金属Sn薄膜的高温氧化与表面特征

侧重研究了高温氧化（300－550℃）引起金属Sn薄膜的表面显微形貌和表面氧化状态的变化．利用原子力显微镜（AFM）的测量，观察到金属Sn薄膜表面的金属晶粒呈现近似方形的显微形貌，但是金属Sn氧化薄膜表面的金属氧化物颗粒却具有近似圆形的显微形貌，因此，金属晶粒的高温氧化是一个各向异性的过程．在X射线光电子能谱（XPS）测量的基础上，不仅发现在金属Sn薄膜和金属Sn氧化薄膜的表面都存在大量的吸附氧粒子，而且发现吸附氧粒子的吸附形式与表面的氧化程度有关 关键词：     

纳米多晶铜的超塑性变形机理的分子动力学探讨

在聚能装药爆炸压缩形成射流的过程中, 伴随着金属药型罩的晶粒细化, 从原始晶粒30-80 μm细化到亚微米甚至纳米量级, 从微观层面研究其细化机理和动态超塑性变形机理具有很重要的科学意义. 采用分子动力学方法模拟了不同晶粒尺寸下纳米多晶铜的单轴拉伸变形行为, 得到了不同晶粒尺寸下的应力-应变曲线, 同时计算了各应力-应变曲线所对应的平均流变应力. 研究发现平均流变应力最大值出现在晶粒尺寸为14.85 nm时. 通过原子构型显示, 给出了典型的位错运动过程和晶界运动过程, 并分析了在不同晶粒尺寸下纳米多晶铜的塑性变形机理. 研究表明: 当晶粒尺寸大于14.85 nm时, 纳米多晶铜的变形机理以位错运动为主; 当晶粒尺寸小于14.85 nm时, 变形机理以晶界运动为主, 变形机理的改变是纳米多晶铜出现软化现象即反常Hall-Petch关系的根本原因. 通过计算结果分析, 建立了晶粒合并和晶界转动相结合的理想变形机理模型, 为研究射流大变形现象提供微观变形机理参考.     

镁金属孪晶变形的实验和理论模型研究进展

孪晶变形作为密排六方(HCP)镁金属的重要变形机制,对镁金属的塑性硬化、破坏和织构演变等具有重要影响。影响孪晶变形的因素较多,有取向织构、晶粒尺寸、应变率、温度、晶界和应力状态等。首先重点介绍了前3种因素对镁金属孪晶变形的影响,孪晶的启动不再单一地考虑与取向相关的Schmid定律,需结合与临近晶粒间的应变兼容,晶粒尺寸对孪晶的影响同样可以采用Hall-Petch关系描述,只是关系式的斜率比滑移更大,提高应变率对孪晶成核和成长都有一定的促进作用;然后分析了现有常见的孪晶理论模型,最后展望了孪晶变形在实验和理论模型方面的发展方向。     

多晶银纳米线拉伸变形的分子动力学模拟研究

纳米尺度金属Ag以其独特的导电和导热性,广泛应用于微电子、光电子学、催化等领域,特别是在纳米微电极和纳米器件方面的应用.本文采用分子动力学方法模拟了不同晶粒尺寸下多晶银纳米线的拉伸变形行为,详细分析了晶粒尺寸对多晶银纳米线弹性模量、屈服强度、塑性变形机理的影响.发现当晶粒尺寸小于13.49 nm时,多晶Ag纳米线呈现软化现象,出现反Hall-Petch关系,此时的塑性变形机理主要以晶界滑移、晶粒转动为主,变形后期形成五重孪晶;当晶粒尺寸大于13.49 nm时,塑性变形以位错滑移为主,变形后期产生大量的孪晶组织.     

采用真空热压技术制备纳米金属钨块体材料

 采用真空热压技术,在570 ℃和1 GPa的条件下成功制备具有单相α-W结构、平均晶粒尺寸为34 nm、尺寸为Φ10 mm×1 mm的难熔金属钨纳米块体材料,其密度为理论密度的88.8%,显微硬度为4.8 GPa。纳米金属钨的密度和显微硬度随热压温度、热压压强和热压时间增大而升高。     

高速显微摄影在金属切削、气液双相流等研究领域的应用

高速显微技术是一种在多学科中有着广泛应用潜力的研究手段。作者将高速显微摄影技术实际应用于金属切削、血液流变、气液双相流、液体气穴形成、高压玻壳汞继电器触点测量等研究领域,为这些研究领域提供了有价值的实验数据。文中分别介绍这些应用的实验情况,并给出了部分实验结果。     

Fe-Cu-Si-B纳米晶合金的结构与性能

利用非晶晶化法制备了(Fe_0.99Cu_0.01)₇₈Si₉B₁₃纳米晶合金。发现其显微硬度H_v与晶粒尺寸d之间基本服从Hall-Petch关系。利用M?ssbauer谱研究了晶粒尺寸为30nm的材料中类金属原子的分布及其对晶化相电子结构的影响。 关键词：     

