空气放电非平衡等离子体的模拟计算

 基于空气放电非平衡等离子体动力学,对空气放电进行了数值计算,分析了放电后等离子体中的主要粒子（N₂(v6),N₂(A3),O₂(a1),O和O₃）数密度随起始温度、电子数密度和约化场强的变化趋势。计算结果表明,随着初始温度的升高,空气放电产生的粒子数密度增加。温度为300 K时,放电产生的O原子数密度最大值约为4.90×⁷ cm^-3,而当温度升高到400 K和500 K时,O原子数密度的最大值则相应地增加到5.2×10¹⁰ cm^-3和5.51×10¹⁰ cm^-3。约化场强的影响与温度类似,其中氮气的振动激发态N₂(v6)数密度随约化场强的变化幅度不明显。电子数密度增加,粒子数密度大幅增加,氮分子的激发态N₂(A3)粒子数密度与电子数密度保持严格的线性关系。     

常压下气体放电等离子体振荡的实验与理论研究

在实验上研究了高压交流电弧发生器电极间隙的气体放电及等离子体振荡, 观察到了气体放电过程中的纳秒脉冲.以电子的流体运动方程和麦克斯韦方程为理论基础, 利用δ函数来描述交变外电场作用下电极处的电子堆积现象,建立了常压下气体放电时等离子体在外电场中振荡的理论模型,通过Laplace变换求解出电极间的放电电压.理论与实验结果基本符合, 从而可估算出实验中等离子体的电子数密度为1.3× 10¹²/m³.     

Pentaquark Θ+的介质效应

在密度相关的相对论平均场理论基础上, 假定Θ⁺通过交换有效的同位旋标量介子σ和ω与其他重子发生相互作用, 研究了强子在包含Θ⁺的奇异核物质中的性质改变. 讨论并计算了介质中的Θ⁺和核子有效质量及其对重子密度的依赖关系, 分析了Θ⁺在核物质中包含的成分大小以及核子的同位旋效应对奇异核物质性质的影响, 进一步计算了不同重子组成比例下奇异核物质的标量密度ρ_S和矢量密度ρ_B的对应曲线.     

Cl(2P)+D2→DCl+D反应中波恩-奥本海默近似有效性的交叉分子束研究

本文利用高分辨的里德堡态氘原子标识-交叉分子束装置，研究了碰撞能为4.5∽6.5 kcal/mol范围内Cl(²P)[Cl(²P_3/2)和Cl^*(²P_1/2)]与D₂的反应. 虽然自旋轨道激发态反应Cl^*(²P_1/2)+D₂在波恩-奥本海默(B-O)近似下本应是禁阻的，但实验中观测到了该反应的贡献. 通过测量靠近后向的碰撞能相关的微分散射截面连线，发现低碰撞能下的产物主要来自于B-O近似禁阻的反应Cl^*+D₂. 随着碰撞能的提高，自旋轨道基态反应Cl+D₂的反应性增加明显要比自旋轨道激发态反应Cl^*+D₂更快，并且在高碰撞能下成为产物的主要来源. 实验结果表明：在低碰撞能下，Cl^*中自旋轨道激发态的额外能量，可以帮助B-O近似禁阻的反应Cl^*+D₂越过势垒；然而当碰撞能接近和高于反应势垒时，B-O近似允许的反应Cl+D₂占主导地位. Cl/Cl^*+D₂反应中B-O近似有效性的特征与其同位素反应Cl/Cl^*+H₂是一致的.     

Ar+17和 Ar+16谱线的电子碰撞展宽

利用修改后伦敦理工大学的UCL扭曲波程序, 本文计算了自由电子与原子或离子的碰撞反应矩阵, 以此得到它的散射矩阵和碰撞强度.利用碰撞强度, 研究电子碰撞对辐射谱线影响.具体地, 以Ar⁺¹⁷和Ar⁺¹⁶的α线和β线为例, 计算了不同电子温度和密度下谱线的展宽和位移.     

密度泛函理论方法研究6H-SiC(0001)表面对氧分子和水分子的吸附

本文通过密度泛函方法计算6H-SiC(0001)表面对氧分子和水分子的吸附. 在6H-SiC(0001)表面上吸附的O₂分子自发地解离成O^*,并被吸收在C与Si原子之间的空位上. 吸附的H₂O自发地分解成OH^*和H^*,它们都被吸附在Si原子的顶部,OH^*进一步可逆地转化为O^*和H^*. H^*可以使Si悬键饱和并改变O^*的吸附类型,并进一步稳定6H-SiC(0001)表面并防止其转变为SiO₂.     

