Oxidation of benzyl alcohol by K<Subscript>2</Subscript>FeO<Subscript>4</Subscript> to benzaldehyde over zeolites

A novel and green procedure for benzaldehyde synthesis by potassium ferrate oxidation of benzyl alcohol employing zeolite catalysts was studied. The prepared oxidant was characterized by SEM and XRD. The catalytic activity of various solid catalysts was studied using benzyl alcohol as a model compound. USY was found to be a very efficient catalyst for this particular oxidation process. Benzaldehyde yields up to 96.0% could be obtained at the following optimal conditions: 0.2 mL of benzyl alcohol, 4 mmol of K₂FeO₄, 0.5 g of USY zeolite; 20 mL of cyclohexene, 0.3 mL of acetic acid (36 wt %), 30°C temperature, 4 h reaction time.     

Synthesis of some aromatic aldehydes and acids by sodium ferrate in presence of copper nano‐particles adsorbed on K 10 montmorillonite using microwave irradiation

Excellent yields were obtained in the oxidation of benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde, 4‐methoxy benzyl alcohol and 4‐nitro benzaldehyde with sodium ferrate in the presence of copper nano particles adsorbed on montmorillonite K 10 under microwave irradiation. Aniline, p‐toluidine, phenol, catechol, resorcinol and p‐cresol polymerize under these conditions without exposing the mixture to microwaves. The one‐pot system does not require tedious separation of ferrate and is quick and environmentally benign. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mn-Al和Cu-Mn-Al复合氧化物催化苯甲醇选择氧化反应

用溶胶-凝胶法制备了不同组成的Mn-Al和Cu-Mn-Al复合氧化物两组催化剂,用于苯甲醇选择氧化反应.用X射线衍射(XRD)、N2物理吸附(BET)、扫描电镜(SEM)、H_2程序升温还原(H_2-TPR)、O_2程序升温脱附(O_2-TPD)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)技术对催化剂进行了结构表征,考察了催化剂组成对催化活性的影响.结果表明:以甲苯为溶剂,O_2为氧化剂,353 K反应5 h,Mn_2Al和Cu_(0.3)Mn_(0.7)Al_2催化剂上的苯甲醇转化率分别为36.6%和40.9%,苯甲醛选择性均为100%.进一步研究表明:催化剂活性与其H2还原性和O_2吸附性有关,高活性的催化剂吸附氧多,生成的活性氧易参与反应.     

Imidazolium ionic liquids as solvents for cerium(IV)-mediated oxidation reactions

Use of imidazolium ionic liquids as solvents for organic transformations with tetravalent cerium salts as oxidizing agents was evaluated. Good solubility was found for ammonium hexanitratocerate(IV) (ceric ammonium nitrate, CAN) and cerium(IV) triflate in 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium triflate ionic liquids. Oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium triflate was studied by in-situ FTIR spectroscopy and 13C NMR spectroscopy on carbon-13-labeled benzyl alcohol. Careful control of the reaction conditions is necessary because ammonium hexanitratocerate(IV) dissolved in an ionic liquid can transform benzyl alcohol not only into benzaldehyde but also into benzyl nitrate or benzoic acid. The selectivity of the reaction of cerium(IV) triflate with benzyl alcohol in dry ionic liquids depends on the degree of hydration of cerium(IV) triflate: anhydrous cerium(IV) triflate transforms benzyl alcohol into dibenzyl ether, whereas hydrated cerium(IV) triflate affords benzaldehyde as the main reaction product. Reactions of ammonium hexanitratocerate(IV) with organic substrates other than benzyl alcohol have been explored. 1,4-Hydroquinone is quantitatively transformed into 1,4-quinone. Anisole and naphthalene are nitrated. For the cerium-mediated oxidation reactions in ionic liquids, high reaction temperatures are an advantage because under these conditions smaller amounts of byproducts are formed.     

Unraveling the surface reactions during liquid-phase oxidation of benzyl alcohol on Pd/Al2O3: an in situ ATR-IR study