金属火灾熔痕的显微组织及物相成分的实验研究

利用X-射线衍射(XRD)和3D图像处理软件(Image-pro)研究了四种不同火灾类型金属熔痕的显微组织、平均晶粒度、物相组成及其分布规律。结果表明：金属火灾熔痕主要由立方晶系的Cu₂O和胞、枝状的Cu组成。在四种不同的起火方式下,金属熔痕的显微组织和成分有显著的差别：(1)一次短路的火灾熔痕平均晶粒度为3～5 μm,其Cu₂O含量最低;过载熔痕的平均晶粒度与一次短路的类似,但其Cu₂O含量为30%左右;(2)二次短路熔痕中含有一定数量直径较大的微观空洞,平均晶粒度约为30 μm;其Cu和Cu₂O衍射峰出现展宽和辟裂,烧蚀程度最深;(3)火灾熔痕中粗大的Cu₂O等轴晶衍射峰强度最大,且显微组织中几乎没有微观空洞存在。     

AFM针尖纳米切削晶向和切削方向影响的分子动力学

"建立了AFM针尖切削单晶铜的三维分子动力学模型,研究了工件材料不同晶向和刀具切削方向对切削过程中工件材料变形的影响．采用EAM势计算工件原子之间的作用,采用Morse势计算刀具原子之间的作用．模拟结果表明工件材料晶向和切削方向对纳米切削过程有显著影响．沿[110]方向切削比[100]方向切削产生的切屑结合更紧密,切削工件材料(110)晶向比切削工件材料(100)晶向产生的切屑体积更小,工件材料变形区域更小．研究了工件材料晶向和切削方向组合的不同纳米切削过程中系统势能变化情况．"     

激光冲击强化对AM50镁合金性能和结构的影响

采用激光冲击强化(LSP)处理方法研究了激光冲击强化对AM50铸造镁合金深度方向的晶粒结构、显微硬度和残余应力的影响。结果表明,经过单次冲击强化后,合金表层的显微硬度值、残余压应力值均有明显改善;在冲击强化层,原始粗晶明显细化,表层显微硬度值提高了19%,残余压应力达到-225 MPa,且显微硬度提高区、晶粒细化层及残余压应力层的深度明显增大;当冲击次数增加到2次时,显微硬度、晶粒尺寸和残余应力得到进一步改善。     

Mechanism of Plastic Collapse of Nanosized Crystals with BCC Lattice under Uniaxial Compression

Within the dislocation–kinetic approach, based on the nonlinear kinetic equation for dislocation density, an attempt is made to consider the problem of a catastrophic plastic collapse of defect-free nanocrystals of metals with bcc lattice under their uniaxial compression with a constant deformation rate. Solutions of this equation were found in the form of moving waves, describing the dislocation multiplication process as the wave moves along the crystal from a local dislocation source. Comparison of the theory with the results of experiments on defect-free Mo nanocrystals showed that their ultrahigh strength at the initial stage of deformation is associated with a low rate of rise of crystal plastic deformation in comparison with the growth of its elastic component. The subsequent plastic collapse of crystal is caused by a sharp increasing the plastic component, ending with reaching the equality of elastic and plastic deformation rates.

     

Scale invariance of plastic deformation of the planar and crystal subsystems of solids under superplastic conditions

The theory of structural transformations in the planar sybsystem (surface layers and internal interfaces) of solids under plastic deformation is developed. The theory is based on a consideration for local curvature of the crystal lattice, with new structural states arising in its interstices, responsible for plastic distortion. To satisfy the superplastic condition, such high-rate mechanisms should develop in both planar and 3D crystal subsystems. In a translation-invariant crystal, this condition is met by concentration fluctuations. The multiscale criterion of superplasticity is formulated based on the scale invariance of plastic deformation of the planar and crystal subsystems in a deformable solid. Beyond the criterion, superplasticity passes to the creep mode with restricted plasticity of the material.     

Channelling of Plastic Deformation by Interfaces in TiAl Intermetallics

Plastic deformation in the lamellar microstructure of the L1₀ tetragonal phase is strongly affected by special rotational lamellar interfaces on the {111} close packed planes and by general grain boundaries separating the lamellar colonies. The activity of possible deformation modes in Ti-rich TiAl alloys is explained considering in addition to generally known asymmetry of deformation twinning the asymmetry of superdislocation motion. The restrictions imposed on the direction of propagating deformation by the lamellar interfaces are analysed in detail. Even in the case when the transfer of plastic deformation across the interfaces does not occur, the presence of interfaces as strong obstacles to moving dislocations and deformation twins can lead to localisation of strain parallel to the lamellae, to so called channelling of deformation. General grain boundaries can also significantly influence plastic deformation by stress redistribution due to the compatibility stresses arising from the crystal elastic anisotropy and from the anisotropy of plastic deformation.     

