A Facile and Efficient Oxidation of α,β-Unsaturated Alcohols with Manganese Dioxide in Ionic Liquids under Mild Conditions

The oxidation of α,β-unsaturated primary and secondary alcohols to corresponding aldehydes and ketones by manganese dioxide in ionic liquids as a safe recyclable and accelerative reaction medium under mild conditions are described. The rate of the oxidation reaction is faster and the yield is higher than that with conventional procedures.     

Green oxidations. The use of potassium permanganate supported on manganese dioxide

Permanganate supported on active manganese dioxide can be used effectively for the oxidation of organic compounds under heterogeneous or solvent-free conditions. The residue that remains after extraction of the organic products, manganese dioxide, can be recycled, making the process infinitely sustainable, in theory. The use of this approach for the oxidation of arenes, alcohols and sulfides is described.     

Rapid oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes and ketones with chromium trioxide catalyzed by kieselguhr under solvent-free conditions

A rapid and selective oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes and ketones with chromium trioxide catalyzed by kieselguhr under solvent-free conditions in yields between 90 and 98 % is described. The role of kieselguhr in this oxidation is not only as support but also as catalyst, even though the catalytic nature of the kieselguhr is currently unclear. The present oxidation is even faster than (or the same as) those assisted with microwave irradiations. Meanwhile, the influence of the water presence during the preparation of the reagent is considered.     

The oxidation of benzidine, o,o′-tolidine and o,o′-dianisidine by manganese dioxide

The oxidation of benzidine, o,o′-tolidine, and o,o′-dianisidine by manganese dioxide was studied in an acidic medium. It has been shown that the studied substances are quantitatively oxidized by the reagent to the corresponding quinonediimines and that this reaction can be utilized for the indirect titrimetric determination of benzidine and o,o′-tolidine, based either on ferrometric titration of unconsumed manganese dioxide or on ascorbinometric titration of the quinonediimine formed.     

One-pot conversion of activated alcohols into terminal alkynes using manganese dioxide in combination with the Bestmann-Ohira reagent

The direct conversion of activated primary alcohols into terminal alkynes through a sequential one-pot, two-step process involving oxidation with manganese dioxide and then treatment with the Bestmann-Ohira reagent is described. This transformation proceeds efficiently (59-99% yield) under mild reaction conditions with a range of benzylic, heterocyclic and propargylic alcohols. A tandem variant is also described, which is successful only with highly activated substrates.     

苯并噻唑-2-甲醛合成方法的改进

以邻氨基苯硫酚为原料,先与羟基乙酸反应合成2-羟甲基苯并噻唑,然后通过氧化反应生成苯并噻唑-2-甲醛。对比了几种氧化剂的效果,发现二氧化锰氧化的效果最好。优化的反应条件为,2-羟甲基苯并噻唑与二氧化锰的摩尔比为1∶8,回流反应8h,产率可达90.2%。该方法适合苯并噻唑-2-甲醛及其衍生物的大规模生产。     

Synthesis of indolines, indoles, and benzopyrrolizidinones from simple aryl azides

A simple approach to prepare indolines and benzopyrrolizidinones from ortho-azidoallylbenzenes via a tandem radical addition/cyclization is described. The use of triethylborane to initiate and sustain the process provides the best results. Indolines are easily converted into the corresponding indoles by oxidation with manganese dioxide.     

Effective and highly stereoselective coupling with vinyldiazomethanes to form symmetrical trienes.

Diazo coupling reactions are capable of forming E,E,E-trienes from cinnamaldehydes in good yield. An efficient methodology is reported for the production of styryldiazomethanes that are subsequently used with catalysis for coupling and for cyclopropanation. A vast difference in product selectivity is seen with styryldiazomethane generated from the corresponding hydrazone via manganese dioxide oxidation and that formed in situ by treatment of the tosylhydrazone sodium salt of cinnamaldehyde with transition metal catalysts. This observation impacts understanding of the reaction mechanism for diazo decomposition.     