The palladium-catalyzed liquid-phase reaction of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde was investigated in the presence and absence of oxygen by attenuated total reflection infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy. The 5 wt % Pd/Al2O3 catalyst was fixed in a flow-through ATR-IR cell serving as a continuous-flow reactor. The reaction conditions (cyclohexane solvent, 323 K, 1 bar) were set in the range commonly applied in the heterogeneous catalytic aerobic oxidation of alcohols. The in situ ATR-IR study of the solid-liquid interface revealed a complex reaction network, including dehydrogenation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde, decarbonylation of benzaldehyde, oxidation of hydrogen and CO on Pd, and formation of benzoic acid catalyzed by both Pd and Al2O3. Continuous formation of CO and its oxidative removal by air resulted in significant steady-state CO coverage of Pd during oxidation of benzyl alcohol. Unexpectedly, benzoic acid formed already in the early stage of the reaction and adsorbed strongly (irreversibly) on the basic sites of Al2O3 and thus remained undetectable in the effluent. This observation questions the reliability of product distributions conventionally determined from the liquid phase. The occurrence of the hydrogenolysis of the C-O bond of benzyl alcohol and formation of toluene indicates that Pd was present in a reduced state (Pd0) even in the presence of oxygen, in agreement with the dehydrogenation mechanism of alcohol oxidation.     

金属卟啉/MgAl水滑石催化醇选择性氧化制备羰基化合物

将MgAl水滑石引入到金属四苯基卟啉(MTPPs,M=Co,Fe,Mn,Ni)催化氧化体系中,实现了醇的选择性氧化。 结果表明,在分子氧/异丁醛体系中,CoTPP在苯甲醇氧化制苯甲醛反应中表现出优异的催化活性,MgAl水滑石添加剂可有效地提高醛的选择性。 在苯甲醇1 mmol、乙腈2 mL、CoTPP 5 mg、MgAl水滑石18 mg、异丁醛5 mmol、反应温度60 ℃、氧气气氛下反应2 h,苯甲醇的转化率和苯甲醛的选择性分别达到94%和92%。 另外,此催化体系在其它醇类化合物的氧化反应中也具有较好催化活性。     

Cu-BTC及其衍生物在苯甲醇选择氧化反应中的催化活性

以硝酸铜和均苯三甲酸(BTC)为原料,水热合成了一种金属有机骨架化合物Cu-BTC,在水相中催化苯甲醇选择氧化反应,H2O2氧化剂,优化了Cu-BTC的晶化条件.70℃反应1 h,Cu-BTC(110C/24 h)上的苯甲醇转化率为75.4%、苯甲醛选择性83.5%,但反应后Cu-BTC骨架完全塌陷.在氮气中高温焙烧Cu-BTC,制得衍生物Cu@C,也用于催化苯甲醇氧化反应.结果表明:Cu@C催化剂重复使用5次,可维持较高的苯甲醇转化率,但苯甲醛选择性有所下降.用X射线衍射(XRD)、N2物理吸附(BET)、热分析(TG-DSC)、红外光谱(FTIR)、能量色散X射线光谱分析(EDX)等技术对催化剂进行了结构表征,发现:Cu@C在反应中生成的Cu2O促进了苯甲醛的深度氧化.     

疏水性Cosalen/SBA-15的制备及在甲苯选择性氧化中的应用

以介孔分子筛SBA-15为载体, 先采用γ-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(APTES)进行氨基硅烷化修饰, 然后经甲基三乙氧基硅烷(MTES)疏水修饰后固载双水杨醛缩乙二胺合钴配合物(Cosalen). 采用傅里叶变换红外光谱、 紫外-可见漫反射光谱、 X射线光电子能谱、 元素分析、 等离子体发射光谱、 X射线衍射和氮气物理吸附等手段对制备的固载型催化剂Cosalen/SBA-15进行了物相结构和修饰程度的表征, 并考察了样品对甲苯、 苯甲醛和苯甲醇的吸附性能及在甲苯液相氧化反应中的催化性能. 结果表明, 固载型催化剂Cosalen/SBA-15的介孔结构和孔道有序性保持良好, Cosalen通过与氨基配位固载在修饰后的载体SBA-15上, 且高度分散, 氨基硅烷化和甲基修饰明显增强了其表面疏水性能, 对苯甲醛和苯甲醇的吸附量降低. 疏水性Cosalen/SBA-15协同N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺(NHPI)催化甲苯液相分子氧氧化反应, 无溶剂体系在130 ℃下反应2 h, 甲苯转化率达到16.0%, 产物中苯甲醛和苯甲醇的总选择性为32.0%, 在一定程度上抑制了极性产物深度氧化为苯甲酸. 高温不利于苯甲醛和苯甲醇选择性的提高, 降低温度至110 ℃, 甲苯转化率达到12.9%时, 苯甲醛和苯甲醇的总选择性提高到43.9%.     

