数据关联及目标定位的影响,并通过多平台协同消除线阵的方位模糊,适用于移动多平台声学目标定位和跟踪场景。      

概率假设密度滤波的物理空间意义

为了深入理解概率假设密度滤波,本文在Ozgur Erdinc对随机集的物理空间假设的基础上,采用Bayes公式和全概率公式对概率假设密度滤波的迭代过程进行了推导.为有效改善概率假设密度滤波的目标漏检问题提供了理论基础.     

Interaction of neutrons with nanoparticles

Two hypotheses concerning the interaction of neutrons with nanoparticles and having applications in the physics of ultracold neutrons (UCN) are considered. In 1997, it was found that, upon reflection from the sample surface or spectrometer walls, UCN change their energy by about 10^?7 eV with a probability of 10^?7–10^?5 per collision. The nature of this phenomenon is not clear at present. Probably, it is due to the inelastic coherent scattering of UCN on nanoparticles or nanostructures weakly attached at the surface, in a state of Brownian thermal motion. An analysis of experimental data on the basis of this model allows one to estimate the mass of such nanoparticles and nanostructures at 10⁷ a.u. The proposed hypothesis indicates a method for studying the dynamics of nanoparticles and nanostructures and, accordingly, their interactions with the surface or with one another, this method being selective in their sizes. In all experiments with UCN, the trap-wall temperature was much higher than a temperature of about 1 mK, which corresponds to the UCN energy. Therefore, UCN increased their energy. The surface density of weakly attached nanoparticles was low. If, however, the nanoparticle temperature is lower than the neutron temperature and if the nanoparticle density is high, the problem of interaction of neutrons with nanoparticles is inverted. In this case, the neutrons of initial velocity below 10² m/s can cool down, under certain conditions, owing to their scattering on ultracold heavy-water, deuterium, and oxygen nanoparticles to their temperature of about 1 mK, with the result that the UCN density increases by many orders of magnitude.