Kinetics and mechanisms of the permanganate oxidation of L-valine in neutral aqueous solutions

The permanganate oxidation of L-valine has been studied by visible spectrophotometry in neutral aqueous solutions. Under these conditions, both the zwitterionic and anionic forms of the amino acid are oxidized, the reaction being autocatalyzed by soluble colloidal manganese dioxide. Kinetic data for both the uncatalyzed and autocatalytic reaction pathways have been obtained, and reaction sequences consistent with the experimental findings are proposed.     

Tandem Reaction of Deprotonation-Oxidation-Wittig Reaction: Stereoselective Synthesis of (E)-α,β-Unsaturated Enoates

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Oxidation of organic substances with compounds of trivalent manganese: XIII. Oxidation of pyruvic acid with manganese(III) sulfate in a medium of sulfuric acid and with hexaquomanganese(III) ions in noncomplexing medium of perchloric acid

The oxidation of pyruvic acid with manganese(III) sulfate in a medium of sulfuric acid and with hexaquomanganese(III) ions in noncomplexing perchloric acid medium was studied. It was found that pyruvic acid is oxidized by both reagents to give acetic acid and carbon dioxide and the optimal conditions for the analytical application of this reaction on both a semimicro and micro level were found.     

单核第一过渡周期金属水氧化催化剂（英文）

由于传统化石能源的不可再生性,其储量日益减少.同时,传统化石能源的使用对环境产生了巨大影响,给人类社会带来了一系列问题,包括温室效应、酸雨等.因此,进入二十一世纪以后,人类面临着日益严峻的能源危机和环境问题,寻找清洁、高效的替代能源已经迫在眉睫.太阳能被认为是一种洁净的可再生能源.自然界通过光合作用将太阳能转化为化学能,在这一过程中,水被氧化产生氧气,同时释放出的电子和质子通过和二氧化碳作用生成碳水化合物.为了模拟这一过程,人工光合作用可以直接将电子和质子结合形成氢气.由此生成的氢气也被认为是洁净的可再生能源,因为在其燃烧过程中只产生水.因此,通过光致水分解析氢析氧的人工光合作用受到了越来越广泛的重视.水分解可以分为两个独立的半反应,即水的氧化析氧和水的还原析氢.水的氧化无论在热力学还是动力学方面,都存在着非常大的阻碍.在热力学上,两分子的水氧化生成一分子氧气需要提供很多能量(ΔE=1.23 V vs NHE).在动力学上,由于涉及到四个氢原子和两个氧原子的重组,并且涉及到氧氧键形成并释放出一分子氧气,因此水氧化是一个非常缓慢的过程.在自然界,水的氧化主要发生在光合作用中,在绿色植物的叶绿体中完成.通过对光合作用的研究,科学家们发现氧气的产生由光系统Ⅱ(PSII)中的释氧中心来完成.释氧中心是一个钙锰簇合物,由四个锰和一个钙组成(Mn_4CaO_x).自然界水分解产生氧气的过程给了我们很大启示,对设计和研究高效稳定的水氧化催化剂具有一定的指导意义.目前水氧化催化剂主要有两大类.第一类是基于材料的水氧化催化剂.该类催化剂的催化效率高,过电势小,但是对水氧化催化过程的机理缺乏深入研究.第二类是基于金属配合物的分子催化剂.相比基于材料的催化剂,分子催化剂具有以下特点:(1)分子催化剂的结构可以通过实验手段表征清楚;(2)可以结合光谱对水氧化的机理进行深入研究,可以对催化过程中间体进行表征;(3)催化剂的结构可以从分子水平上进行修饰,因此可以更好地研究催化效率与结构之间的关系,为设计高效、稳定的催化剂提供必要信息;(4)比较容易组装成分子器件从而应用到实际的水氧化装置中;(5)通过实验与理论的结合,对氧氧成键提出新的认识与理解.近几年来,一些单核的金属配合物逐渐被发现可以高效、稳定地催化水氧化.研究表明,一些基于钌和铱的催化剂具有良好的催化活性,但由于金属钌和铱储量少、价格昂贵等因素,限制了该类催化剂的大量使用.由于第一过渡系金属元素具有储量丰富、安全无毒、廉价易得等优势,第一过渡周期金属化合物逐渐成为科学家们研究的热点.近几年来,基于第一过渡系金属的水氧化催化剂已经有大量报道.本文主要总结了近几年来基于第一过渡系金属的单核水氧化分子催化剂.通过对催化机理进行深入的讨论,特别是对氧氧成键的总结,本文将对设计合成结构新颖、具有高催化效率和良好稳定性的水氧化分子催化剂提供理论依据.     