超导临界温度理论(Ⅰ)

本文求出了Eliashberg方程在T=T_c时的解,得到了下面的临界温度级数表示式:T_c=α₀(μ^*)(λ〈ω²〉)^1/2{1+1/λα₁(μ^*)〈ω⁴>/〈ω²>²+1/λ²(α₂₁(μ^*)〈ω⁶>/〈ω²>³+α₂₂(μ^*)〈ω⁴>²/〈ω²>⁴) +1/λ³(α₃₁(μ^*)〈ω⁸>/〈ω²>⁴+α₃₂(μ^*)(〈ω⁴>〈ω⁶>)/〈ω²>⁵)+α₃₃(μ^*)〈ω⁴>³/〈ω²>⁶+…},其中α₀(μ^*),α₁(μ^*)等仅是μ^*的函数。新的T_c公式表明了,T_c不仅依赖于λ、μ^*和〈ω²〉,而且依赖于有效声子谱α²F(ω)的各级矩〈ω²ⁿ〉。     

高空核爆炸下大气的X射线电离及演化过程数值模拟

利用数值模拟程序模拟了不同高度核爆炸下大气的X射线电离及演化过程.结果表明: X射线电离产生的电子数密度在射线到达后约100 ns时刻达到峰值, 峰值数密度随着到裸核区距离的增加而减小;电子具有较长的寿命, 电子寿命随着到裸核区距离的增加而增大; X射线电离空气产生正离子O⁺, O₂⁺, N₂⁺,爆高为120 km情况下 O⁺的峰值数密度与O₂⁺的相近,能维持约1 s. X射线对空气的电离影响范围在数十千米以内,在距裸核区较近的区域, 爆高为80 km时产生的电子峰值数密度比爆高为120 km时的电子峰值数密度高, 在距裸核区较远的区域则相反.     

K+介子的三体轻子衰变

本文利用色散关系方法,假设普适V-A弱相互作用和奇异矢量流不守恒,从而对形状因子f₀,f₁的色散关系进行一次减去,计算了K_μ3⁺、K_e3⁺衰变中的π⁰能谱,K_μ3⁺衰变中的μ⁺能谱和μ⁺的纵向极化。计算中只考虑了K₁^*(m_*=888MeV)中间态对色散积分的贡献。参数σ取为+2.1的结果和实验在误差范围内相符合。放弃奇异矢量流部分守恒假设与实验符合的程度比保持这一假设要好一些。     

噻吨酮光物理和光化学行为对溶剂的依赖性

本文利用纳秒瞬态吸收光谱技术,在不同溶剂中,研究了噻吨酮的光物理和光化学行为. TX的激发三重态(³TX^*)涉及2种电子态,³nπ^*和³ππ^*态. 随着溶剂极性的增强,³ππ^*态的贡献加大. 在CH₃CN,CH₃CN/CH₃OH(1:1)和CH₃CN/H₂O(1:1)溶剂中,³TX^*的自猝灭速率常数k_sq逐渐减小. 这可能由于通过氢键形成的激基复合物阻碍了³TX^*的碰撞猝灭. 二苯胺通过电子转移还原³TX^*,生成TX^·-阴离子和DPA^·+阳离子自由基. 溶剂对该转移过程的影响不明显,表明TX的³nπ^*和³ππ^*态夺取电子的能力相近. 然而,溶剂的依赖性在TX^·-的猝灭过程中表现明显. 在强酸性条件下(pH=3.0),质子化的TX和非质子化的TX之间存在着动态平衡. 在激发光作用下,生成³TXH^+*,光谱上呈现出520 nm处的吸收峰.     

Effect of helium/argon gas ratio in a He-Ar-Cu<Superscript>+</Superscript> IR hollow-cathode discharge laser: modeling study and comparison with experiments

The He-Ar-Cu⁺ IR laser operates in a hollow-cathode discharge, typically in a mixture of helium with a few-% Ar. The population inversion of the Cu⁺ ion levels, responsible for laser action, is attributed to asymmetric charge transfer between He⁺ ions and sputtered Cu atoms. The Ar gas is added to promote sputtering of the Cu cathode. In this paper, a hybrid modeling network consisting of several different models for the various plasma species present in a He-Ar-Cu hollow-cathode discharge is applied to investigate the effect of Ar concentration in the gas mixture on the discharge behavior, and to find the optimum He/Ar gas ratio for laser operation. It is found that the densities of electrons, Ar⁺ ions, Ar_m ^* metastable atoms, sputtered Cu atoms and Cu⁺ ions increase upon the addition of more Ar gas, whereas the densities of He⁺ ions, He₂ ⁺ ions and He_m ^* metastable atoms drop considerably. The product of the calculated Cu atom and He⁺ ion densities, which determines the production rate of the upper laser levels, and hence probably also the laser output power, is found to reach a maximum around 1–5 % Ar addition. This calculation result is compared to experimental measurements, and reasonable agreement has been reached. Received: 14 October 2002 / Revised version: 28 November 2002 / Published online: 19 March 2003 RID="*" ID="*"Corresponding author. Fax: +32-3/820-23-76, E-mail: annemie.bogaerts@ua.ac.be     

Ion storage in Kingdon trap

Abstract

The characteristics of stored ions in a Kingdon trap have been investigated. The charge distribution of stored ions was measured by a time of flight (TOF) mass spectrometer. Storage of Ar^q+ (q = 1, 2, 3, 4) produced by electron beam irradiation has been confirmed. The dependences of Ar ion yields on the trapping potential and storage time have been systematically studied.