Misorientation/local plastic strain manifestations in chemical etching color

Cold plastic deformation produces misorientations inside the crystal grains, and the distribution of the misorientation is quite crucial to understand the deformation behavior of the metals or alloys. The misorientation manifestations in chemical etching contrast are investigated in this study in the case of cold-deformed iron. The chemical etching is performed by using nital, while the crystal orientation is determined by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The correlation between the chemical etching contrast and crystal orientation have been studied in both cold-deformed and undeformed iron. The results clearly show that the chemical etching contrast strongly reflects the crystallographic orientation. The gradual change in chemical etching contrast inside the individual deformed grains gives information of both the misorientation and local plastic strain within the grains. This method can provide an easy and alternative way to qualitatively understand the misorientation and local plastic strain distributions in the microstructures.     

高温、高压、高应变速率动态过程晶体塑性有限元理论模型及其应用

对于高温、高压、高应变速率加载条件下的材料冲击变形行为,动态晶体塑性模型能够直接反映晶体中塑性滑移的各向异性及其对温度、压力和微观组织结构的依赖性,因而广泛应用于材料的动态冲击力学响应、微观结构演化以及动态损伤破坏的模拟。本文综述了高压冲击下动态晶体塑性有限元的理论模型,主要包括变形运动学、包含状态方程的超弹性本构模型和晶体塑性本构模型,涉及位错滑移、相变、孪生等塑性变形机制,以及层裂、绝热剪切带等动态破坏方式。     

晶体塑性有限元方法研究辐照对多晶铜力学性能的影响

将辐照硬化理论与晶体塑性理论结合, 运用ABAQUS有限元分析软件模拟辐照后多晶铜的拉伸过程。分析辐照效应对材料屈服强度、硬化过程、晶体变形等力学性能的影响, 研究位错密度的演化及空间分布规律。数值模拟表明: 辐照效应提高多晶铜的屈服应力, 影响不同阶段的硬化和软化现象; 辐照剂量增大导致位错密度增殖总体变缓, 空间不均匀度增大; 晶体的塑性变形及晶体转动也受到辐照的影响, 在相同的应变条件下, 辐照剂量越大, 晶体塑性变形程度越小, 塑性变形分布不均匀度变大, 同时晶体转动程度及转动角离散度增大。     

Crackling noise in plasticity

Plastic deformation is a paradigmatic problem of multiscale materials modelling with relevant processes ranging from the atomistic scale up to macroscopic scales where deformation is treated by continuum mechanics. Recent experiments, investigating deformation fluctuations under conditions where plastic deformation was expected to occur in a smooth and stable manner, demonstrate that deformation is spatially heterogeneous and temporally intermittent, not only on atomic scales, where spatial heterogeneity is expected, but also on mesoscopic scales where plastic fluctuations involve collective events of widely different amplitudes. Evidence for crackling noise in plastic deformation comes from acoustic emission measurements and from deformation of micron-scale samples both in crystalline and amorphous materials. Here we provide a detailed account of our current understanding of crackling noise in crystal and amorphous plasticity stemming from experiments, computational models and scaling theories. We focus our attention on the scaling properties of plastic strain bursts and their interpretation in terms of non-equilibrium critical phenomena.     

The Effect of Stress Concentrators on the Formation of Superlocalized Plastic Deformation Bands

Russian Physics Journal - The superlocalization of plastic deformation in single crystal L12 superlattice alloys subjected to uniaxial compression is studied by a mathematical modeling technique....     

Three-dimensional quantification of texture heterogeneity in single-crystal aluminium subjected to equal channel angular pressing

Abstract

A three-dimensional crystal plasticity finite element method (3D CPFEM) modelling of a real equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) process for investigating the mechanical properties and texture evolutions of single-crystal aluminium has been developed for the first time. The challenge of modelling such a severe plastic deformation via 3D CPFEM is how to accurately predict the deformation mechanism under the complicated contact conditions between a billet and a die. The validation by comparison with experimental observations demonstrates that the developed 3D CPFEM ECAP model is able to precisely capture the deformation characteristics at the microscale. Furthermore, this research clarified the previously remaining disputes such as the microstructural formation mechanism in the deformed area and the deformation nature in the plastic deformation zone. It is also the first time to extensively discuss the orientation-dependent deformation feature of the ECAP-processed billets, including morphology, lattice rotation angle and grain refinement.     

Mechanical behavior of Ti-Zr-Ni quasicrystals during nanoindentation

The parameters and mechanisms of deformation of a Ti_41.5Zr_41.5Ni₁₇ quasicrystal and a W + 12 at. % Ta single crystal under nanoindentation conditions were studied and compared. It was found that, initially, the deformation of the quasicrystal is elastoplastic; however, beginning from a certain critical load, the deformation acquires a steplike character with alternating segments of slow elastoplastic deformation and rapid plastic deformation. A qualitative model is proposed for the plastic deformation of quasicrystals during nanoindentation.