Controlling the duality of the mechanism in liquid-phase oxidation of benzyl alcohol catalysed by supported Au-Pd nanoparticles

In the solvent-free oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde using supported gold-palladium nanoparticles as catalysts, two pathways have been identified as the sources of the principal product, benzaldehyde. One is the direct catalytic oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde by O(2), whereas the second is the disproportionation of two molecules of benzyl alcohol to give equal amounts of benzaldehyde and toluene. Herein we report that by changing the metal oxide used to support the metal-nanoparticles catalyst from titania or niobium oxide to magnesium oxide or zinc oxide, it is possible to switch off the disproportionation reaction and thereby completely stop the toluene formation. It has been observed that the presence of O(2) increases the turnover number of this disproportionation reaction as compared to reactions in a helium atmosphere, implying that there are two catalytic pathways leading to toluene.     

TEMPO/固载化席夫碱铜配合物共催化剂在分子氧氧化苯甲醇过程中的催化性能

通过大分子反应,将苯甲醛(BA)和邻氨基苯酚(AP)形成的双齿席夫碱配基键合在交联聚甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(CPGMA)微球表面,形成固载有席夫碱配基的载体微球BAAP-CPGMA,再通过与铜盐的配位螯合反应,制备了固载有席夫碱铜配合物的微球[Cu(BAAP)2]-CPGMA.将该固载化铜配合物与均相的2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶氮氧自由基(TEMPO)构成共催化体系TEMPO/[Cu(BAAP)2]-CPGMA,应用于分子氧氧化苯甲醇的催化氧化过程.我们考察了该共催化体系的催化性能,并探索研究了催化氧化机理.实验结果表明,共催化体系TEMPO/[Cu(BAAP)2]-CPGMA可在温和条件下(室温、常压的氧气)高效地将苯甲醇氧化为苯甲醛(选择性100%,苯甲醛产率93%),并具有良好的循环使用性能.     

Zn取代的磷钨酸季铵盐无溶剂氧化苯甲醇合成苯甲醛

合成了一系列过渡金属Zn取代的Keggin型磷钨杂多酸的季铵盐,采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线衍射(XRD)等方法表征了杂多化合物的结构.并将其用于苯甲醇无溶剂氧化合成苯甲醛的反应,考察了催化剂种类、反应条件对苯甲醇氧化的影响.实验结果表明,在无任何溶剂的情况下,Zn取代的Keggin型磷钨四丁基铵盐具有最佳的催化活性,反应时间仅为30 min,苯甲醇的转化率可以达到95.6%,苯甲醛的选择性达到了96.4%.在对杂多酸季铵盐结构的研究基础上,对可能的反应机理进行了初步探讨.     

Ag/SBA-15低温气相选择性催化氧化苯甲醇合成苯甲醛

以SBA-15为载体,采用浸渍法制备了不同Ag含量的Ag/SBA-15,通过N₂吸附-脱附、X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、高分辨透射电子显微镜、X射线光电子能谱和电感耦合等离子体质谱对催化剂进行了表征。将Ag/SBA-15用于苯甲醇气相选择性催化氧化合成苯甲醛,研究了反应条件对转化率和选择性的影响。结果表明,Ag/SBA-15具有均一的一维孔道结构、较厚的孔壁（3-5 nm）及较大的比表面积（411-541 m²/g）,其规整纳米空间的限域作用使一定负载量的Ag以纳米尺寸均匀分散于介孔SBA-15孔道内,增加了活性组分的比表面积。亲核性氧物种从Ag到SBA-15表面的氧溢流,提高了低温下Ag/SBA-15对苯甲醇气相选择性氧化合成苯甲醛的催化性能。5.3% Ag/SBA-15中的Ag粒径为5-6 nm,且均匀分散于载体孔道中,反应温度为220℃时,苯甲醇转化率为87%,苯甲醛选择性为95%;240℃时,苯甲醇转化率和苯甲醛选择性分别高达94%和97%;并在240-300℃范围内,其催化活性和选择性保持不变,表现出了良好的温度耐受能力。催化剂经活化再生可以连续使用40 h,选择性基本保持不变。     

Oxidation of benzyl alcohol by Cr<Superscript>VI</Superscript> supported on Ambersep 900 (O<Superscript>−</Superscript>H) – a kinetic and mechanistic investigation

The oxidation of benzyl alcohol was found to proceed through ester formation. In a slow step the ester decomposes and produces chromium(IV). Chromium(IV) formed in a slow step, oxidizes another molecule of benzyl alcohol because our oxidant was supported on polymeric material and generates a free radical in a fast step. The free radical subsequently reacts with another oxidant site in a polymeric reagent in a fast step and forms chromium(V). In a last step the intermediate chromium(V) reacts with benzyl alcohol to produce benzaldehyde. The mechanism was predicted and activation parameters were also determined.     