Applying a voltage to end plates is very important for the storage of ions. Remarkable oscillations of the ion yields are found in the decay curves as a function of storage time for Ar⁺, Ar²⁺ and Ar³⁺ indicating periodical motion of each ion group about the central wire. The three dimensional orbits of ions in the trap are analysed by a computer calculation to understand the experimental results.     

CH4或CH4+Ar介质阻挡放电中的离子能量和类金刚石膜制备

实验上，利用纯CH₄及CH₄+Ar在几百帕量级气压下的介质阻挡放电 制备类金刚石膜，研究了气压p与放电间隙d乘积(pd值)以及Ar的体积百分比R_Ar 对膜硬度的影响.理论上，从离子与气体分子的双体碰撞出发，利用较高折合电场强度E/n( 电场强度与粒子数密度之比)下离子及中性粒子速度分布的双温模型、离子在其他气体中运 动时遵守的朗之万方程及离子在混合气体中运动时遵守的布兰克法则，对CH⁺4和Ar⁺离子能量进行了分析.结果表明：1)CH₄介质阻挡 放电中，pd值由1.862×10³Pa mm降低至2.66×10²Pa mm时，CH+₄能量由5.4eV增加到163eV，类金刚石膜硬度由2.1GPa提高到17.6GPa ; 2) 保持总气压p=100Pa,放电间距d=5mm不变，在CH₄中加入Ar气，当R_Ar 由20％增加至83%时，CH⁺₄的能量由69eV增加到92eV,而Ar＋能量由93eV降低至72eV.虽然CH⁺₄能量增加有助于提高 沉积膜硬度，但当R_Ar大于67%，高强度Ar⁺轰击会导致膜表面石墨 化，膜硬度降低.为了验证离子能量理论模型的正确性，实验测量了H₂介质阻挡 放电中离子能量，测量结果与理论计算之间最大相对误差为16%. 关键词： 离子能量 介质阻挡放电 类金刚石膜     

Numerical study of the effect of gas flow in low pressure inductively coupled Ar/N<Subscript>2</Subscript> plasmas

The effect of gas flow in low pressure inductively coupled Ar/N₂ plasmas operating at the rf frequency of 13.56 MHz and the total gas pressure of 20 mTorr is studied at the gas flows of 5–700 sccm by coupling the plasma simulation with the calculation of flow dynamics. The gas temperature is 300 K and input power is 300 W. The Ar fractions are varied from 0% to 95%. The species taken into account include electrons, Ar atoms and their excited levels, N₂ molecules and their seven different excited levels, N atoms, and Ar⁺, N⁺, N₂ ⁺, N₄ ⁺ ions. 51 chemical reactions are considered. It is found that the electron densities increase and electron temperatures decrease with a rise in gas flow rate for the different Ar fractions. The densities of all the plasma species for the different Ar fractions and gas flow rates are obtained. The collisional power losses in plasma discharges are presented and the effect of gas flow is investigated.     

Numerical study on characteristics of nitrogen discharge at high pressure with induced plasma

Based on the fluid theory of plasma, a model is built to study the characteristics of nitrogen discharge at high pressure with induced argon plasma. In the model, the spices such as electron, N₂⁺, N₄⁺, Ar⁺, and two metastable states (N₂ (A³∑_u⁺), N₂ (a¹∑_u^-)) are taken into account. The model includes particle's continuity equations, electron's energy balance equation, and Poisson equation. The model is solved with a finite difference method. The numerical results are obtained and used to investigate the effect of time taken to add nitrogen gas and initially-induced argon plasma pressure. It is found that lower speeds of adding the nitrogen gas and varying the gas pressure can induce higher plasma density, and inversely lower electron temperature. At high-pressure discharge, the electron density increases when the proportion of nitrogen component is below 40%, while the electron density will keep constant as the nitrogen component further increases. It is also shown that with the increase of initially-induced argon plasma pressure, the density of charged particles increases, and the electron temperature as well as the electric field decrease.     