N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺和二氧化锰高效催化对硝基甲苯氧化

采用N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺(NHPI)和二氧化锰(MnO2)作为催化剂催化对硝基甲苯的氧化反应以制备对硝基苯甲酸;对反应条件进行了优化.结果表明,采用10%(与原料的摩尔比)NHPI和10%(与原料的摩尔比)MnO2作为催化剂,在110℃、氧气压力0.4 MPa下反应4 h,对硝基甲苯的转化率为97%,对硝基苯甲酸的分...     

Dissection of the mechanism of manganese porphyrin-catalyzed chlorine dioxide generation

Chlorine dioxide, an industrially important biocide and bleach, is produced rapidly and efficiently from chlorite ion in the presence of water-soluble, manganese porphyrins and porphyrazines at neutral pH under mild conditions. The electron-deficient manganese(III) tetra-(N,N-dimethyl)imidazolium porphyrin (MnTDMImP), tetra-(N,N-dimethyl)benzimidazolium (MnTDMBImP) porphyrin, and manganese(III) tetra-N-methyl-2,3-pyridinoporphyrazine (MnTM23PyPz) were found to be the most efficient catalysts for this process. The more typical manganese tetra-4-N-methylpyridiumporphyrin (Mn-4-TMPyP) was much less effective. Rates for the best catalysts were in the range of 0.24-32 TO/s with MnTM23PyPz being the fastest. The kinetics of reactions of the various ClO(x) species (e.g., chlorite ion, hypochlorous acid, and chlorine dioxide) with authentic oxomanganese(IV) and dioxomanganese(V)MnTDMImP intermediates were studied by stopped-flow spectroscopy. Rate-limiting oxidation of the manganese(III) catalyst by chlorite ion via oxygen atom transfer is proposed to afford a trans-dioxomanganese(V) intermediate. Both trans-dioxomanganese(V)TDMImP and oxoaqua-manganese(IV)TDMImP oxidize chlorite ion by 1-electron, generating the product chlorine dioxide with bimolecular rate constants of 6.30 × 10(3) M(-1) s(-1) and 3.13 × 10(3) M(-1) s(-1), respectively, at pH 6.8. Chlorine dioxide was able to oxidize manganese(III)TDMImP to oxomanganese(IV) at a similar rate, establishing a redox steady-state equilibrium under turnover conditions. Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) produced during turnover was found to rapidly and reversibly react with manganese(III)TDMImP to give dioxoMn(V)TDMImP and chloride ion. The measured equilibrium constant for this reaction (K(eq) = 2.2 at pH 5.1) afforded a value for the oxoMn(V)/Mn(III) redox couple under catalytic conditions (E' = 1.35 V vs NHE). In subsequent processes, chlorine dioxide reacts with both oxomanganese(V) and oxomanganese(IV)TDMImP to afford chlorate ion. Kinetic simulations of the proposed mechanism using experimentally measured rate constants were in agreement with observed chlorine dioxide growth and decay curves, measured chlorate yields, and the oxoMn(IV)/Mn(III) redox potential (1.03 V vs NHE). This acid-free catalysis could form the basis for a new process to make ClO(2).     