WS_2/WO_3光催化选择性氧化苯甲醇制备苯甲醛

采用H2S高温硫化WO3的方法制备了一系列WS2/WO3光催化剂,利用X射线粉末衍射仪、紫外可见光谱仪分析了产物的结构及光吸收性能,考察了WS2/WO3光催化剂光催化选择性氧化苯甲醇制备苯甲醛的性能,讨论了WS2的含量、反应时间、反应液pH对光催化选择性氧化反应过程的影响.结果表明:与WO3和经深度硫化的WO3相比,适当的硫化能显著改善催化剂对苯甲醇的选择性氧化行为,反应时间及pH对苯甲醇的转化率及生成苯甲醛的选择性均有重要影响.     

钴镁铝类水滑石液相选择性催化苯甲醇氧化合成苯甲醛

采用共沉淀法制备了不同Co₂AlMg_x(x=0.5、1、1.5和2)原子比的类水滑石,用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、表面孔吸附(BET)及电感耦合等离子光谱(ICP)等技术手段表征了催化剂的结构、组成和比表面积,并考察了其催化苯甲醇选择氧化制苯甲醛的性能。 结果表明,随着Mg含量的增加,催化剂的碱性增强,苯甲醛的选择性提高。 在优化条件:苯甲醇0.02 mol,催化剂Co₂AlMg₁类水滑石100 mg,过氧化氢叔丁醇0.04 mol,溶剂乙腈8 mL,反应温度60 ℃,反应时间9 h下,苯甲醇的转化率为39.5%,苯甲醛的选择性达到89.2%。 催化剂重复使用5次后其活性与选择性未见明显降低,表明催化剂具有较好的稳定性。     

Pt/ZnO 在室温水相无碱条件下绿色催化苯甲醇选择性氧化

醇类化合物选择性氧化是有机合成中一个非常重要的反应, 在精细化工领域具有重要应用. 而以水为绿色溶剂, 分子氧为绿色氧化剂实现醇类化合物选择性氧化是绿色化学领域的一大挑战. Pt 催化剂由于其优异的活化氧气和 C-H 键的能力在该反应中得到了广泛应用. 但是, 常规的 Pt 催化剂通常需要在较高温度和较高氧气压力以及加碱的条件下才能发挥作用, 从而引起了催化剂腐蚀等一系列问题. 从绿色化学角度出发, 进一步优化 Pt 催化剂, 让其能够在室温无碱条件下以空气为氧化剂选择性氧化醇类合成羰基化合物具有重要的研究价值和应用前景.本文通过化学还原法制备了 Pt/ZnO 催化剂, 系统研究了该催化剂在水相无碱条件下选择性氧化苯甲醇生成苯甲醛反应中的催化性能. X 射线电子衍射和透射电镜等结果表明, Pt 颗粒较小(3.2 ± 0.3 nm), 均匀分散在 ZnO 载体上; X 射线光电子能谱表明 ZnO 载体能够稳定 Pt 纳米颗粒表面的 Pt0物种. 上述催化剂在水相苯甲醇选择性氧化反应中, 在室温下即可催化空气高选择性氧化苯甲醇到苯甲醛 (选择性>99%), 并表现出比 Pt/SiO2, Pt/Al2O3, Pt/TiO2, Pt/Ca(Mg)-ZSM-5 等催化剂更为优异的催化活性. 这可归结于 Pt 和 ZnO 之间的协同作用. 该协同作用通过动力学实验和密度泛函理论计算 (DFT)得到了证实. 氧分压实验表明, 在以空气为氧化剂时, O2的活化并不是限制 Pt/ZnO 催化活性的关键因素, 而动力学同位素效应实验则证实了苯甲醇的 C-H 键活化是整个反应的决速步骤. 通过构建不同的理论模型, 分别计算了 Pt/ZnO 界面处以及纯 Pt 位点上苯甲醇选择性氧化的反应过程. 结果表明, 苯甲醇和氧气分子倾向于分别在 ZnO 和 Pt 上进行吸附, 随后由吸附的氧气分子来活化苯甲醇中的 C-H 键, 进而生成苯甲醛和水. 而当 ZnO 不参与苯甲醇的吸附活化时, 整个反应的活化能会大大提高, 表明 ZnO 和 Pt 之间的协同作用对于整个反应至关重要. 此外, Pt/ZnO 表现出非常优异的稳定性, 循环使用 4 次后, 催化剂结构以及催化活性没有显著变化.进一步向 Pt/ZnO 催化剂中引入少量 Bi 元素对 Pt 的电子结构进行修饰, 可以将 Pt/ZnO 的催化活性提高 3 倍. 所制备的 Pt/Bi-ZnO 复合物是目前报道的相同条件下催化苯甲醇选择性氧化反应转化频率 (45.1 h-1)最高的催化剂.     