介质阻挡均匀大气压氮气放电特性研究

基于一维流体力学模型，对介质阻挡均匀大气压氮气放电特性进行了数值计算研究.模型中考虑了氮气中主要的电离、激发过程，所包含的粒子种类为e，N₂，N⁺₂，N⁺₄，N₂(a¹∑^-_u)，N₂(A³∑⁺_u).模拟结果显示，氮中的放电具有低气压下汤生放电的特性.放电电流幅度较小，放电过程中气体电压变化缓慢，电子密度远低于离子密度，而且最大值出现在阳极，电子不能在放电间隙中被俘获，不存在中性等离子体区，气体中的电场趋于线性变化.亚稳态N₂(A³∑⁺_u)和N₂(a¹∑⁺_u)在整个放电空间都具有非常高的密度，比电子密度高三个量级以上，亚稳态密度的最大值出现在阳极，这样的分布决定了放电的空间结构.放电所需的种子电子主要由亚稳态之间潘宁电离提供，这种机理使放电的电离水平较低，导致氮气中的放电只能是汤生放电.随着放电参数的变化，多电流峰放电也可在氮气中获得. 关键词： 大气压均匀放电 介质阻挡放电 数值模拟 氮气     

Luminescence in collisions of low-energy ions with graphite and Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>

Excitation of H⁺, H₂ ⁺, H₃ ⁺, He⁺, and Ar⁺ ions by impact on graphite and Al₂O₃ was investigated by means of emission spectroscopy in the 50–1000 eV energy range of the projectiles. Emission of Balmer series from excited neutral hydrogen is observed for both targets. In addition, for the Al₂O₃ target a continuum emission is observed. The continuum probably originates from excited M_nO_m molecules produced in the collision cascade, when surface atoms bound by ionic bonds are released after the bond breaking caused by neutralization. The spectra obtained under Ar⁺ -bombardment show Ar II lines emitted by backscattered ions.     

Low energy Ar-ion bombardment effects on the CeO2 surface

The structure and electronic properties of epitaxial grown CeO₂(1 1 1) thin films before and after Ar⁺ bombardment have been comprehensively studied with synchrotron radiation photoemission spectroscopy (SRPES). Ar⁺ bombardment of the surface causes a new emission appearing at 1.6 eV above the Fermi edge which is related to the localized Ce 4f¹ orbital in the reduced oxidation state Ce³⁺. Under the condition of the energy of Ar ions being 1 keV and a constant current density of 0.5 μA/cm², the intensity of the reduced state Ce³⁺ increases with increasing time of sputtering and reaches a constant value after 15 min sputtering, which corresponds to the surface being exposed to 2.8 × 10¹⁵ ions/cm². The reduction of CeO₂ is attributed to a preferential sputtering of oxygen from the surface. As a result, Ar⁺ bombardment leads to a gradual buildup of an, approximately 0.69 nm thick, sputtering altered layer. Our studies have demonstrated that Ar⁺ bombardment is an effective method for reducing CeO₂ to CeO_2−x and the degree of the reduction is related to the energy and amount of Ar ions been exposed to the CeO₂ surface.     

N2微空心阴极放电特性及其阴极溅射的PIC/MC模拟

采用两维PIC/MCC模型模拟了氮气微空心阴极放电以及轰击离子 (N₂⁺,N⁺) 的钛阴极溅射. 主要计算了氮气微空心阴极放电离子 (N₂⁺,N⁺) 及溅射原子Ti的行为分布, 并研究了溅射Ti 原子的热化过程. 结果表明: 在模拟条件下, 空心阴极效应是负辉区叠加的电子震荡; 在对应条件下, 微空心较传统空心放电两种离子 (N₂⁺,N⁺) 密度均大两个量级, 两种离子的平均能量的分布及大小几乎相同; 在放电空间N⁺的密度约为N₂⁺的1/6, 最大能量约大2倍; 在不同参数 (P, T, V)下, 轰击阴极内表面的氮离子(N₂⁺,N⁺)的密度近似均匀, 其平均能量几乎相等; 从阴极溅射出的Ti原子的初始平均能量约6.8 eV, 离开阴极约0.15 mm处几乎完全被热化. 模拟结果为N₂微空心阴极放电等离子体特性的认识提供了参考依据. 关键词： 微空心阴极放电 PIC/MC模拟 2等离子体')" href="#">N₂等离子体     

Linewidth studies on the Ar+ 476.5 nm and 480.6 nm lines excited in a helium-agron hollow cathode discharge

The spectral line shapes of the Ar⁺ 476.5 nm and 480.6 nm lines, excited in a He-Ar hollow cathode (HC) discharge, were measured using the Fabry-Perot technique. The collisional and Doppler linewidths were determined for the two lines. The collisional broadening constants are estimated to be (5±3) MHz/mbar and (6±3) MHz/mbar, respectively. The temperature obtained from the two Ar ion transitions was found to be 260 K higher than that expected for the rest of the gas mixture from earlier measurements. The possibility is discussed, that this excess temperature is caused by Ar ions partially created in the HC discharge by charge transfer collisions with He ₂ ⁺ molecules.