Oxidative degradation of levofloxacin by water-soluble manganese dioxide in aqueous acidic medium: a kinetic study

Pharmaceuticals, especially fluoroquinolone antibiotics, have received increasing global concern, due to their intensive use in the environment and potential harm to ecological system as well as human health. Degradation of antibiotics, such as oxidative degradation by metal oxides, often plays an important role in the elimination of antibiotics from the environment. The kinetics of oxidation of levofloxacin by water-soluble manganese dioxide has been studied in aqueous acidic medium at 25 °C temperature. The stoichiometry for the reaction indicates that the oxidation of 1 mol of levofloxacin requires 1 mol of manganese dioxide. The reaction is second order, that is first order with respect to manganese dioxide and levofloxacin. The rate of reaction increases with the increasing [H⁺] ion concentration. A probable reaction mechanism, in agreement with the observed kinetic results, has been proposed and discussed. The energy and enthalpy of activation have been calculated to be 30.54 and 28.07 kJ mol^?1, respectively.     

Development of highly stereoselective asymmetric 6pi-azaelectrocyclization of conformationally flexible linear 1-azatrienes. from determination of multifunctional chiral amines, 7-alkyl cis-1-amino-2-indanols, to application as a new synthetic strategy: formal synthesis of 20-epiuleine

The highly stereoselective asymmetric 6pi-azaelectrocyclization was achieved as a general synthetic method based on the reaction between the (E)-3-carbonyl-2,4,6-trienal compounds and the (-)-7-alkyl-cis-1-amino-2-indanol derivatives which are effective chiral amines. The 7-alkyl-substituted 2-indanol moiety of the cyclized products was efficiently removed by the novel manganese dioxide oxidation under remarkably mild conditions, and the method was successfully applied to the formal synthesis of optically active 20-epiuleine.     

A semi-quantitative method for the determination of microgram amounts of manganese on millipore filters

A method is described in which the intensity of coloration of brown manganese dioxide on white Millipore filters is taken as the measure of the manganese content. A solution of manganese(II) is made strongly basic, whereupon manganese dioxide precipitates via its auto-oxidation. Optimum conditions for the precipitation are studied. Less than 0.5 μg of manganese can be determined.     

The determination of organic substances by the oxidation with permanganate: XVIII. The oxidation of malonic acid

The oxidation of malonic acid with permanganate was studied under various acidity conditions. Analytical procedures, based on oxidation with excess reagent in a sodium carbonate medium and titration of the oxalate or manganese dioxide formed or of unconsumed permanganate, are proposed. On the basis of successive oxidation in sodium carbonate and sulfuric acid media, a titration determination, involving complete oxidation of malonic acid to carbon dioxide and water, was developed.     

Kinetics of colloidal MnO<Subscript>2</Subscript> reduction by L-arginine in absence and presence of surfactants

The kinetics of the oxidation of L-arginine by water-soluble form of colloidal manganese dioxide has been studied using visible spectrophotometry in aqueous as well as micellar media. To obtain the rate constants as functions of [L-arginine], [MnO₂] and [HClO₄], pseudo-first-order conditions are maintained in each kinetic run. The first-order-rate is observed with respect to [MnO₂], whereas fractional-order-rates are determined in both [L-arginine] and [HClO₄]. Addition of sodium pyrophosphate and sodium fluoride enhanced the rate of the reaction. The effect of externally added manganese(II) sulphate is complex. It is not possible to predict the exact dependence of the rate constant on manganese(II) concentration, which has a series of reactions with other reactants. The anionic surfactant SDS neither catalyzed nor inhibited the oxidation reaction, while in presence of cationic surfactant CTAB the reaction is not possible due to flocculation of reaction mixture. The reaction is catalyzed by the nonionic surfactant TX-100 which is explained in terms of the mathematical model proposed by Tuncay et al. Activation parameters have been evaluated using Arrhenius and Eyring equations. On the basis of observed kinetic results, a probable mechanism for the reaction has been proposed which corresponds to fast adsorption of the reductant and hydrogen ion on the surface of colloidal MnO₂.