Ti/SiO_2催化H_2O_2氧化苯甲醇制苯甲醛反应机理的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论B3LYP方法研究了非贵金属Ti催化H2O2氧化苯甲醇为苯甲醛的反应机理.考察了6条可能的反应途径,优化得到了各个途径的过渡态和中间体结构,计算了气相和液相中的反应势垒.结果表明,无催化剂时,H2O2氧化苯甲醇的反应途径具有非常高的反应势垒,反应不能进行;以Ti/SiO2为催化剂时,标题反应在乙腈溶液中的反应势垒为123.8kJ/mol,反应可在约353K下发生.结果还表明,标题反应在极性较大的溶剂中有较高的反应势垒,而在气相或者极性较小的溶剂中的反应势垒较低.     

镍铁氰化物纳米粒子的合成及其多相催化无溶剂条件下苯甲醇氧化的潜能(英文)

Nickel hexacyanoferrate nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized using elemental analysis, thermal analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. A FE-SEM image of the nickel hexacyanoferrate showed that it consists of nearly spherical particles with sizes ranging from 30 to 70 nm. The synthesized material was found to be a heterogeneous catalyst useful for the solvent-free oxidation of benzyl alcohol with H2O2 as an oxidant. A 36% conversion of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde was achieved under optimized reaction conditions using specific parameters such as the amount of catalyst, the temperature, the benzyl alcohol to H2O2 molar ratio, and the reaction time.     

富氮空心蠕虫状碳材料的合成及其苯甲醇非金属选择性催化氧化的高活性

Carbon materials have become one of the research hotspots in the field of catalysis as a typical representative of non-metallic catalytic materials. Herein, a facile synthetic strategy is developed to fabricate a series of hollow carbon nanoworms (h-NCNWs) that contain nitrogen up to 9.83 wt% by employing graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) as the sacrificing template and solid nitrogen source. The h-NCNWs catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM), N₂ adsorption-desorption, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermal gravimetric (TG), Raman spectra, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies (XPS). The catalytic activities of the h-NCNWs catalysts for selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol with O₂ were also evaluated. The characterization results revealed that the h-NCNWs catalysts displayed a unique hollow worm-like nanostructure with turbostratic carbon shells. The nitrogen content and shell thickness can be tuned by varying the relative ratio of resorcinol to g-C₃N₄ during the preparation process. Furthermore, nitrogen is incorporated to the carbon network in the form of graphite (predominantly) and pyridine, which is critical for the enhancement of the catalytic activity of carbon catalysts for the selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol. At a reaction temperature of 120 ℃, a 24.9% conversion of benzyl alcohol with > 99% selectivity to benzaldehyde can be achieved on the h-NCNWs catalyst prepared with a mass ratio of resorcinol to g-C₃N₄ of 0.5. However, the catalytic activities of the h-NCNWs catalysts were dependent on the amount of N dopants, in particular graphitic nitrogen species. The conversion of benzyl alcohol markedly decreased to 13.1% on the h-NCNWs catalyst prepared with a mass ratio of resorcinol to g-C₃N₄ of 1.5. Moreover, the h-NCNWs catalyst showed excellent stability during the reaction process. The conversion of benzyl alcohol and the high selectivity to aldehyde can be kept within five catalytic runs over the h-NCNWs0.5 catalyst. These results indicate that rationally designed carbon materials have great potential as highly efficient heterogeneous catalysts for oxidation reactions.     

多金属氧酸盐催化苯甲醇的选择性氧化：一个绿色可循环的高效催化氧化体系

以Keggin结构的几类杂多酸和三乙胺（TEA）为原料,通过简单的酸碱反应合成了相应杂多酸的TEA盐。 并以它们作为催化剂,30％H2O2作氧化剂,在不使用长链相转移剂的条件下,研究了它们催化苯甲醇选择氧化制备苯甲醛的反应性能。 结果表明,该类催化剂在苯甲醇的选择氧化反应中具有比相应杂多酸更高的催化活性或选择性。 其中[TEAH]H2PW12O40为最佳催化剂,在适宜的反应条件下,该催化剂上苯甲醇转化率可达99.5％以上,苯甲醛选择性达~100％。 催化剂可以被分离和循环使用多次,活性、选择性基本不变。 用水作溶剂,避免了有机溶剂的使用,是一个高效、绿色的苯甲醛选择氧化体系。